Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Christopher Eur
In the winter of 2013-2014, I decided to write up complete solutions to the starred exercises in
Differential Topology by Guillemin and Pollack. There are also solutions or brief notes on non-
starred ones. Please email errata to ceur@college.harvard.edu.
Notation: A neighborhood is always assumed to be an open neighborhood. A graph of a function
f is denoted Γ(f ).
Contents
1 Chapter 1: Manifolds and Smooth Maps 2
1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Derivatives and Tangents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The Inverse Function Theorem and Immersions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Submersions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Transversality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Homotopy and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 Sard’s Theorem and Morse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.8 Embedding Manifolds in Euclidean Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1
1 Chapter 1: Manifolds and Smooth Maps
1.1 Definitions
Exercise 1 (1.1.2). If X ⊂ RN , Z ⊂ X, and f : X → Rm is smooth / diffeomorphic, then f |Z is
also smooth / diffeomorphic.
Solution) It suffices to show the smooth part (then apply it to the inverse map to get diffeomor-
phism). Fix any z ∈ Z ⊂ X. Since f : X → Rm is smooth, there exists z ∈ U ⊂ RN open (i.e.
X ∩ U a neighborhood of z ∈ X) and F : U → Rm smooth such that F = f on X ∩ U . Now, U ∩ Z
is a neighborhood of z ∈ Z such that F = f |Z on Z ∩ U .
Solution) It suffices to show the smooth part (diffeomorphism part follows easily). Note that
this is true when X, Y , Z are open subsets of RN , RM , RL (Chain Rule from calculus). Now fix
any x ∈ X, y := f (x). We have y ∈ V ⊂ RM open with G : V → RL smooth, and x ∈ U ⊂ RN open
with F : U → V smooth (if necessary by replacing U with U ∩ f −1 (V )), and F = f on X ∩ U , G = g
on Y ∩ V . Then G ◦ F : U → RL is smooth, and G ◦ F = g ◦ f on X ∩ U since f (X ∩ U ) ⊂ (Y ∩ V )
by construction.
Exercise 3 (1.1.4). Show that any open ball Br (0) in Rk is diffeomorphic to Rk , and hence, if X
is a k-dimensional manifold then every point in X has a neighborhood diffeomorphic to Rk .
They are mutual inverses, and by the previous exercise both are smooth (lots of composition of
smooth maps). Lastly, if x ∈ X and φ : U → X is local parametrization at x, then take (for
small enough r > 0) Br (φ−1 (x)) ⊂ U so that φ|Br is also a local parametrization at x. With
diffeomorphism ψ : Rk → Br , we have a local parametrization φ|Br ◦ ψ : Rk → X at x.
2
Exercise 5 (1.1.6, 7, 8). Smooth bijection need not be diffeomorphism. Union of two coordinate
axes in R2 is not a manifold; hyperboloid in R3 defined by x2 + y 2 − z 2 = a, a > 0 is a manifold
(not when a = 0).
√
Solution) f : R → R via f (x) = x3 is smooth and bijective but f −1 (x) = 3 x is not smooth at x =
0. When (0, 0) is removed from {x = 0} ∪ {y = 0} we get four disconnected components,but R − {∗}
has two components, and Rn − {∗} is connected for n ≥ 2. Lastly,√if H is the hyperboloid, H + and
H − can be parametrized by R2 − Ba (0) → R3 via(u, v) 7→ (u, v, ± u2 + v 2 − a),√and for (x, y, 0) ∈
H ∩ {z = 0}, it also has a local parametrization Ba (0) → R3 via (u, v) 7→ (± a + u2 − v 2 , u, v)
(switch x, y if necessary). When a = 0, (0, 0, 0) has no neighborhood diffeomorphic to R2 (again use
connectivity argument).
Exercise 6 (1.1.12,13). Let S k ⊂ Rk+1 sphere, and N = (0, . . . , 0, 1) the north pole. Then the
stereographic projection π : S k − {N } → Rk is a diffeomorphism.
x21 + · · · x2k − 1
−1 2x1 2xk
π : (x1 , . . . , xk ) 7→ ,..., 2 ,
x21 + · · · x2k + 1 x1 + · · · x2k + 1 x21 + · · · x2k + 1
and that π, π −1 are smooth follows from [1.1.3] and that they are mutual inverses is checked by
direct computation. (This also shows that S k is a k-dimensional manifold).
