Steampowerplant Complete 150624210524 Lva1 App6892 PDF

Steam Power Plant
References:
 Thermodynamics by Yunus A Cengel
 Power Plant Engineering by PK Nag
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 1

Steam Power Plant
Electric Power Generation

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a Conductor and a
Magnetic Field and that the Magnitude of this Voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the
flux
Emf induced is called Induced Emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced Current

Steam Power Plant
Electric Power Generation

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction—contd--
 Amount of voltage (emf) induced in the coil using just magnetism can be increased by:
o Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil
o Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet
o Increasing magnetic field strength surrounding the coil
 Magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is

directly proportional to:
o Flux Density, β
o Number of loops giving a total length of the
conductor l in meters
o rate ν at which the magnetic field changes within
the conductor in m/s

Steam Power Plant
Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Power Plant or Power Generating Station: an industrial location that is utilized for the
Generation and Distribution of Electric Power in mass scale, in the order of several 1000 Watts
 AllPower Generating Stations has an A.C. generator or an Alternator, which is basically a rotating
machine that is equipped to convert energy from the Mechanical Domain (Rotating Turbine) into
Electrical Domain by creating Relative Motion between a Magnetic Field and the Conductors
 Depending on the type of fuel used, Power Generating Stations are broadly classified as:
1. Steam Power Plant
2. Diesel Power Plant
THERMAL POWER PLANT: Converts Heat into Electric Energy
3. Gas Turbine Power Plant
4. Nuclear Power Plant
5. Hydro Electric Power Plant
Steam Power Plant

Thermal Power Generation

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Hydel Power Generation

Steam Power Plant

Nuclear Power Generation

Steam Power Plant
Introduction to Steam Power Plant
Today, most of the electricity produced throughout the world is from Steam Power Plants
Steam Power Plant continuously converts the energy stored in fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural
Gas) into shaft work and ultimately into electricity
Steam has the advantage that,

o it can be raised from water which is available in abundance
o it does not react much with the materials of the equipment of power plant
o is stable at the temperature required in the plant

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
Energy released by burning of fuel Q1 is transferred to water in Boiler (B)
Steam is generated (H2O(g)) at high pressure and Temperature
Steam expands in the Turbine (T) to a low pressure to produce shaft work WT
Steam leaving the Turbine (T) is condensed into water in the condenser (C)

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
In Condenser (C), Cooling water from a river or sea circulates carrying away the heat released
during condensation Q2
Water (Condensate) is fed back to the boiler by the pump (P) requiring power WP and cycle
repeats
 Working substance (Water)is undergoing a Cyclic Process → No change in its Internal Energy over the
cycle: ∫ dE =0

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
 Net Energy transferred to the unit mass of the fluid as Heat during the cycle must equal the net energy
transferred as Work from the fluid:
 Efficiency of the Vapor Power Cycle:

Introduction to Refrigeration
Temperature and Pressure Relationship

 Temperature at which a liquid boils is not
constant, but varies with the pressure
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 15

Introduction to Refrigeration
Temperature and Pressure Relationship
 When the pressure in the jar reaches the pressure that corresponds to the
boiling point of water at 70°F (21 oC), the water will start to boil and vaporize
Boiling Point of water can be changed and controlled by controlling the

⇒ vapor pressure above the water
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 16
Steam Power Plant
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

 Steam Engine and Steam Turbines in which steam is used as working medium follow Rankine cycle
 Ideal Rankine Cycle does not involve any Internal Irreversibilities and consists of the following 4
processes:
1-2: Isentropic Compression in a pump 2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition in a boiler
3-4: Isentropic Expansion in a turbine 4-1: Isobaric Heat Rejection in a condenser

Steam Power Plant
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

 Area under the process curve on a T-S Diagram represents the heat transfer for internally
reversible processes
Area under process curve 2-3:

heat transferred to the water in T
the boiler
Area under process curve 4-1:

Heat rejected in the Condenser
o Difference between these two (the area

enclosed by the cycle curve) is the Net
Work produced during the cycle

Steam Power Plant
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

 Boiler and the Condenser do not involve any work, and the Pump and the Turbine are assumed to be
Isentropic
Considering 1 kg of fluid :
 Applying Steady Flow Energy Equation (S.F.E.E.) to Boiler, Turbine, Condenser and Pump:
(i) For Boiler (as control volume) T
(ii) For Turbine (as control volume)
(iii) For Condenser (as control volume)
(iii) For Feed Pump(as control volume)

