General Information: Archive For The Basics of Abacus' Category

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COMPLEMENTARY NUMBERS
March 23, 2010

A Process of Thoughtlessness
In competent hands, a soroban is a very powerful and efficient calculating tool. Much of its speed is a ributed to the concept of mechanization. The idea is to minimize
mental work as much as possible and to perform the physical task of adding and subtracting beads mechanically, without thought or hesitation. In a sense to develop a
process of thoughtlessness. With this in mind, one technique employed by the operator is the use of complementary numbers with respect to 5 and 10.
In the case of 5, the operator uses two groups of complementary numbers:
4 & 1 and 3 & 2.
In the case of 10, the operator uses five groups of complementary numbers:
9 & 1, 8 & 2, 7 & 3, 6 & 4, 5 & 5.
With time and practice using complementary numbers becomes effortless and mechanical. Once these techniques are learned, a good operator has li le difficulty in keeping
up with (even surpassing) someone doing the same addition and subtraction work on an electronic calculator.
The following examples illustrate how complementary numbers are used to help solve problems of addition and subtraction. In all cases try not to think, beforehand, what
the answer to a problem will be. Learn these simple techniques and and you’ll be amazed at how quickly and easily a correct answer will materialize. Even when a problem
contains large strings of numbers.
ADDITION
In addition, always subtract the complement.
Add: 4 + 8 = 12
In this example, set 4 on rod B. Add 8. Because rod B doesn’t have a value of 8 available, use the complementary number.
The complementary number for 8 with respect to 10 is 2. Therefore, Subtract 2 from 4 on rod B and carry 1 to tens rod A. This leaves the answer 12. (See Fig)
4 + 8 = 12 becomes 4 – 2 + 10 = 12
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/1.jpg)
Similar exercises:
4+9,4+7, 4+6, 3+9, 3+8,3+7, 2+9 ,2+8 ,1+9,9+9, 9+8 ,9+7, 9+6,8+9, 8+8,8+7, 7+9
Add: 6 + 7 = 13
Set 6 on rod B. Add 7. Once again subtract the complement because rod B doesn’t have the required beads .
The complementary number for 7 with respect to 10 is 3. Therefore, subtract 3 from 6 on rod B and carry 1 to tens rod A leaving the answer 13. (See Fig)
6 + 7 = 13 becomes 6 – 5 + 2 + 10 = 13
Similar exercises
5+6,5+7, 5+8, 5+9, 6+6,6+8, 7+6, 7+7, 8+6
Subtraction
In subtraction, always add the complement.
Subtract: 11 – 7 = 4
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Basics Of Abacus | General Information https://sonuprince.wordpress.com/category/basics-of-abacus/
In this example, set 11 on rods AB. Subtract 7. Since rod B only carries a value of 1 use the complement .
The complementary number for 7 with respect to 10 is 3. **In subtraction the order of working the rods is slightly different from that of addition.** Begin by subtracting 1
from the tens rod on A, then add the complementary 3 to rod B to equal 4. (See Fig)
11 – 7 = 4 becomes 11 – 10 + 3 = 4
Similar exercises:
10-6,10-7, 10-8, 10-9, 11-8,11-9 ,12-8, 12-9, 13-9,15-9, 15-8, 15-7, 15-6,16-9, 16-8, 16-7, 17-9
Subtract: 13 – 6 = 7
Set 13 on rods AB. Subtract 6. Use the complement again.

In this case, the complementary number for 6 with respect to 10 is 4. Begin by subtracting 1 from the tens rod on A, then add the complementary 4 to rod B to equal 7. (See
Fig)
13 – 6 = 7 becomes 13 – 10 + 5 – 1 = 7
Similar exercises:
11-6,12-6, 12-7, 13-7, 13-8,14-6, 14-7, 14-8, 14-9
The Order of the Rod
This is where students new to soroban can make mistakes. In each of the above examples the operation involves using two rods, a complementary number and a carry over
from one rod to another.
Notice the order of operation.
For Addition
1. First subtract the complement from the rod on the right.