3
Exercise 9 (1.1.18). Let 0 < a < b. The function f : R → R defined by
−1/x2
e x>0
f (x) =
0 x≤0
is smooth. g(x) := fR(x − a)f (b − x) is a smooth map, and is positive on (a, b) and zero elsewhere.
x
−∞ gdx
Moreover, h(x) := R ∞ is also smooth with the property that h(x) = 0 for x ≤ a, h(x) = 1
−∞ gdx
for x ≥ b, and 0 < h(x) < 1 for x ∈ (a, b) (h is also non-decreasing). Lastly, construct a smooth
function H : Rk → R that is 1 on B a , 0 on Rk − Bb , and (0, 1) otherwise.
2
Solution) f is smooth: for x > 0 the ith derivative of f is of the form (rational polynomial)e−1/x
hence limx→0 f (i) (x) = 0, ∀i = 0, 1, . . .. Addition/multiplication by a constant and (x, y) 7→ xy are
smooth maps, so g is smooth with desired property. Lastly, h is smooth with desired property by
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Now note that Rk → R, x 7→ kxk is smooth, so x 7→ 1 − h(kxk)
is the desired function H.
Solution) By choosing basis we have linear isomorphism φ : Rk → V , and φ = dφu for φ(u) ∈ V ,
hence Tx (V ) = V . The remaining statement follows from [Exercise 17]; extend L to a linear map
on the whole RN , then apply [Exercise 17] and Tx (V ) = V .
Solution) Let f −1 be the smooth (local) inverse map. Obviously, d Id = Id, so from the chain
rule we have Id = d(f ◦ f −1 )y = dfx ◦ d(f −1 )y , and likewise, d(f −1 )y ◦ dfx = Id.
4
Exercise 13 (1.2.8). What is the tangent space to the hyperboloid defined by x2 + y 2 − z 2 = a at
√
( a, 0, 0) (a > 0)?
Solution) As in [1.1.8], we have
a local parametrization φ : Ba (0) → R3 given by (u, v) 7→
√ u(a + u2 − v 2 )−1/2 −v(a + u2 − v 2 )−1/2
2 2
( a + u − v , u, v), and [dφ] = 1 0 . And so [dφ(√a,0,0) ] =
0 1
0 0
1 0, and thus the tangent space is the y, x-plane, as expected.
0 1
Exercise 14 (1.2.9). Let X, Y manifolds, π : X × Y → X be the projection map, and for y ∈ Y let
f y : X → X × Y be a smooth injection defined by x → (x, y). Then
1. T(x,y) (X × Y ) = Tx (X) × Ty (Y )
2. dπ(x,y) : Tx (X) × Ty (Y ) → Tx (X) is also a projection (v, w) 7→ v.
3. f y is diffeomorphism onto its image and d(f y )x : v 7→ (v, 0).
Lastly, if f : X → X 0 , g : Y → Y 0 are smooth maps, then d(f × g)(x,y) = dfx × dgy .
Solution) Let (x, y) ∈ X × Y and φ × ψ : U × V → X × Y be local parametrization. Now (1.)
follows from the following lemma:
Lemma: Let U1 , U2 be open subset of Rn1 , Rn2 , and g1 × g2 : U1 × m1 m2
U2 → R × R is smooth, then
[d(g1 )u1 ] 0
dg(u1 ,u2 ) = d(g1 )u1 × d(g2 )u2 (∵ [dg(u1 ,u2 ) ] = ). For (2.),
0 [d(g2 )u2 ]
π
X × Y −−−−→ X
x x
φ×ψ
φ
h
U × V −−−−→ U
we note that the map h := φ−1 ◦ π ◦ (φ × ψ) : U × V → U is also the projection map (u, v) 7→ u.