Steam Power Plant

 Thermal Efficiency of the Rankine cycle is:
Where;
Example 5.1
T
Consider a steam power plant operating on the
simple Ideal Rankine Cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 3 MPa and 350 °C and is condensed in
the condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa.
Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones
Actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a result of irreversibilities in
various components
Fluid Friction and Heat Loss to the surroundings
are the two common sources of Irreversibilities
Fluid Friction causes pressure drops in the

boiler, the condenser, and the piping between
various components
To compensate for these pressure drops, the

water must be pumped to a sufficiently higher
pressure than the ideal cycle calls for
⇒ requires a larger pump and larger work

input to the pump
Steam Power Plant

 Other major source of irreversibility is the heat loss from the steam to the surroundings as the
steam flows through various components
 To maintain the same level of net work output,

more heat needs to be transferred to the steam
in the boiler to compensate for these
undesired heat losses
⇒ Cycle Efficiency Decreases

Steam Power Plant

 Deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic ones can be accounted for by utilizing
Isentropic Efficiencies
⇒ As a result of irreversibilities:
Pump requires a greater work input
Turbine produces a smaller work output
 states 2a and 4a are Actual Exit States of the

pump and turbine
 States 2s and 4s are corresponding states for
Isentropic Case
Steam Power Plant

Example
A steam power plant operates on the cycle shown in Fig. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 87
percent and the isentropic efficiency of the pump is 85 percent, determine:
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and
(b) the net power output of the plant for a mass flow rate
of 15 kg/s.

Steam Power Plant

Example

Steam Power Plant
Economizer, Evaporator and Superheater

 Heat transfer in Steam Generator normally takes place in 3 steps
o Economiser (4-5): Sensible heating in liquid Phase till it becomes saturated Liquid
o Evaporator (5-6): Phase change by absorbing Latent Heat of Vaporization
o Superheater (6-1): Sensible heating of vapor to become Super Heated Vapor

Steam Power Plant
pv
OR
Ts
hs

Steam Power Plant

 Fractions of total heat absorbed in Economizer, Evaporator and Super Heater:

Steam Power Plant
Mean Temperature of Heat Addition

 If Tm1 is the Mean Temperature of Heat Addition so that area under 4-1 is equal to area under 5-6, then heat
added is:
⇒
T2 Temperature of Heat Rejection
o Lower is T2 for a given Tm1, i.e., lower is the condenser

pressure, higher will be ηRankine
o Lowest practicable temperature of heat rejection T2 is
temperature of surroundings To
⇒
⇒ Higher is Tm1, higher will be ηRankine

Steam Power Plant
Methods to Increase the Efficiency of The Rankine Cycle
 Basic Idea behind all the modifications to increase the thermal efficiency of a power cycle is:
o Av. Fluid Temperature should be as high as possible during Heat Addition and
o as low as possible during Heat Rejection
1- Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) T

 Colored area on this diagram represents increase in
net work output as a result of lowering the
condenser pressure from P4 to P4/
 Heat Input requirements also increase (represented

by the area under curve 2/-2), but this increase is
very small
 Overall Effect of lowering the Condenser Pressure is

an increase in η

Steam Power Plant
1- Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) – contd--
 Totake advantage of the increased η at low pressures, the condensers of steam power plants usually
operate well below the Atmospheric Pressure
 Pcond cannot be lower than the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the cooling medium
 Lower Pcond creates the possibility of air leakage into the T
condenser
 Lower Pcond increases the moisture content of the steam

at the final stages of the turbine
o presence of large quantities of moisture is highly

undesirable in turbines because it decreases the
turbine efficiency and erodes the turbine blades

Steam Power Plant
2- Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,av)
 Av. Temp at which heat is transferred to steam can be increased without increasing the boiler pressure by
superheating the steam to high temperatures
 Colored Area on TS-diagram represents increase in the
net work
 Total Area under the process curve 3-3’ represents the
increase in Heat Input
 Overall effect is an increase in Thermal Efficiency, due
to increased Tm
 Superheating of steam decreases the moisture content
of the steam at the turbine exit (4 vs 4’)
 Temp. to which steam can be superheated is limited, by

