INDEX

S.NO. CONTENT .

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WATER QUANTITY AND INTAKE DETAILS

3 LITERATURE REVIEW

4 MEDHODOLOGY

5 TREATMENT PLANT LAYOUT AND SITING

6 CONCLUSION

7 REFERENCES

1
 ABSTRACT

Metro satellite has become as important complex locality near the place Palasuni of
Bhubaneswar. As the city of temples, occupied the top position in the recent survey of 100 smart
cities, there will be an increase not only economically but also there will be rise in population
along with infrastructural works. So there is a substantial possibility of rise in population in
Metro Satellite area of Palasuni.

With this steady increase of population, there will be more generation of household and domestic
Water. So there is a basic need of construction of a Water Treatment Plant with a view of
sufficient capacity to treat the Water. A Water treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the
domestic and household waste and thus removing the materials which creates harms for general
public. Its basic aim or objective is to produce an environmental safe atmosphere by treated
effluent or sludge which will be suitable for disposal or reuse.

The project mainly deals with design of STP and its stages or components which are responsible
for the Water treatment like screening, grit chamber ,skimming tank, sedimentation tank,
secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and sludge drying beds. The projects covers the various
dimensions of components such as which would cover an approximate population of 10000
including every building and complex of the area for a maximum period of time. By the
execution of the project the entire Water of the proposed area can be treated effectively and
efficiently

2
INTRODUCTION

3
INTRODUCTION

It is needless to mention that water, a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen is a precious natural
gift which is very essential for survival of mankind including animals. The water used forpotable
purposes should be free from undesirable impurities. The water available from untreated sources
such as Well, Boreholes and Spring is generally not hygienic and safe for drinking. Thus it is
desirable and necessary to purify the water and supply under hygienic conditions for human
drinking purpose.

As the name implies, the mineral water is the purified water fortified with requisite amounts of
minerals such as Barium, Iron, Manganese, etc. which can be absorbed by human body. It is
either obtained from natural resources like spring and drilled wells or it is fortified artificially by
blending and treating with mineral salts. The mineral water shall be manufactured and packed
under hygienic conditions in properly washed and cleaned bottles in sterilised conditions.

Raw Water Source

The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:

1. Surface sources, such as

a. Ponds and lakes;
b. Streams and rivers;
c. Storage reservoirs; and
d. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
2. Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as
a. Springs;
b. Infiltration wells ; and
c. Wells and Tube-wells.

4
Water Quality

The raw or treated water is analysed by testing their physical, chemical and bacteriological
characteristics:

Physical Characteristics:

 Turbidity
 Colour
 Taste and Odour
 Temperature

Chemical Characteristics:

 pH
 Acidity
 Alkalinity
 Hardness
 Chlorides
 Sulphates
 Iron
 Solids
 Nitrates

5
PH
pH value denotes the acidic or alkaline condition of water. It is expressed on a scale ranging
from 0 to 14, which is the common logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
The recommended pH range for treated drinking waters is 6.5 to 8.5.

Acidity
The acidity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralise bases. Acidity of water may be
caused by the presence of uncombined carbon dioxide, mineral acids and salts of strong acids
and weak bases. It is expressed as mg/L in terms of calcium carbonate. Acidity is nothing but
representation of carbon dioxide or carbonic acids. Carbon dioxide causes corrosion in public
water supply systems.

Alkalinity
The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralise acids. It is expressed as mg/L in
terms of calcium carbonate. The various forms of alkalinity are (a) hydroxide alkalinity, (b)
carbonate alkalinity, (c) hydroxide plus carbonate alkalinity, (d) carbonate plus bicarbonate
alkalinity, and (e) bicarbonate alkalinity, which is useful mainly in water softening and boiler
feed water processes. Alkalinity is an important parameter in evaluating the optimum coagulant
dosage.

Hardness
If water consumes excessive soap to produce lather, it is said to be hard. Hardness is caused by
divalent metallic cations. The principal hardness causing cations are calcium, magnesium,
strontium, ferrous and manganese ions. The major anions associated with these cations are
sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and nitrates.
The total hardness of water is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations, both
expressed as calcium carbonate, in mg/L. Hardness are of two types, temporary or carbonate
hardness and permanent or non carbonate hardness. Temporary hardness is one in which
bicarbonate and carbonate ion can be precipitated by prolonged boiling. Non-carbonate ions

6
cannot be precipitated or removed by boiling, hence the term permanent hardness. IS value for
drinking water is 300 mg/L as CaCO3.

Chlorides
Chloride ion may be present in combination with one or more of the cations of calcium,
magnesium, iron and sodium. Chlorides of these minerals are present in water because of their
high solubility in water. Each human being consumes about six to eight grams of sodium
chloride per day, a part of which is discharged through urine and night soil. Thus, excessive
presence of chloride in water indicates sewage pollution. IS value for drinking water is 250 to
1000 mg/L.

Sulphates
Sulphates occur in water due to leaching from sulphate mineral and oxidation of sulphides.
Sulphates are associated generally with calcium, magnesium and sodium ions. Sulphate in
drinking water causes a laxative effect and leads to scale formation in boilers. It also causes
odour and corrosion problems under aerobic conditions. Sulphate should be less than 50 mg/L,
for some industries. Desirable limit for drinking water is 150 mg/L. May be extended upto 400
mg/L.
Iron
Iron is found on earth mainly as insoluble ferric oxide. When it comes in contact with water, it
dissolves to form ferrous bicarbonate under favourable conditions. This ferrous bicarbonate is
oxidised into ferric hydroxide, which is a precipitate. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric ion is
reduced to soluble ferrous ion. Iron can impart bad taste to the water, causes discolouration in
clothes and incrustations in water mains. IS value for drinking water is 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L.