So, dπ(x,y) = dφ0 ◦ dh(0,0) ◦ d(φ × ψ)−1
0 is easily computed to be the projection, as desired. Now for
(3.), f is diffeomorphism since (f )−1 is just projection, and we have the diagram
y y
fy
X −−−−→ X × y ⊂X ×Y
x x
φ
φ×ψ
h
U −−−−→ U × 0 ⊂ U × V
It’s easy to see that dh0 = Idk ×0. So, d(f y )x (v) = ((dφ0 × dψ0 ) ◦ dh0 ◦ dφ−1
0 )(v) = (v, 0), as desired.
Finally, we show d(f × g)(x,y) = dfx × dgy . Let π1 : X × Y → X, π2 : X × Y → Y be
0 0 0 0
projections, and j1 : X 0 → RN +M , j2 : Y 0 → RN +M be smooth maps x0 7→ (x0 , 0), y 0 7→ (0, y 0 ).
Now, note that f × g = j1 ◦ f ◦ π1 + j2 ◦ g ◦ π2 . So, using (1., 2., 3.) and chain rule, we have
d(f × g)(x,y) (u, v) = (dfx (u), dgy (v)), as desired.
5
Exercise 15 (1.2.10,11). Let f : X → Y smooth map of manifolds and define fe : X → X × Y by
x → (x, f (x)), then dfex (v) = (v, dfx (v)), and hence T(x,f (x)) (Γ(f )) is the graph of dfx : Tx (X) →
Tf (x) (Y ).
6
Solution) Since the inclusion map j : Z ,→ X is an immersion, by Local Immersion Theorem,
we have parametrizations around z such that:
j
Z −−−−→ X
x x
φ
ψ
can. imm. e
V −−−−−−→ U
commutes, with φ(0) = z = ψ(0) and U e = V ×V 0 . Now, let ψ(U e ) := U ⊂ X and ψ −1 = (x1 , . . . , xk ),
then Z ∩ U = {v ∈ U | xl+1 (v) = 0, . . . , xk (v) = 0}, as desired.
Exercise 21 (1.3.7). Define g : R → S 1 , t 7→ (cos 2πt, sin 2πt) (local diffeomorphism) and G :=
g × g : R2 → S 1 × S 1 , and let L ⊂ R2 a line with irrational slope. Then G|L is an injective local
diffeomorphism, but its image is not a submanifold of S 1 × S 1 .
Solution) G : (s, t) 7→ (cos 2πs, sin 2πs, cos 2πt, sin 2πt), and WLOG let L be defined by t =
αs, α ∈ R − Q. If G(s1 , αs1 ) = G(s2 , αs2 ), then s1 − s2 ∈ Z and α(s1 − s2 ) ∈ ZZ, which implies
that s1 = s2 since α is irrational. Moreover, since {nα}n∈N dense in R/Z, we have that Im(G|L ) is
dense in S 1 × S 1 , so Im(G|L ) cannot be a submanifold.
7
Solution) Choose a basis v1 , . . . , vk ∈ RN of Tx (X), then the matrix [v1 · · · vk ] has rank k, so
it has k linearly independent rows, say i1 , . . . , ik . Now, let π : RN → Rk be projection defined
by (x1 , . . . , xN ) 7→ (xi1 , . . . , xik ), then dπx |Tx (X) : Tx (X) → Rk is an isomorphism by construction,
hence by IVT π|X : X → Rk is a local diffeomorphism. Now, assume i1 , . . . , ik = 1, . . . , k and let
π
e := π|X . π e : X → Rk is a diffeomorphism on x ∈ V ⊂ X, and the smooth inverse π e−1 : U → V is
of form Id ×g, and hence the result as desired.
Solution) Since dfx is an isomorphism for all x ∈ Z, for each x ∈ Z there exists T Ux on which
f |Ux is a diffeomorphism. {Ux } is a cover of X, hence we choose a finite subcover U = Ui ⊃ Z (X
is compact). On U , f is a local diffeomorphism, so only need show that f is injective on some open
set V containing Z (then f is injective local diffeomorphism on V ∩ U , hence a diffeomorphism).