Metallurgical Considerations
 Presently, Highest Steam Temperature allowed at the

turbine inlet is about 620°C Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 33
Steam Power Plant
3- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av)
 Increasing the operating pressure of the boiler automatically raises the temperature at which boiling takes
place
o It raises the average temperature at which heat is

transferred to the steam and thus raises ηcycle
 For a Fixed Turbine Inlet Temp., cycle shifts to the

left
and the moisture content of steam at the turbine exit
increases → Undesirable
 Max Moisture Content at Turbine Exhaust is not allowed

to exceed 12% or the quality of steam to fall below 88 %

Steam Power Plant
3- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av) –contd--
 Max Steam Temp. at Turbine inlet is fixed by the Materials used
 Min Temp. of Heat Rejection is fixed by the Ambient Conditions
 Min Quality of Steam at the Turbine Exhaust is fixed by Turbine Blade Erosion
⇒ Max Steam Pressure at the Turbine Inlet also gets fixed

Steam Power Plant
4- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av) –contd-
 Increasing the operating pressure of the boiler automatically raises the temperature at which boiling takes
place
 Operating pressures of boilers have gradually increased over

the years from about 2.7 MPa (400 psia) in 1922 to over 30 MPa
(4500 psia) today, i.e. above Tcritical of Water
 Majority of the additional heat input, relative to the Rankine

Cycle is converted into work
 Most modern fossil fuel plants employ the Supercritical Rankine
Steam Cycle which pushes the Thermal Efficiency of the plant
into the low to mid 40% range
 Drawback: boiler and turbine must be built to withstand high

pressure and high temperatures → can be quite expensive

Steam Power Plant
Boiler (Steam Generator)

Key Boiler Components
 Key Boiler Components involved in the process of heat transfer in a boiler are:
o Burner: mixes fuel and oxygen together and, with the assistance of an ignition device, provides a platform
for combustion
o Combustion Chamber: where Combustion takes place
o Heat Exchanger: heat generated in Combustion

Chamber is transferred to the water through the
heat exchanger
o Controls: to regulate:
• ignition
• burner firing rate
• fuel supply
• air supply
• exhaust draft
• water temperature
• steam and boiler pressure Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 37
Steam Power Plant

1- Water Tube Boilers
 Water flows in the inside of the tubes and hot gases from combustion flow around the outside of the tubes
 Combustion Gases heat the water into a steam-water mixture which, because it becomes less dense than
liquid water inside the Feed-water Drum, rises
 Mixture ascends in tubes called Risers to the Steam Drum

Steam Power Plant

1- Water Tube Boilers – contd--
 Steam from the water-vapor mixture is removed and released into the system
 Water remaining in the steam drum returns to the feedwater drum through pipes called Downcomers

Steam Power Plant

2- Fire Tube Boilers
 Hot gases of combustion flow through a series of tubes surrounded by water
 Heat Energy of the gasses is transferred to the water surrounds them
 Steam is generated in the water and naturally comes up and is stored upon the water in
the same vessel of fire tube boiler

Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
 A device that passes outside air over the water to remove the system heat from the water
 Evaporation takes heat from the remaining water and adds to the capacity of the tower
 Cooling Tower is limited in capacity to the amount of evaporation that occurs
 Evaporation Rate is linked to the Wet-bulb Temperature of the outside air (humidity)
 Towers can be either:

(1) Natural Draft 35 oC
(2) Forced Draft
35 oC
26 oC
29 oC
Steam Power Plant
Thermodynamics of the Compact Steam Power Plant

Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature
 Dry Bulb Temperature (DB): Temperature of the air, as sensed by a thermometer, freely
exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture
 Wet Bulb Temperature (WB): Temperature sensed by a thermometer

whose bulb is wrapped with a water-soaked wick, in rapidly moving air
o If the surrounding air is very dry, the moisture will evaporate quickly,
causing the WB to drop lower
o If surrounding air is very wet (high relative humidity), rate of
evaporation will be very low and the WB reading will be closer to the
DB reading
o WB can never be higher than the DB
Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
1- Natural-Draft Towers
 Natural-Draft Tower does not have a blower to move air through the tower
 Water is sprayed into the top of the tower through spray heads, and some of the water evaporates as it falls
to the bottom of the tower
 Must be located in the path of prevailing winds

Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
2- Forced or Induced-Draft Towers
 They have a fan to move air over a wetted surface
 Presence of fans provides a means of regulating air flow, to compensate for changing atmospheric and load
conditions, by fan capacity manipulation