Solids
The sum total of foreign matter present in water is termed as 'total solids'. Total solids is the
matter that remains as residue after evaporation of the sample and its subsequent drying at a
defined temperature (103 to 105 °C).

7
Total solids consist of volatile (organic) and non-volatile (inorganic or fixed) solids. Further,
solids are divided into suspended and dissolved solids. Solids that can settle by gravity are
settleable solids. The others are non-settleable solids. IS acceptable limit for total solids is 500
mg/L and tolerable limit is 3000 mg/L of dissolved limits.

Nitrates
Nitrates in surface waters occur by the leaching of fertilizers from soil during surface run-off and
also nitrification of organic matter. Presence of high concentration of nitrates is an indication of
pollution. Concentration of nitrates above 45 mg/L cause a disease methemoglobinemia. IS value
is 45 mg/L.

Bacteriological Characteristics:
Bacterial examination of water is very important, since it indicates the degree of pollution. Water
polluted by sewage contain one or more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria.
Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases, and many non pathogenic bacteria such
as E.Coli, a member of coliform group, also live in the intestinal tract of human
beings. Coliform itself is not a harmful group but it has more resistance to adverse condition than
any other group. So, if it is ensured to minimize the number of coliforms, the harmful species
will be very less. So, coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water with sewage
and presence of pathogens.

8
WATER QUANTITY AND INTAKE
DETAILS

9
WATER QUANTITY AND INTAKE DETAILS
Water Quantity Estimation
The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be
designed requires following data:
 Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
 Population to be served.
Quantity= Per capita demand x Population

Water Consumption Rate

It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public, since there
are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The various types of water demands,
which a city may have, may be broken into following classes:
Water Consumption for Various Purposes:

S.No Types of Consumption Normal Range Average %

(lit/capita/day)
Domestic Consumption 65-300 160 35
1
Industrial and Commercial 45-450 135 30
2
Demand
Public Uses including Fire 20-90 45 10
3
Demand
Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25
4

Fire Fighting Demand:

The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at which the water
is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is sometimes traeted as a function of
population and is worked out from following empirical formulae:

10
 S.No. Authority Formulae (P in thousand) Q for 1 lakh
Population)
American Q (L/min)=4637 ÖP (1-0.01 ÖP) 41760
1
Insurance
Association
Kuchling's Q (L/min)=3182 ÖP 31800
2
Formula
Freeman's Q (L/min)= 1136.5(P/5+10) 35050
3
Formula
Ministry of Q (kilo liters/d)=100 ÖP for P>50000 31623
4
Urban
Development
Manual
Formula

Factors affecting per capita demand:

a. Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for
smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
b. Presence of industries.
c. Climatic conditions.
d. Habits of people and their economic status.
e. Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ medically safe, the consumption will increase
as people will not resort to private wells, etc.
f. Pressure in the distribution system.
g. Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services; and
unauthorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.
h. Cost of water.
i. Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different ways: on
the basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand

11
 Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.
 Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally more
in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
 Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and
Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
 Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide range. During active household
working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the
bulk of the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible.
Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during
short duration, necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.
So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand. To meet all
the fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be
properly proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and
distribution system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of monthly
variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences
the design of pumps and service reservoirs. As the population decreases, the fluctuation
rate increases.
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

12
 Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of
the future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is
known as the design period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
 Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
 Expandability aspect.
 Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments
& migration-immigration.
 Available resources.
 Performance of the system during initial period.

Population Forecasting Methods

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular
method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors
discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the
designer.
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
2. Geometric Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
5. Simple Graphical Method
6. Comparative Graphical Method
7. Ratio Method
8. Logistic Curve Method

13
 Intake Structure
The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from the
source over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the
withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit), through which it flows up to water
treatment plant.
Factors Governing Location of Intake
1. As far as possible, the site should be near the treatment plant so that the cost of conveying
water to the city is less.
2. The intake must be located in the purer zone of the source to draw best quality water
from the source, thereby reducing load on the treatment plant.
3. The intake must never be located at the downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of wastewater.
4. The site should be such as to permit greater withdrawal of water, if required at a future
date.
5. The intake must be located at a place from where it can draw water even during the driest
period of the year.
6. The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should noy get flooded.
Moreover, the flood waters should not be concentrated in the vicinity of the intake.
Design Considerations
1. sufficient factor of safety against external forces such as heavy currents, floating
materials, submerged bodies, ice pressure, etc.
2. should have sufficient self weight so that it does not float by upthrust of water.

Types of Intake
Depending on the source of water, the intake works are classified as follows:
Pumping
A pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. It lifts water from a
lower to a higher level and delivers it at high pressure. Pumps are employed in water supply
projects at various stages for following purposes:
1. To lift raw water from wells.
2. To deliver treated water to the consumer at desired pressure.