Suppose V does not exist; then taking consecutively smaller -neighborhoods Z of Z, we obtain
a sequence {ai }, {bi } such that ai 6= bi but f (ai ) = f (bi ). Passing through subsequences, ai → a and
bi → b (both converge) since WLOG they all belong to some Z for which Z is compact. Moreover,
by construction the limit point is on Z and hence a = b = ze since f is injective on Z. However, this
implies that f cannot be a local diffeomorphism at ze. Contradiction.
1.4 Submersions
Exercise 24 (1.4.1). If f : X → Y is a submersion and U is open in X, then f (U ) is open in Y .
with φ(Ve × U
e ) ⊂ U and ψ(U
e ) := V , and V is as desired.
Solution) Clearly, Y = f (X) t (Y − f (X)), so it suffices to show that Y − f (X) is both open
and closed in Y . f (X) is compact in Y since X is compact, hence f (X) is closed in Y ; X is open
in X, of by previous problem f (X) is open in Y . Now, if f : X → Rm is a submersion then f is
surjective, which is contradiction to Rm not being compact.
8
Exercise 26 (1.4.5,6). Example: Let f : R3 → R, (x, y, z) 7→ x2 + y 2 − z 2 , a, b both positive or
negative. Then 0 is the only critical value of f , and f −1 (a), f −1 (b) are diffeomorphic.
More generally, let p be any homogeneous polynomial in k − variables, then p−1 (a) (a = 6 0) is a
k − 1-dimensional submanifold of Rk , and a > 0 ones are all diffeomorphic, as are a < 0 ones.
k
∂p X
Solution) Lemma: p(x1 , . . . , xk ) homogeneous of order m, then = m · p. The lemma
xi
∂xi
i=1
implies that 0 is the only critical value of p. Diffeomorphisms are made by scaling (note how m
being odd or even makes a small difference).
Solution) Note that y regular and dim X = dim Y implies that f is local diffeomorphism at
any x ∈ f −1 (y). If f −1 (y) is not finite, it contains a limit point (∵ X compact), say x0 ∈ f −1 (y),
but f cannot be local diffeomorphism at x0 (not injective). Now since f is local diffeomorphism at
x1 , . . . , xn , we can construct desired U and Vi ’s by taking finite intersections.
Exercise 28 (1.4.10,11). Tangent space to O(n) at identity I is the space of skew symmetric ma-
trices. The group SL(n) is a (sub)manifold of M (n) and is moreover a Lie group, and the tangent
space to SL(n) at at the identity I is {H ∈ M (n) : Tr(H) = 0}
Solution) Recall O(n) = f −1 (I) where f : M (n) → S(n), A 7→ AAt . So, TI (O(n)) = ker dfI ,
and since dfI : M (n) → S(n), H 7→ IH t + HI t = H t + H, TI (O(n)) = {H ∈ M (n) : H = −H t }, as
desired. SL(n) = det−1 (1) where det : M (n) → R, H 7→ det H, and 1 is a regular value of det by
[Exercise 1.4.6]. Moreover, matrix multiplication and inversion is a smooth map (Cramer’s rule), so
SL(n) is a Lie group. Finally, we compute d detI : M (n) → R:
1.5 Transversality
Note: When the context is clear given x on X a manifold, we will not distinguish X as a whole
manifold and the open neighborhood of x in X since the tangent space at x turns out same (will
write X for both).
9
c. the plane spanned by {(1, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0)} and the y axis in R3 : not transversal
d. Rk × {0} and {0} × Rl in Rn : transversal if n ≤ k + l.
e. V × {0} and the diagonal in V × V : transversal
f. symmetric and skew symmetric matrices in M (n): transveral
Solution) All of the above are easy to check with the following lemma:
Lemma: if V and W are linear subspace of Rn , then V t̄W means V + W = Rn (∵ [Exercise 1.2.3]).