2. Then add a bead to the rod on the le .
For Subtraction
1. First subtract a bead from the rod on the le .

2. Then add the complement to the rod on the right.
This order of operation is correct because it’s the most efficient. When a ention is finished on one rod the operator moves on to the next. There is no back and forth
between rods. This saves time.
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Working With A Soroban
January 3, 2010
Le to Right
The Good and fundamental technique of Soroban is to work always from le to right. It may look li le bit odd and difficult but its extremely important and its the biggest
advantage of Soroban. It creates a great agility and speed to solve mathematical problems, because addition and subtraction is done on the same way has we read and hear
them.
To understand it be er we have provided some examples
» 1+2=3
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/example-of-addition.jpg)
example of addition 1+2
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Work from le to right and set 1 in the units place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e I.Se ing of one in units place by moving one bead up below the beam now
add 2 in the same unit place by moving next two beads up in the same column and you will get the answer has 3.
» 12+31=43
Se ing of 12
set 2 in the units place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e I. Se ing of two in units place by moving two beads up below the beam.
set 1 in the tens(10s) place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e H. Se ing of one in tens place by moving one bead up below the beam.
Se ing of 31
set 1 in the units place by adding one bead more which you have set has 2 in the same column.
set 3 in the tens place by moving three beads more which you have set has 1 in the same column
then the final result will be this
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/example-of-addition1.jpg)
example of addition 12+31
» 237 + 152 = 389
Se ing of 237
set 7 in the units place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e I.Se ing of seven in units place by moving two beads up below the beam and one bead down towards
the beam.
set 3 in the tens(10s) place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e H.Se ing of three in tens place by moving three beads up below the beam.
set 2 in the Hundreds(100s) place have you seen in the Abacus instrument i.e G.Se ing of two in hundreds place by moving two beads up below the beam.
Then the result will be this
se ing of 237
Se ing of 152
set 2 in the units place by adding two bead more which you have set has 7 in the same column by moving two beads up below the beam.
set 5 in the tens place by moving one bead more which you have set has 3 in the same column by moving one bead down towards the beam.
set 1 in the hundreds place by moving one bead more which you have set has 2 in the same column by moving one bead up below the beam.
then you will see the final result which will be this
example of addition 237 + 152
Simple Subtraction
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/sub.jpg)
Subtraction
But what happens when an operator is presented with a situation where rods don’t contain enough beads to complete addition or subtraction problems in a simple,
straightforward manner? This is where the real fun begins. In the next section we’ll see how the use of complementary numbers and a process of mechanization allows an
operator to add or subtract sets of numbers with lightning speed, without thought or difficulty.
Tags:addition technique
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Clearing a Soroban
December 30, 2009

Soroban calculations will begin when all the beads are empty or cleared. First place the soroban on the table in front of you flat, so that you can tilt the frame towards you.
When it is pulled towards you all the beads come down due to gravity then only earth beads will be cleared away from the beam. Replace the soroban on the table and
catch it with your le hand. Then, using the tip of the right hand index finger move the heaven beads up from le to right in a sweeping motion which makes the heaven
beads away from the beam look at the figure 7 you will get an clear idea. Then the soroban will not show any value in the rods, this is what is known as a cleared frame.
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/clearing-a-soroban1.jpg)
Clearing a soroban
Tags:clearing a soroban
Setting Numbers on a Soroban
December 18, 2009

Use only the thumb and index fingers to manipulate beads on a soroban. The thumb moves the earth beads up toward the beam. The index finger moves everything else
(all earth beads down away from the beam and all heaven beads up & down).
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/techniques-of-abacus.jpg)
Techniques of Abacus
When se ing numbers on the soroban the operator slides beads up or down so that beads touch the beam. Bringing up one earth bead so that it touches the beam gives a
rod a value of 1. Three earth beads touching the beam give that rod a value of 3. To make a value of 5 clear all the earth beads and move one heaven bead down so that it
touches the beam. Pinching together one heaven bead and two earth beads sets a value of 7 and so on.
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/example-of-abacus-technic.jpg)
Example of Abacus technic
In Fig.6 from le to right, the numbers on single rods show 1, 3, 5, 7 & 9. Designating rod F as the unit rod, the soroban on the right shows the number 42,386 on rods B, C,
D, E and F. (Notice how the “2” in 42 thousand falls neatly on thousands rod C.)
Tags:abacus instrument techniques, techniques of abacus