14
3. To supply pressured water for fire hydrants.
4. To boost up pressure in water mains.
5. To fill elevated overhead water tanks.
6. To back-wash filters.
7. To pump chemical solutions, needed for water treatment.
Classification of Pumps
Based on principle of operation, pumps may be classified as follows:
1. Displacement pumps (reciprocating, rotary)
2. Velocity pumps (centrifugal, turbine and jet pumps)
3. Buoyancy pumps (air lift pumps)
4. Impulse pumps (hydraulic rams)
Capacity of Pumps
Work done by the pump,
H.P.=gQH/75
where, g= specific weight of water kg/m3, Q= discharge of pump, m3/s; and H= total head
against which pump has to work.
H= Hs + Hd + Hf + (losses due to exit, entrance, bends, valves, and so on)
where, Hs=suction head, Hd = delivery head, and Hf = friction loss.
Efficiency of pump (E) = gQH/Brake H.P.
Total brake horse power required = gQH/E
Provide even number of motors say 2,4,... with their total capacity being equal to the total
BHP and provide half of the motors required as stand-by.
Conveyance
There are two stages in the transportation of water:
1. Conveyance of water from the source to the treatment plant.
2. Conveyance of treated water from treatment plant to the distribution system.
In the first stage water is transported by gravity or by pumping or by the combined action
of both, depending upon the relative elevations of the treatment plant and the source of
supply.
In the second stage water transmission may be either by pumping into an overhead tank
and then supplying by gravity or by pumping directly into the water-main for distribution.

15
Free Flow System
In this system, the surface of water in the conveying section flows freely due to gravity.
In such a conduit the hydraulic gradient line coincide with the water surface and is
parallel to the bed of the conduit. It is often necessary to construct very long conveying
sections, to suit the slope of the existing ground. The sections used for free-flow are:
Canals, flumes, grade aqueducts and grade tunnels.
Pressure System
In pressure conduits, which are closed conduits, the water flows under pressure above the
atmospheric pressure. The bed or invert of the conduit in pressure flows is thus
independant of the grade of the hydraulic gradient line and can, therefore, follow the
natural available ground surface thus requiring lesser length of conduit. The pressure
aqueducts may be in the form of closed pipes or closed aqueducts and tunnels
called pressure aqueducts or pressure tunnels designed for the pressure likely to come on
them. Due to their circular shapes, every pressure conduit is generally termed as
a pressure pipe. When a pressure pipe drops beneath a valley, stream, or some other
depression, it is called a depressed pipe or an inverted siphon.
Depending upon the construction material, the pressure pipes are of following types: Cast
iron, steel, R.C.C, hume steel, vitrified clay, asbestos cement, wrought iron, copper, brass
and lead, plastic, and glass reinforced plastic pipes.
Hydraulic Design
The design of water supply conduits depends on the resistance to flow, available pressure
or head, and allowable velocities of flow. Generally, Hazen-William's formula for
pressure conduits and Manning's formula for freeflow conduits are used.
Hazen-William's formula
U=0.85 C rH0.63S0.54
Manning's formula
U=1/n rH2/3S1/2
where, U= velocity, m/s; rH= hydraulic radius,m; S= slope, C= Hazen-William's
coefficient, and n = Manning's coefficient.
Darcy-Weisbach formula
hL=(fLU2)/(2gd)

16
LITERATURE REVIEW

17
LITERATURE REVIEW
Physical characteristic of waste water:

Odour: It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in contact
with them. Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus waste water which
contains toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to distinguish. Odour is
recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water. The organic and
inorganic substance contributes to taste or odour. The ultimate odour tasting device is the human
nose. The odour intensity is done by threshold odour test Taste: The sense of taste result mainly
from chemical stimulation of sensory nerve endings in tongue. Fundamental sensations of taste
are, by convention more than by research evidence, salt, sweet, bitter, and sour. The rating
involves the following steps:

a) dilution series including random blanks is prepared

b) initial tasting of about half the sample by taking water into mouth and holding it for several
seconds and discharging it without swallowing.

c) Forming an initial judgment on the rating scale

d) a final rating made for the sample

e) rinsing mouth with taste and odour free water

f) resting. Colour: Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or
Mg, humus and peat materials, planktons and weeds.

It is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial applications. After turbidity is
removed the apparent colour and that due to suspended matter is found out.

Total solids:

It refers to matters suspended or dissolved in water and waste water. Solids affect the water or
effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with highly dissolved solids are not
palatable and may cause physiological reaction in transient consumer. A limit of 500 mg

18
dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters. Evaporation method is used to separate total
solids and their weight is found out. Floatables: One important criterion for evaluating the
possible effect of waste disposal into surface water is the amount of floatable material in the
waste. Two general types of floating matters are found

(i) Particulate matters like 'grease balls'

(ii) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.

(iii) It is important because it accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic bacteria
and viruses.

Biological characteristic of waste water:

Water quality has a key role in deciding the abundance, species composition, stability,
productivity and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic communities.
Their existence is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological methods used for
evaluating water quality include the collection, counting and identification of aquatic organisms.
Most microorganisms known to microbiologists can be found in domestic wastewater like
Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae.

Planktons, Periphyton, Macro-phyton, Macro-invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians and Aquatic

reptiles are the biotic group of interdependent organism. Wastewater contains vast quantities of
bacteria and other organisms. Aerobic bacteria break down organic matter in the presence of
available oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria disintegrate organic matter which is shut off from free
oxygen, such as in the interior of a mass of feces or a dead body. The products of anaerobic
decomposition have an extremely nauseating odor. Matter in which this condition exists is said
to be septic. A multitude of the bacteria in wastewater are coliform bacteria: those found in the
digestive tract of normal humans.

19
MEDHODOLOGY

20
MEDHODOLOGY

Proposed Project:

as per the proposed project, it is planned to augment the capacity of Existing Kolar
water supply so as to suit the drinking water needs of the probable population of Kolar for
next 30 years, taking net supply rate as 135 Ipcd. The population of Kolar for next
30 years (2045) i.e., taking 2 year as execution period and 30 years as service period has
been estimated as 3,60,000 approximately. Taking 135 Ipcd the net water requirement
shall be 48.60 MLD and accounting for 15% Transmission and Treatment losses
the Raw water required shall be 57.00 MLD. Water supply project has been designed
for providing 29.00 MLD Raw water for the first phase Kerwa dam. & 26.95 MLD clear
water from Narmada rising main for the ultimate phase.