Exercise 31 (1.5.4). Let X and Z be transversal submanifolds of Y , then for y ∈ X ∩ Z,
Ty (X ∩ Z) = Ty (X) ∩ Ty (Z)
Solution) We have V ⊂ Y open such that X ∩ V = g −1 (0), Z ∩ V = h−1 (0), for g = (g1 , . . . , gk ) :
V → Rk , h = (h1 , . . . , hl ) : V → Rl . Then (X ∩ Z) ∩ V = f −1 (0) where f = (g × h) ◦ ∆ : V → Rk+l
(N.B. 0 is regular value for f by transversality). Moreover, dfy : Ty (Y ) → Rk+l , v 7→ (dgy (v), dhy (v))
(∵ [Exercise 1.2.9,10]). And since ker dfy = ker dgy ∩ ker dhy , we have Ty (X ∩ Z) = ker dfy =
ker dgy ∩ ker dhy = Ty (X) ∩ Ty (Z), as desired.
Exercise 32 (1.5.5). Let f : X → Y , Z ⊂ Y submanifold, f t̄Z, and W := f −1 (Z). Then Tx (W )
is the preimage of Tf (x) (Z) under dfx : Tx (X) → Tf (x) (Y ), i.e. Tx (f −1 (Z)) = dfx−1 (Tf (x) (Z))
Solution) As in the proof, we have open neighborhoods U, V in X, Y around x, f (x) such that
f g
U → V → Rl and Z ∩ V = g −1 (0), f −1 (Z) ∩ U = (g ◦ f )−1 (0). Now, noting Tf (x) (Z) = ker dgf (x) , we
have Tx (Z) = ker d(g ◦ f )x = ker(dgf (x) ◦ dfx ) = {v ∈ Tx (X) : dfx (v) ∈ ker dgf (x) } = dfx−1 (Tf (x) (Z)),
as desired. (This implies [Exercise 1.5.4] f = i : X ,→ Y and dix is just inclusion).
f g
Exercise 33 (1.5.7). X → Y → Z smooth maps of manifolds, W ⊂ Z submanifold such that g t̄W .
Then f t̄g −1 (W ) if and only if (g ◦ f )t̄W .
Solution) Fix any x ∈ (g◦f )−1 (W ), and y := f (x), z := g(y). Note that since g t̄W , dgy (Ty (Y ))+
Tz (W ) = Ty (Z).
f t̄g −1 (W ) ⇒ (g ◦ f )t̄W : we need show Im(dgy ◦ dfx ) + Tz (W ) = Tz (Z). Let w e ∈ Tz (Z) be
given. g t̄W implies ∃u ∈ Ty (Y ), v ∈ Tz (W ) such that dgy (u) + v = w. e Moreover, f t̄g −1 (W ),
so Ty (Y ) = Im(dfx ) + Ty (g −1 (W )) = Im(dfx ) + dgy−1 (Tz (W )) (∵ [Exercise 1.5.5]), hence there
exists ue ∈ Tx (X) and v 0 ∈ dgy−1 (Tz (W )) such that dfx (e u) + v 0 = u. Finally, we see that then
(dgy ◦ dfx )(e 0
u) + dgy (v ) + v = w,
e as desired.
(g ◦ f )t̄W ⇒ f t̄g −1 (W ): we need show Im(dfx ) + dgy−1 (Tz (W )) = Ty (Y ). Again, fix a w e ∈
Ty (Y ). Note the existence of u ∈ Tx (X) such that (dgy ◦ dfx )(u) + w = dgy (w), e and moreover,
dgy (dfx (u) − w)
e ∈ Tz (W ) is guaranteed by (g ◦ f )t̄W .
Exercise 34 (1.5.9). Let V be a vector space, ∆ the diagonal of V × V , A : V → V linear map,
and W = Γ(A). Then W t̄∆ if and only if 1 is not an eigenvalue of A.
Solution) Since ∆ and W are both vector subspaces of V × V , W t̄∆ is equivalent to W + ∆ =
V × V . Fix an arbitrary (u, v) ∈ V × V , then if we can always find (v1 , v1 ) ∈ ∆, (v2 , Av2 ) ∈ W such
that v1 + v2 = u, v2 + Av2 = v if and only if (A − I) is invertible.
10
Exercise 35 (1.5.10). Let f : X → X be a smooth map with fixed point x (i.e. f (x) = x). If 1 is
not an eigenvalue of dfx : Tx (X) → Tx (X), then x is called a Lefschetz fixed point of f, and f is
Lefschetz map if all its fixed points are Lefschetz. If X is compact and f is Lefschetz, then f has
only finitely many fixed points.