The Japanese Soroban
December 15, 2009
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(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/the-japanese-soroban.jpg)
Abacus - The Japanese Soroban
A soroban is made up of a frame with vertical rods on which beads move up and down. Dividing the upper and lower portion of the soroban is a horizontal bar called a
beam or reckoning bar.
The Beam
On a modern-day soroban, one bead sits above the beam and four beads sit below. The beads above the beam are o en called heaven beads and each has a value of 5. The
beads below are o en called earth beads and each has a value of 1.
Along the length of the beam, you’ll notice that every third rod is marked with a dot. These specially marked rods are called unit rods because any one of them can be
designated to carry the unit number. While the soroban operator makes the final decision as to which rod will carry the unit number, it is common practice to choose a unit
rod just to the right of center on the soroban.
The dots also serve as markers by which larger numbers can be quickly and efficiently recognized. For example in Fig (above), rod I is the designated unit rod. When given a
number such as 23,456,789 an operator can quickly identify rod B as the ’10 millions’ rod and go ahead and set the first number ‘2’ on that rod. This ensures that all
subsequent numbers will be set on their correct rods and that the unit number ‘9’ will fall neatly on unit rod I.
Tags:the japanese soroban

ABACUS TECHNIQUES
December 14, 2009

The a erward techniques are Japanese and use a avant-garde 1:4 bean Japanese soroban. I love Japanese soroban and it is the appearance of abacus I most generally use.
Collecting them has become a passion. Many soroban are beautifully cra ed and admirable to a ending at. Especially the earlier ones. Some of the soroban in my
accumulating accept been active by the cra smen who fabricated them and I adulation the way they plan and feel. Some of them accept been active by their aboriginal
owners. Each has its own history.
However, for some humans the soroban may not be the apparatus of choice. As already mentioned the Chinese accept their own adaptation of the abacus, a 2:5 bean suan
pan. There are those who adopt to use a Chinese apparatus because it has a beyond anatomy and beyond chaplet acceptance for beyond fingers. It absolutely doesn’t
amount which apparatus you use. The procedures are around the aforementioned for both and these methods are able-bodied ill-fi ed to either instrument.
Tags:abacus techniques
The Framed Bead Abacus
December 10, 2009