Thus following components are being proposed in the project for the Stage I i.e., initial 15
years,

a) Intake well & Raw water pump house:

Construction of intake well cum Raw water pump house for drawl of 29.00 MLD water from
Kerwa Dam. The diameter of intake well has been kept as 8.0 meter and depth at 18.00 meters.

b) Raw water Pumping main:

Providing and laying 600 mm Intake well to Treatment plant for conveying 29.00 MLD
raw

c) Treatment plant:
diameter Dl K-9 pipe from having 600 meters length water for the first phase.
Construction of treatment plant for 29.00 MLD capacity having 5 nos. Rapid sand filters working
of 9.50m x 7.50m x 3.50 m, 2 no. Clarriflocculator of 14.50 MLD having 26.00 meters diameter
and arrangement of chemical dosing.

21
d) Clear water sump cum Pump house including sub- station:
Construction of Clear water sump cum pump-house having capacity of delivering
27.55 MLD clear water along with providing and installing of 3 nos. pumps of 235
KW with two working & one stand by having HOjm head with 174 Ips discharge & HP motor
along with transformer with all other necessary electrical and mechanical installations.

e) Clear water Gravity main

Providing and laying following size of diameter of DI K-9 pipe, from Treatment plant up
to proposed OHT in Kolar having length of 6085 m for conveying of 27.55 MLD treated
water required up to the ultimate design year of 2045.

f) Feeder Network
Providing and laying of feeder network as per below

S.No. Diameter Length Type and Class of pipe

1.0 150mm 195 DI-K7

2.0 200mm 1182 DI-K7
3.0 300mm 1678 DI-K7
4.0 400mm 2242 DI-K7
Total 5297.00m

g) Storage Reservior
Construction of 5 nos. OHTs of 2000 KL having Cumulative capacity of 10000 KL in various
parts of Kolar.

h) Distribution Network
For distribution of water 135 ipcd pipeline shall be laid, the Cost of which has been estimated In
second Stage 26.95 MLD clear water shall be Narmada rising main from (Municipal
Corporation Bhopal).

22
Diameter Length Type and Class of Pipe

110 mm diameter 87016.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6

125 mm diameter 26943.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
140 mm diameter 11062.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
160 mm diameter 6916.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
180 mm diameter 3089.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
200 mm diameter 4015.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
225 mm diameter 3291.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
250 mm diameter 2758.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
280 mm diameter 3482.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
315 mm diameter 3142.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
355 mm diameter 2341.00 HDPE PE 100 PN-6
350 mm diameter 811.00 DI K-7
400 mm diameter 1904.00 DI K-7
450 mm diameter 1253.00 DI K-7
500 mm diameter 670.00 DI K-7
600 mm diameter 63.00 DI K-7
Total 158757.00

Phase I

i) Supplying and installation of Raw water pumps for pumping of 29.00MLD Raw
water from intake to Treatment plant .

a) Three nos. pumps of 141.00 KW having discharge of 183.00 liters and pumping head
of 55.00 m with two working and one stand-by there-by providing 50% standby
capacity "

b) Each pumps shall have motor of 188.00 HP

c) Step down transformer of 330KV/440 - 507.00 KVA.

23
ii) Supplying and installation of Clear water pumps for pumping of 27.55 MLD clear
water from Treatment plant to Kolar.

a) Three nos. pumps of 235.00 KW having discharge of 174 liters and pumping head of
110 m with two working and one stand-by there-by providing 50% stand-by
capacity

b) Each pumps shall have motor of 312.00 HP

c) Step down transformer of 250KV/440-844.00KVA.

24
Flowchart

Raw water pump house cum intake well (29MLD @kerwa Dam)

Dia of intake well 8m Depth of intake well 18m

Vertical turbine pupsets (3 NOS 29 MLD discharge capacity)

Head 55 m Power rating 141 KW

Motor

188 HP Other Electrical & Mechanical Installation

Treatment Plant

29.00 MLD, 5 rapid sand filters )9.50 x 7.50 m x 3.50 m)

2 Clarriflocculator (14.50 MLD each 26 m dia)

Gravity Main DI K-9 500 mm 6085 meters long

Clear water ground level tnak and pump house (capacity 27.55 MLD)

3 Pump (discharge 174 ps Power rating 235 KW)

150 to 400 mm dia DI-K7 Pipe (5297 m)

5 Nos 2000 KL Capacity - Distribution Network

25
7.1(a) Design calculation for the pumps for pumping of 29.0 MID Raw water from Intake to
treatment plant for 1st phase.
1.1) Maximum daily demand of water 29.0MLD
1.2) Hour of pumping 22 Hours
1.3) Static Head
PUMP FLOOR LEVEL- L.W.L. (488.0 - 535.0)
1.4) Length of Pipe line 47.0 m
1.5) Diameter of Pipe 600.0 m
1.6) Modified Hazen Williams Coefficients 600mm
1.7) No of pumps 3 nos
1.8) Duty pump 2 nos
1.9) Stand by pumps 1 nos
1.10) Ambient temperature 40
1.11) Average discharge in m3/sec
= (29.0 x 106)/22 x 103 x 60 x 60
= 0.36 m3/s
Head loss due to friction by using modified Hazen Willams equation
Frictional Headless = 1.14
Loss due to fittings, bends = 0.28
Static Head = 47.00
Residual Head = 5.00
Total head = 53.42
Provide pump for 55.0 m head

Power required for pump

Combine efficiency = 70%
of Pumps and motors = 55.0 m

Power in KW = w QH / (X 1000)
= 9.81 x 1000 x 0.366 x 55.0
= 282.10 KW 375.20 HP

26
Hence provide following pumps, motors and transformer for pumping of 29.0
MLD Raw water from Intake to Treatment plant.
a) Three nos. pumps of 141.0 KW having discharge of 183 liters and pumping head of 55.0
m with two working and one stand-by there-by providing 50% stand-by capacity
b) Each pumps shall have motor of 188.00 HP
c) Step down transformer of 330 KV/440 - 507.00 KVA.

