Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal

tract that involves the stomach and small intestine.[8] Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting,
and abdominal pain.[1] Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur.[2][3] This typically
lasts less than two weeks.[8] It is not related to influenzathough it has been called the "stomach
flu".[9]
Gastroenteritis can be due to infections by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungus.[2][4] The most
common cause is viruses.[4] In children rotavirus is the most common cause of severe
disease.[10] In adults, norovirus and Campylobacter are common.[11][12] Transmission may occur
due to eating improperly prepared foods, drinking contaminated water, or through close contact
with an individual who is infected.[2] Testing to confirm the diagnosis is typically not needed.[2]
Prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human
waste, and breastfeeding babies instead of using formula.[2] The rotavirus vaccine is
recommended in children.[2][10]Treatment involves getting enough fluids.[2] For mild or moderate
cases, this can typically be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water,
salts, and sugar).[2] In those who are breast fed, continued breastfeeding is recommended.[2] For
more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed.[2] Fluids may also be given by
a nasogastric tube.[13] Zinc supplementation is recommended in children.[2] Antibiotics are
generally not needed.[14]
In 2015 two billion cases of gastroenteritis resulted in 1.3 million deaths globally.[6][7] Children and
those in the developing world are affected the most.[15] In 2011, about 1.7 billion cases resulting in
about 700,000 deaths of children under the age of five.[16] In the developing world children less
than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year.[17] It is less common in adults,
partly due to the development of immu
 DRUG NAME DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE EFFECT
ROUTE

GENERIC NAME: DOSAGE: 40g Gastric acid-pump inhibitor: Indicated for: Contraindicated with CNS: Headache, dizziness,
Suppresses gastric acid hypersensitivity to asthenia, vertigo, insomnia,
Omeprazole  Short-term treatment of
secretion by specific omeprazole or its apathy, anxiety,
FREQUENCY: OD activeduodenal ulcer;
inhibition of the hydrogen- components; paresthesias, dream
BRAND NAME: First-line therapy in
potassium ATPase enzyme Use cautiously with abnormalities
treatment of heartburn or
Losec (CAN) ROUTE: IVTT system at the secretory pregnancy, Dermatologic: Rash,
symptoms of
surface of the gastric lactation. inflammation, urticaria,
gastroesophageal reflux
parietal cells; blocks the pruritus, alopecia, dry skin
DRUG CLASSIFICATION: disease (GERD);
final step of acid production. GI: Diarrhea, abdominal
Antisecretory drug  Short-term treatment of
pain, nausea, vomiting,
active benign gastric ulcer;
Proton pump inhibitor constipation, dry mouth,
 GERD, severe erosive
tongue atrophy
esophagitis, poorly
Respiratory: URI symptoms,
responsive symptomatic
cough, epistaxis
GERD;
Other: Cancer in
 Long-term therapy: preclinical studies,
Treatment of pathologic back pain, fever
hypersecretory conditions
(Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome, multiple
adenomas, systemic
mastocytosis);
 Eradication of H. pylori
with amoxicillin or
metronidazole and
clarithromycin;
rand name: PlasilGeneric name:
Metoclopramide
Indication:
prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis, treatment of postsurgical anddiabetic gastric stasis, facilitation of small bowel intubations
in radiographic procedures, management of esophageal reflux, treatment and prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting when
nasogastric suctioning is undesirable
Drug classification:
Anti-emetics
Mechanism of action:
i t b l o c k s d o p a m i n e r e c e p t o r s a n d m a k e s t h e G I c e l l s m o r e sensitive to acetylcholine, leading to increased GI activity and rapid
movementof food through the upper GI tract.
Dosage:
Tab Adult: 1tab tid, Syr Adult: 10ml tid, Children: 5-14 yr 2.5-5mg tid, 3-5 yr 2mg bid-tid 1-3yr 1mg bid-tid <1 yr 1mg bid
Special precaution:
patients with history of depression, diabetic patients, pregnancy andlactation, children and geriatric patients
Pregnancy risk category:
B
Adverse reaction: CNS:
drowsiness, extrapyramidal reactions, restlessness, anxiety,depression, irritability, tardive dyskinesia
CV:
arrhythmias, hypertension,hypotension
GI:
constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, nausea
Endo:
gynecomastia

Contraindicated to:
hypersensitivity, possible obstruction or hemorrhage, history of seizure disorders, pheochromocytoma, Parkinson’s disease
Form:
solution (oral concentrate), syrup (sugar free), tablet, ampule
Nursing responsibilities:
Assess client for abdominal pain distention, bowel sound
Assess client for extrapyramidal reactions
Monitor for tardive dyskinesia