Solution) Let ∆X be the diagonal of X × X, respectively. We wish to show that ∆X ∩ Γ(f ) is
finite. Claim: it suffices to show ∆X t̄Γ(f ). If it is so, then ∆X ∩ Γ(f ) ⊂ X × X is a submanifold
of dimension 0, since dim ∆X = dim Γ(f ) = dim X (∵[Exercise 1.1.16,17]). Now, X × X is compact
so its 0-dimensional submanifold is finite (if not then it has a limit point, which does not admit a
neighborhood diffeomorphic to a point).
Now we show ∆X t̄Γ(f ). Fix any x ∈ ∆X ∩ Γ(f ), and let ∆V be the diagonal of Tx (X) × Tx (X).
Then by [Exercise 1.5.9] we have T(x,x) (∆X ) + T(x,x) (Γ(f )) = ∆V + Γ(dfx ) = Tx (X) × Tx (X) =
Tx (X × X) (first equality by [Exercise 1.2.10,10]).
11
Exercise 39 (1.6.8). Diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds constitute a stable class.
Solution) Let f0 : X → Y be diffeomorphism, X, Y compact, ft homotopy of f0 . We need
produce > 0 such that ft is diffeomorphism for all t < . WLOG, we assume that X is connected,
and also Y connected. (X is compact, so it has finitely many connected components, so we can find
for each and take the minimum).
Local diffeomorphism and embedding is stable, so ∃ > 0 such that∀t < , ft is a local diffeo-
morphism and an embedding. Fix any t < . We are done if ft (X) = Y , but ft (X) is open in Y
since ft is local diffeomorphism, and it is closed since it is image of compact set in Y also compact.
Hence, Y connected implies ft (X) = Y .
Exercise 40 (1.6.9). Let ρ : R → R be a function with ρ(s) = 1 if |s| < 1, ρ(s) = 0 if |s| > 2,
and define ft : R → R by ft (x) = xρ(tx). This is a counterexample to all the parts of the stability
theorem when X is not compact.
Solution) We simply need verify. f0 (x) = xρ(0) = x, hence f0 is a diffeomorphism and any
submanifold of R is transversal to identity. Now, for any t > 0, note that |tx| > 2 for all |x| > 2/|t|,
so ft cannot be local diffeomorphism/immersion/submersion/embedding/diffeomorphism. And for
|x| > 2/|t|, ft (x) = 0, so clearly, {0} is not transversal to ft .
Exercise 41 (1.6.10). A deformation of a submanifold Z ⊂ Y is a smooth homotopy it : Z → Y
where i0 is the inclusion map and each it is an embedding (and thus, Zt = it (Z) is a smoothly
varying submanifold of Y with Z0 = Z). If Z is compact, then any homotopy it of its inclusion map
is a deformation for small t.
Solution) Since Z is compact, embedding is stable class.
12
c. f (x, y) = x2 + y 4
d. f (x, y) = x2 + 11xy + y 2 /2 + x6
e. f (x, y) = 10xy + y 2 + 75y 3
Solution) In the order of nondegenerate?/isolated?/local min or max?(non strict)?, we have:
a. N/N/N, b. N/N/Y(min), c. N/Y/Y(min), d. Y/Y/N, e. Y/Y/N
Exercise 45 (1.7.11,12). If a ∈ Rn is a non degenerate critical point of f : Rn → R, there exists a
local coordinate system (x1 , . . . , xn ) around a such that
n
X
f = f (a) + i x2i , i = ±1
i=1
as desired, and since (x1 , . . . , xn )(a) = 0 the second derivative test immediately follows.
Exercise 46 (1.7.14). Check that the ”height function” (x1 , . . . , xk ) 7→ xk on the sphere S k−1 is a
Morse function with two critical points, the poles (one max, one min).
Solution) Let f : S k−1 → R be the restriction of the projection π : Rk → R, (x1 , . . . , xk ) 7→ xk .