7.1(b) Design calculation for the Gravity pipeline .from water treatment plant upto Clear water
sump:
1.1) Maximum daily demand of water 27,55 MLD
1.2) I lour or supply 22 Hours
1.3) Maximum Dischurg«(lntermcclioto Requirement of 27,55 MLD) 348 Ips
1.4) Static Mead
Nett head available for gravity flow, 54.00m
1.5) Length of Pipeline 6085.0m
1.6) Modified Hazen Williams Coefficients 1
Diameter = 500 mm
hf = Length x Discharge/ 994.61 x diameter
54 = 6085 x (0.348)1.81/ 994.61 x diameter 4.81
We are adopting 500 mm diameter for the gravity flow.
Kolar Water Supply Scheme Municipal Concil, Kolar

7.1(c) Design calculation for the pumps for pumping of 27.55 MLD Clear water from
clear water sump to various OHTs: for 1st phase

1.1) Maximum daily demand of water 27:55 MLD

1.2) Hour of pumping 22 Hours
1.3) No of pumps 3 Nos
1.4) Duty pump 2 N°s
1.5) Stand by pumps 1 Nos
1.6) Ambient temperature 40 °C
1.7) Average discharge in m3/sec

27
 (27.55 x 106)/22 x 103 x 60 x 60 0.348 m3/s
2.0) Head loss due to friction by using modified Hazen Williams equation [ L (Q/CR)1-
81]/994.62 D4'81 taking CR value 1
As caJcuInted providing pump (or 110.0 m head 3.0)
Power required for pump :-
Hence provide following pumps, motors and transformer for pumping o/ 27.55
MLD Clear water from CW sump to various OHTs
d) Three nos. pumps of 235.0 KW having discharge of 174 liters and pumping head of 110.0
m with two working and one stand-by there-by providing 50% stand-by capacity
e) Each pumps shall have motor of 312.00 HP •/)' ' Step down transformer of 330
KV/440- 844.00 KVA
7.3 (a) Deisgn for Economical size of Raw water pumping Main having length 600 m from
intake to TP as per mannual on Water Treatment third edition may 199
1 Water Requirement Year Water Demand
Initial 2015 19.90
Intermediate 2030 29.00
Ultimate 2045 2900
2 Length of Pumping Main 600.00 m
3 Static Head of Pump 55.00m
4 Design Period 30.00 years
5 Combined Efficeincy of 70.00 %
6 Cost of Pumping Unit 22000.00 Rs/kw

28
S.No. Internal Head due to friction Velocity in m/s Total Head KW required for peak KW required with 50% Cost of pumps of Rs 14500 kw
Dia & other losses discharge stand by for peak
(mm) discharge
st nd st nd st nd
1 stage 2 stage 1 stage 2 stage 1 stage 2 stage 1st stage 2nd stage 1st stage 2nd stage
1st stage 2nd stage

1 150 769.59 1008.49 20.73 20.73 824.59 1063.49 3567.49 5457.29 5351.24 8185.94 117727.24 180090.64
2 200 200.09 259.97 259.97 11.66 255.09 314.97 1103.62 1616.26 1655.43 2424.38 36419.49 53336.46
3 250 70.75 91.22 91.22 7.46 125.75 146.22 544.05 750.34 816.08 1125.51 17953.75 24761
4 300 30.38 38.89 38.89 5.18 85.38 93.89 369.37 481.81 554.05 722.71 12189.16 15899.67
5 350 14.91 18.96 18.96 3.81 69.91 73.96 302.44 379.54 453.66 569 9981 12524.78
6 400 8.06 10.20 10.20 2.92 63.06 65.20 272.84 334.56 409.26 501.85 9003.61 11040.60
7 450 4.70 5.91 5.91 230 59.70 60.91 258.28 312.56 387.42 468.84 8523.26 10314.51
8 500 2.90 3.63 3.63 1.87 57.90 58.63 250.51 300.88 375.77 451.31 8266.90 9928.89
9 600 1.27 1.57 1.57 1.30 56.27 56.57 243.43 290.29 365.15 435.43 8033.22 9579.57
10 700 0.63 0.78 0.78 0.95 55.63 55.78 240.68 286.21 361.02 429.32 7942.41 9444.93

29
Kolar Water Supply Project

S.No. Internal Rate per Cost of Cost of Annual energy Energy Cost of Total Cost of Initial Total
Finished meter of DI pipe for pumpesets Rs charges charges pumpsets Capitalised pumpsets capital Capitalised
Dia pipe 600 in thousands (Rs in Thousands) capitalised (Rs in Coast (4+5+7) investment cost (8+12)
(mm) as per ,meters (Rs in Thousands) Rs in Thousand for (Rs in
USDD thousands) pumpsets thousands)
SOR and annual
including eletrical
laying charges
cost

1 150 1621.00 972.60 117727.24 96672.94 676392.92 795092.13 180090.64 175403.48 274963.63 1070055.77

2 200 2167.00 1300.20 36419.49 29906.24 209245.19 246964.88 5336.46 51948.29 81434.47 328399.35