Air Flow is directly opposite of
the water flow
Air Flow is directed

perpendicular to the water flow

Steam Power Plant
Dynamometer
 A device that can measure Force, Power, or Speed
 E.g., power produced by an engine motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously
measuring Torque and Rotational Speed (RPM)
 Torque produced in the housing is measured

by the strain gauge and speed by speed
sensor

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Feed Pump for Boiler
h1 = h0 + (p1 – pa)v0
h0 = Enthalpy of the Feed Water at feed water Temperature T1 (kj/kg)

h1 = Enthalpy of water after feed Pump (kj/kg)
pa = Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)
p1 = Boiler Pressure (kPa)
vo = Specific Volume of saturated feed water at T1
From Condenser Tank

Steam Power Plant

Boiler Efficiency
h2 = Enthalpy of saturated steam leaving the boiler (kj/kg)

h1 = Enthalpy of water after feed Pump (kj/kg)
mf = Mass flow rate of the fuel (kg/s)
mc = Mass flow rate of the condensate
= feed water flow rate (kg/s)
Qf = Lower Heating Value of Fuel (kJ/kg)

Steam Power Plant

Heating Value of Fuel (Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released when a fuel is burned completely in a steady-flow process
 Measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance (e.g., kcal/kg, kJ/kg, J/mol or Btu/m³)
 Heating Value depends on the phase of H2O in the products
1- Lower Heating Value (LHV, Net Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity

(initially at 25°C) and returning the temperature of the
combustion products to 150°C
 Itassumes the Latent Heat of Vaporization of water in the

reaction products is not recovered
⇒ water formed during combustion remains as steam

Steam Power Plant

2- Higher Heating Value (HHV, Gross Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is combusted and the products
have returned to a temperature of 25°C
 It takes into account the Latent Heat of Vaporization of water in the

combustion products
E.g., LHV and HHV of Gasoline are 44,000 kJ/kg and

47,300 kJ/kg, respectively

Steam Power Plant

Super Heat Efficiency
h2 = Enthalpy of saturated steam leaving the boiler (kj/kg)
h3 = Enthalpy of steam entering the steam turbine (kj/kg)


Steam Power Plant

Steam Turbine or Engine Mechanical Power Output and Efficiency
Pom = Mechanical Power Output (W) Nd = Dynamometer speed (rpm) Tq = Dynamometer Torque (Nm)
 Efficiency of the Steam Engine or Steam Turbine:
h3 = Enthalpy of steam entering the steam turbine (kj/kg)

h4 = Enthalpy of steam leaving the steam turbine (kj/kg)


Steam Power Plant

Overall Power Plant Efficiency
 Mechanical (with a Dynamo):

Pom = Mechanical Power Output (W)
 Electrical (with a Generator):
Pom = Electrical Power Output (W)

Steam Power Plant

Condenser Heat Transfer Efficiency
mc = Mass Flow Rate of the Condensate (kg/s)

mw = Mass Flow Rate of the Cooling Water (kg/s)
h5 = Enthalpy of the Condensate (kj/kg)
h4 = Enthalpy of steam leaving the steam

turbine (kj/kg)
T7 = Temperature of Cooling Water Inlet to
Condenser (oC)
T8 = Temperature of Cooling Water Outlet
from Condenser (oC)

Steam Power Plant

Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower
T7 = Temperature of Cooling Water Inlet to Condenser (oC)
T8 = Temperature of Cooling Water Outlet from Condenser (oC)
Tw = Wet Bulb Temperature of air (oC)

Steam Power Plant

Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower
T8 = 29 oC =
T9 = 21 oC =
Tw = 18 C = o Dept. HITEC
Mechanical Engineering 57

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Steam Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 1

Electric Power Generation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 2

Electric Power Generation

 Magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 3

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 5

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 6

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 7

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 8

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 9

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 10

Introduction to Steam Power Plant

Steam has the advantage that,

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 11

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 12

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 13

 Efficiency of the Vapor Power Cycle:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 14

Temperature and Pressure Relationship

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 15

Temperature and Pressure Relationship

Boiling Point of water can be changed and controlled by controlling the

Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 17

Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

Area under process curve 2-3:

Area under process curve 4-1:

o Difference between these two (the area

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 18

Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

(i) For Boiler (as control volume) T

(ii) For Turbine (as control volume)

(iii) For Condenser (as control volume)

(iii) For Feed Pump(as control volume)

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 19

Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 20

Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 21

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

Fluid Friction causes pressure drops in the

To compensate for these pressure drops, the

⇒ requires a larger pump and larger work

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

 To maintain the same level of net work output,

⇒ Cycle Efficiency Decreases

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 23

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

 states 2a and 4a are Actual Exit States of the

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 25

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 26

Economizer, Evaporator and Superheater

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 27

Economizer, Evaporator and Superheater

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 28