Then for x ∈ S k−1 , dfx : Tx (S k−1 ) → R is the restriction of dπx = π. Thus, x ∈ S k−1 is a critical
value iff Tx (S k−1 ) = Rk−1 × {0}. Since, S k−1 = g −1 (1) where g : x → kxk2 , Ta (S k−1 ) = ker(x 7→
2at x), Ta (S k−1 ) = Rk−1 × {0} exactly
p when a = (0, . . . , 0, 1) := N or (0, . . . , 0, −1) := S. Now,
φ± : Rk−1 ⊃ B1 (0) → R, x 7→ x × ± 1 − kxk2 are local parametrizations of N, S. And calculating
H(f ◦ φ+ )0 , we have −I (hence max), and for the − case we have I.
Exercise 47 (1.7.16). Let U ⊂ Rk open, f : U → R smooth, and H(x) be the Hessian of f for
x ∈ U . Then f is Morse if and only if
k
∂f 2
X
2
det(H) + > 0 on U
∂xi
i=1
13
Pk 2
∂f
Solution) x ∈ U is a critical point of f iff ∇f = 0, and hence iff i=1 ∂xi = 0. The rest is
follows immediately from definition of Morse.
Solution) Let U ⊂ Rk be open containing K such that f0 : U → R is Morse. Now, denote the
P ∂ft 2
Hessian of ft at x by Hft |x , and define h : Rk × I → R by (x, t) 7→ det(Hft |x )2 + ki=1 ∂x i
.
Clearly, h is smooth, and by [Exercise 1.7.16], we know that h > 0 on U × {0}, hence on K × {0}.
Since K × {0} is compact, h ≥ 2δ for some δ > 0. By continuity of h, there exists an open set
U 0 ⊃ K × {0} such that h > δ on U 0 . By Tube Lemma, ∃ > 0 such that h > δ on K × [0, ]. Using
continuity of h again, for any fixed t ∈ [0, ] there exists open V ⊃ K such that h > 0 on V × {t},
as desired.
Now let X be a compact manifold, f0 : X → R Morse, and ft homotopic family of functions.
Suppose for any x ∈SX, there exists Ux , neighborhood of x, and x > 0 such that ft is Morse on Ux
for t ∈ [0, x ]; then x Ux form an open over of X, so choosing a finite sub cover Ux1 ∪ · · · ∪ Uxn ,
we have that ft is Morse on X for any t ∈ [0, min(x1 , . . . , xn )]. Existence of Ux and x is given by
[Exercise 1.7.17]: for φ : Vx → X local parametrization around x with φ(0) = x, set Ux = φ(Br (0))
where Br (0) ⊂ Vx .
Solution) First statement is immediate from T(x,y) (X × Y ) = Tx (X) × Ty (Y ). The map (x, v) 7→
(x, kvk) is a diffeomorphism of T (S k ) and S 1 × R.
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Exercise 52 (1.5.7,8). If k is odd, there exists a nonvanishing vector field ~v on S k . If S k has a
nonvanishing vector field ~v , then its antipodal map is homotopic to the identity.
Solution) If k is odd, then the map (x1 , . . . , xk+1 ) 7→ (−x2 , x1 , −x4 , x3 , . . . , −xk+1 , xk ) is a (linear)
smooth map, i.e. a nonvanishing vector field on S k . Now, let ~v is a nonvanishing vector field on
S k , and WLOG k~v (x)k = 1, ∀x ∈ S k (define new vector field by x 7→ ~v (x)/k~v (x)k), and thus
~v : S k → S k smooth and x⊥~v (x). Now, H : S k × I → S k defined by (x, t) 7→ x cos πt + ~v (x) sin πt is
a homotopy between the identity and antipodal map.
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2 Chapter 2. Transversality and Intersection
2.1 Manifolds with Boundary
Exercise 53 (Made-up). Let f : X → Y be a smooth map of manifolds with boundary, Z ⊂ X a
submanifold with boundary, and define g := f |Z . Then for x ∈ Z, dgx : Tx (Z) → Tf (x) (Y ) is equal
to dfx |Tx (Z) .
Solution)
Exercise 58 (2.1.8).
Solution)
2.2 Transversality
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