3 250 2898.00 1738080 17953.75 14742.91 103151.82 122844.37 24761.25 24116.80 37805.65 160650.03

4 300 36664.00 2198.40 12189.16 10009.26 70031.84 84419.40 15899.67 15485.85 24275.73 108695.13

5 350 4860.00 2916.00 9981 8195.52 57341.64 70238.06 12524.78 12198.80 19122.93 89360.98

6 400 5498.00 3298.80 9003.61 7393.41 51729.53 64031.94 11040.60 10753.25 16856.86 80888.80

7 450 6785.00 4071.00 8523.26 6998.96 48969.68 61563.93 10314.51 10046.06 15748.27 77312.20

8 500 8145.00 4887.00 8266.90 6788.45 47496.78 60650.68 9928.89 9670.48 15159.50 75810.18

9 600 10596.00 6357.60 8033.21 6596.5647496.78 46154.23 60545.05 9579.57 9330.25 14626.15 75171.20

10 7000 13737.00 8242.20 7942.41 6521.9946154.23 45632.45 61817.05 9444.93 9199.11 14420.59 76237.64

45635.45

30
 Flex Table Pipe Table
(Current Time : 0.000)
Hourse) Kolar Feeder.wtg
Label Diameter Flow Velocity Headloss
(mm)
P-1 500.0 423.79 2.16 0.008
P-2 150.0 75.76 4.29 0.112
P-5 150.0 f 0.00 0.000
P-4 400.0 0.00 2.17 0.010
P-6 400.0 272.27 2.17 0.010
P-7 150.0 272.27 0.00 0.000
P-8 300.0 0.00 2.78 0.022
P-10 300.0 196.52 1.07 0.004
P-11 200.0 75.76 1.43 0.011

31
DESIGN CALCULATION FOR THE CLARIFLOCCULATOR HAVING DESIGN
DISCHARGE FOR 29.0 MLD
Design of Clariflocculator
Required outflow from rapid sand filter is 29.0 MLD. Providing 2 no. calrrifloculator each of
14.50 MLD.
Desired average outflow from clariflocculator (22 hours)
Desired average outflow from clariflocculator (22 hours)
= 14.50 x 1000 x 22 m 3/hr
= 659.09 m3/hr
Water lost in de sludging = 2%
Desing average flow = (659.09 x 100)/(100-2)
Detention time = 20 minutes
A circular clariflocculator is to be designed having vertical paddles. The water enters through a
central influent pipe and is fed into the flocculation zone through parts. The effluent from
flocculation zone passes below the partition wall dividing the flocculation portion and the
clarifier portion. The clarified effluent is collected by a peripheral effluent launder. The
components of clariflocculator to be designed include the influent pipe, the flocculator, the
clarifier and the effluent launder. ______
I DESIGN OF INFLUENT PIPE
Assuming a Velocity of = 1 m/s
Influent Pipe diameter = [(675.00 x 4) /(3600 x 1 x 3.14)]1/2 =0.488
Provide an influent pipe of 500 mm diameter
Design of Flocculation Tank
Design a conventional rectangular horizontal-shaft flocculation tank unit for 10 MLD of settled
raw water after coagulant addition and rapid mixing as per design parameters given below:
Detention time (t): 10 – 30 minutes
Velocity gradient (G): 20 – 75 /s
Gt: 2 x 104 – 6 x 104
Tank Depth (D): <5m

Paddle tip speed (vp): 0.25 – 0.75 m/s

32
Velocity of paddle relative to water (v): 0.75 x paddle tip speed
Paddle area (Ap)/Tank section area (AT): 10:100 to 20:100
Coefficient of drag on paddle blade (CD): 1.8
Maximum length of each paddle (l): 5.0 m
Maximum width of each paddle (b): 0.50 m
Kinematic viscosity : 1.003 x 10-6 m2/s
Dynamic viscosity of water : 1.002 x 10-3 N.s/m2
Freeboard: 0.50 m
Draw a net sketch of the designed tank (top and front view) clearly showing tank dimensions,
paddle shaft position, paddle blade dimensions, water level, etc. Also mention paddle rotation
speed and power requirement.

33
DESING FOR RAPID GRAVITY FILTER
The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type offilter used in water purification and is
commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment
system. The first modern rapid sand filtration plant was designed and built by George W.
Fuller in Little Falls, New Jersey.
Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large
municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore
less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration system requires a
relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the design is less sensitive
to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow sand filters.
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles and
impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals—typically
alum. The unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped
pressure and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix.
Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede
filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the filtration
system.[1]The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and
pressure type (e.g. Candy's filter).
A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following
filtration.[1]:9–11 Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and smell and dissolved
impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.
Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which
involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed air. During backwashing,
the bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the media.
The byproduct of backwashing is sludge which is either tankered away or is run to waste if the
composition is within the tolerable limits. These tanks are known as "Dirty washwater tanks".

34
35
36
 Clean Water Headloss
Several equations have been developed to describe the flow of clean water through a porous
medium. Carman-Kozeny equation used to calculate head loss is as follows:
Backwashing of Rapid Sand Filter
 For a filter to operate efficiently, it must be cleaned before the next filter run. If the water
applied to a filter is of very good quality, the filter runs can be very long. Some filters can
operate longer than one week before needing to be backwashed. However, this is not
recommended as long filter runs can cause the filter media to pack down so that it is
difficult to expand the bed during the backwash.
 Treated water from storage is used for the backwash cycle. This treated water is generally
taken from elevated storage tanks or pumped in from the clear well.
 The filter backwash rate has to be great enough to expand and agitate the filter media and
suspend the floc in the water for removal. However, if the filter backwash rate is too
high, media will be washed from the filter into the troughs and out of the filter.
When is Backwashing Needed
The filter should be backwashed when the following conditions have been met:
 The head loss is so high that the filter no longer produces water at the desired rate; and/or
 Floc starts to break through the filter and the turbidity in the filter effluent increases;
and/or
 A filter run reaches a given hour of operation.

Operational Troubles in Rapid Gravity Filters

Air Binding :
 When the filter is newly commissioned, the loss of head of water percolating through the
filter is generally very small. However, the loss of head goes on increasing as more and
more impurities get trapped into it.
 A stage is finally reached when the frictional resistance offered by the filter media
exceeds the static head of water above the and bed. Most of this resistance is offered by
the top 10 to 15 cm sand layer. The bottom sand acts like a vacuum, and water is sucked
through the filter media rather than getting filtered through it.

37
  The negative pressure so developed, tends to release the dissolved air and other gases
present in water. The formation of bubbles takes place which stick to the sand grains.
This phenomenon is known as Air Binding as the air binds the filter and stops its
functioning.
 To avoid such troubles, the filters are cleaned as soon as the head loss exceeds the
optimum allowable value.
Formation of Mud Balls :
 The mud from the atmosphere usually accumulates on the sand surface to form a dense
mat. During inadequate washing this mud may sink down into the sand bed and stick to
the sand grains and other arrested impurities, thereby forming mud balls.
Cracking of Filters :
 The fine sand contained in the top layers of the filter bed shrinks and causes the
development of shrinkage cracks in the sand bed. With the use of filter, the loss of head
and, therefore, pressure on thesand bed goes on increasing, which further goes on
widening these cracks.
Remedial Measures to Prevent Cracking of Filters and Formation of Mud Balls
 Breaking the top fine mud layer with rakes and washing off the particles.
 Washing the filter with a solution of caustic soda.
 Removing, cleaning and replacing the damaged filter sand.
Standard design practice of Rapid Sand filter: Maximum length of lateral = not less than 60
times its diameter. Spacing of holes = 6 mm holes at 7.5 cm c/c or 13 at 15 c/c. C.S area of
lateral = not less than 2 times area of perforations. C.S area of manifold = 2 times total area of
laterals. Maximum loss of head = 2 to 5 m. Spacing of laterals = 15 to 30 cm c/c. Pressure of
wash water at perforations = not greater than 1.05 kg/cm2. Velocity of flow in lateral = 2 m/s.
Velocity of flow in manifold = 2.25 m/s. Velocity of flow in manifold for washwater= 1.8 to 2.5
m/s.Velocity of rising washwater= 0.5 to 1.0 m/min. Amount of washwater = 0.2 to 0.4% of total
filtered water. Time of backwashing = 10 to 15 min. Head of water over the filter = 1.5 to 2.5 m.
Free board = 60 cm. Bottom slope = 1 to 60 towards manifold.
Q = (1.71 x b x h3/2)
where Q is in m3/s, b is in m, h is in m. L:B = 1.25 to 1.33:1 .

38
39
40
Wastewater Quantity Estimation

The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry
weather flow (DWF).

Quantity= Per capita sewage contributed per day x Population

Sanitary sewage is mostly the spent water of the community draining into the sewer system. It
has been observed that a small portion of spent water is lost in evaporation, seepage in ground,
leakage, etc. Usually 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers.

Fluctuations in Dry Weather Flow

Since dry weather flow depends on the quantity of water used, and as there are fluctuations in
rate of water consumption, there will be fluctuations in dry weather flow also. In general, it can
be assumed that (i) Maximum daily flow = 2 x average daily flow and (ii) Minimum daily flow =
2/3 x (average daily flow).

Population Equivalent

Population equivalent is a parameter used in the conversion of contribution of wastes from

industrial establishments for accepting into sanitary sewer systems. The strength of industrial
sewage is, thus, written as

41
Std. BOD5 = (Std. BOD5 of domestic sewage per person per day) x

(population equivalent)

Design Periods & Population Forecast

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as
the design period. It is suggested that the construction of sewage treatment plant may be carried
out in phases with an initial design period ranging from 5 to 10 years excluding the construction
period.

Design period is estimated based on the following:

Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

Expandability aspect.

Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments &

migration-immigration.

Available resources.

Performance of the system during initial period.

Population forecasting methods:

42
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular
method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors
discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the
designer.

 Arithmetic Increase Method

 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Comparative Graphical Method
 Ratio Method
 Logistic Curve Method
 Wastewater Characterization

To design a treatment process properly, characterization of wastewater is perhaps the most

critical step. Wastewater characteristics of importance in the design of the activated sludge
process can be grouped into the following categories:

43
TREATMENT PLANT LAYOUT AND
SITING

44
TREATMENT PLANT LAYOUT AND SITING

Plant layout is the arrangement of designed treatment units on the selected site. Siting is the
selection of site for treatment plant based on features as character, topography, and shoreline.
Site development should take the advantage of the existing site topography. The following
principles are important to consider:

1. A site on a side-hill can facilitate gravity flow that will reduce pumping requirements and
locate normal sequence of units without excessive excavation or fill.

2. When landscaping is utilized it should reflect the character of the surrounding area. Site
development should alter existing naturally stabilized site contours and drainage as little
as possible.

3. The developed site should be compatible with the existing land uses and the
comprehensive development plan.

Treatment Plant Hydraulics

Hydraulic profile is the graphical representation of the hydraulic grade line through the
treatment plant. The head loss computations are started in the direction of flow using water
surface in the influent of first treatment unit as the reference level. The total available head at
the treatment plant is the difference in water surface elevations in the influent of first treatment
unit and that in the effluent of last treatment unit. If the total available head is less than the head
loss through the plant, flow by gravity cannot be achieved. In such cases pumping is needed to
raise the head so that flow by gravity can occur.

There are many basic principles that must be considered when preparing the hydraulic profile
through the plant. Some are listed below:

1. The hydraulic profiles are prepared at peak and average design flows and at minimum
initial flow.

2. The hydraulic profile is generally prepared for all main paths of flow through the plant.

45
 3. The head loss through the treatment plant is the sum of head losses in the treatment units
and the connecting piping and appurtenances.

4. The head losses through the treatment unit include the following:

a. Head losses at the influent structure.

b. Head losses at the effluent structure.

c. Head losses through the unit.

d. Miscellaneous and free fall surface allowance.

5. The total loss through the connecting pipings, channels and appurtenances is the sum of
following:

a. Head loss due to entrance.

b. Head loss due to exit.

c. Head loss due to contraction and enlargement.

d. Head loss due to friction.

e. Head loss due to bends, fittings, gates, valves, and meters.

f. Head required over weir and other hydraulic controls.

g. Free-fall surface allowance.

Pipe Network Analysis

Analysis of water distribution system includes determining quantities of flow and head losses in
the various pipe lines, and resulting residual pressures. In any pipe network, the following two
conditions must be satisfied:

1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero, i.e. there can be
no discontinuity in pressure.

46
 2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law
of continuity must be satisfied.

Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are generally solved by the methods of
successive approximation. The widely used method of pipe network analysis is the Hardy-Cross
method.

Hardy-Cross Method

This method consists of assuming a distribution of flow in the network in such a way that the
principle of continuity is satisfied at each junction. A correction to these assumed flows is then
computed successively for each pipe loop in the network, until the correction is reduced to an
acceptable magnitude.

If Qa is the assumed flow and Q is the actual flow in the pipe, then the correction d is given by

d=Q-Qa; or Q=Qa+d

Now, expressing the head loss (HL) as

HL=K.Qx

we have, the head loss in a pipe

=K.(Qa+d)x

=K.[Qax + x.Qax-1d + .........negligible terms]

=K.[Qax + x.Qax-1d]

Now, around a closed loop, the summation of head losses must be zero.

\ SK.[Qax + x.Qax-1d] = 0

or SK.Qax = - SKx Qax-1d

Since, d is the same for all the pipes of the considered loop, it can be taken out of the summation.

\ SK.Qax = - d. SKx Qax-1

47
 or d =-SK.Qax/ Sx.KQax-1

Since d is given the same sign (direction) in all pipes of the loop, the denominator of the above
equation is taken as the absolute sum of the individual items in the summation. Hence,

or d =-SK.Qax/ S l x.KQax-1 l

or d =-SHL / x.S lHL/Qal

where HL is the head loss for assumed flow Qa.

The numerator in the above equation is the algebraic sum of the head losses in the various pipes
of the closed loop computed with assumed flow. Since the direction and magnitude of flow in
these pipes is already assumed, their respective head losses with due regard to sign can be easily
calculated after assuming their diameters. The absolute sum of respective KQax-1 or HL/Qa is then
calculated. Finally the value of d is found out for each loop, and the assumed flows are corrected.
Repeated adjustments are made until the desired accuracy is obtained.

The value of x in Hardy- Cross method is assumed to be constant (i.e. 1.85 for Hazen-William's
formula, and 2 for Darcy-Weisbach formula)

48
CONCLUSION

49
CONCLUSION

The waste water have high BOD, Turbidity and total dissolved solids. Our aim is to make this
water safe for disposal in natural environment or to use it for other purposes. The DO content of
waste water recorded is found to be low value due to the presence of higher organic matter and
an increased BOD and COD. This increased BOD and COD value indicate the polluted nature
of the discharge. We’ve to treat it at least below to 20ppm. Higher quantity of inorganic nutrients
like nitrogen & phosphorus was found present in the waste water. The waste water has a Ph
range of 7.5-8.5 Most Probable Number value was higher again indicating the polluted nature of
the waste water. Disposal without any treatment in to fresh water body may impose the danger
of eutrophication as well as serious problems of health and hygiene. Long term leaching of
waste water may alter the soil characteristics as well as may influence the quality of ground
water. The treated wastewater can be utilized for purposes like gardening, washing vehicles and
cleaning garages, etc.

50
REFERENCES

51
REFERENCES

[1]. Dean J. G., F. L. Basqui and Lanouette, 1972, Removing heavy metals from wastewater Env.
Sci. Tech. 6:518

[2]. Huang C. P. 1977, Removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents J. Env . Eng. Division,
ASCE 118 (EE6): 923-947.

[3]. Loomba, K. and G. S. Pandey 1993, Selective removal of some toxic metals ions (Hg(II), pb
(II) and Zn(II)) by reduction using

steel plants granulated slag. Indian J. Env., Health A:20:105-112.

[4]. Shrivastava, A.K., A Review on copper pollution and its removal from water bodies by
pollution control Technologies, IJEP 29(6):

552-560, 2009

[5]. Journal of environmental Management, vol. 88, issue 3, August 2008, pp. 437-447.

[6]. Industrial wastewater reuses potential – internet (web)

[7]. Waste Management Strategies for industries.

[8]. U.S. Environmental protection Agency, Design criteria for Mechanical, Electric and Fluid
system and Washington, D. C.,1974

52