Some of the aboriginal annal of a accessory with counters that were strung on alongside rods, accept been begin amid charcoal of the Mayan civilization. It is the Aztec
abacus, and accepted as the nepohualtzitzin. These accept been anachronous aback to the 10th century. The counting chaplet were fabricated of maize strung forth
alongside affairs or strings aural a anatomy of wood. In addition, there was a bar beyond the anatomy that afar the counters into 3 alo and 4 beneath the bar. This was
constant with the vigesimal (base 20) adjustment anticipation to be acclimated in age-old Aztec acculturation as able-bodied as by the Basques in Europe. Anniversary of
the 3 counters alo the bar represented 5. And anniversary of the 4 counters beneath the bar represented 1. So a absolute of 19 could be represented in anniversary
column.
During the 11th century, the Chinese abacus, or suan pan, was invented. The suan pan is about admired as the ancient abacus with chaplet on rods. The Mandarin
appellation suan pan agency artful plate. A suan pan has 2 chaplet alo a average affiliate alleged a axle (a.k.a. reckoning bar) and 5 chaplet below.
Use of the suan pan advance to Korea, and again to Japan during the closing allotment of the 15th century. The Japanese termed the abacus a soroban. Originally the
soroban looked actual abundant like its Chinese accessory accepting two chaplet alo the reckoning bar and bristles chaplet below. Around 1850, it was adapted to accept
alone one bean alo the reckoning bar while advancement the bristles chaplet below. It was added afflicted by removing one lower bean in 1930. This one bean alo and
four chaplet beneath ( 1/4 ) adjustment charcoal as the present day Japanese soroban construction. In 1928, soroban examinations were accustomed by the Japanese
Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Over one actor candidates had sat for the exams by 1959.
The Russians devised their own abacus, and alarm it a schoty. It was invented during the 17th century. The schoty has ten chaplet per rod , and no reckoning bar.
Anniversary bean counts as one unit. Usually the fi h and sixth chaplet are of a allegory blush to aid in counting. Abounding schoty accept been begin with assorted
numbers of chaplet per column, including assorted numbers of chaplet per cavalcade on the aforementioned abacus
Abaci are still in use today. They accept been invaluable for abounding visually broken individuals, as teaching cardinal adjustment amount and calculations can be done by
feel. Merchants and bankers in assorted genitalia of the apple still depend on an abacus for their circadian business. And as afresh as 25 years ago (1979), the Chinese
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Abacus Association was founded. They accustomed a graded assay in 1984, and started competitions in 1989. Areas a er electricity, or inconsistent power, account from an
abacus. And as an addition teaching tool, it has been of immense value. Infact Forbes.com ranks the abacus as the additional best important apparatus of all time.
Abounding genitalia of the apple advise abacus use starting as aboriginal as pre-kindergarten. It is acquainted by abounding that acquirements abacus strengthens the
student’s faculty of cardinal adjustment amount and helps to added a more good all-embracing compassionate of numbers. It’s additionally a lot of fun.
History Of Abacus
December 7, 2009
(h ps://sonuprince.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/counting-beads-abacus.jpg)
Japanese soroban
Early Counting Boards and Tablets
Probably, the first device was the counting board. This appeared at various times in several places around the world. The earliest counting boards consisted of a tray made
of sun dried clay or wood. A thin layer of sand would be spread evenly on the surface, and symbols would be drawn in the sand with a stick or ones finger. To start anew,
one would simply shake the tray or even out the sand by hand.
Eventually, the use of sand was abandoned. Instead, pebbles were used, and placed in parallel grooves carved into stone counting boards. The oldest surviving counting
board is the Salamis tablet,used by the Babylonians circa 300 B.C. It was discovered in 1846 on the island of Salamis. It is made of white marble and is in the National
Museum of Epigraphy, Athens.
Later counting boards were made of various other materials. Besides the marble used by the Greeks,bronze was used by the Romans. As part of their primary education,
young boys in both Greece and Rome learned at least some arithmetic using an abax or abacus. In fact, Plato suggested, “As much as is necessary for the purposes of war
and household management and the work of government.”
At some point, the Romans added additional grooves between each decimal position. So now, the grooves would signify 1s, 5s, 10s, 50s, 100s, 500s, 1000s, etc. This
corresponded to the Roman numerals I, V, X, L, C, D, M. The Latin term for pebble is calculus. So, while calculus is considered higher mathematics, the term actually refers,
literally, to the ancient counting boards and pebbles.
In the quest for an easily portable counting device, the Romans invented the hand abacus. This consisted of a metal plate with metal beads that ran in slots. The beads were
held to the device by flanging on the back, but le loose enough to allow movement of the metal beads in the slots. The Roman hand abacus on display in the London
Science Museum would fit in a modern shirt pocket.
The bead arrangement is like the modern soroban, in that it has one bead in the relatively short upper slots, and four beads in the longer lower slots. There is a photograph
of another Roman hand abacus at the Museo Nazionale Ramano at Piazzi delle Terme, Rome.
Some people believe that the Roman abacus, which pre-dates the Chinese suan-pan, was introduced into China early in the Christian era by trading merchants.
In the Middle ages, counting tables were quite common throughout Europe. In France, the counting pebbles were called jetons inspiring this li le rhyme.
Tags:abacus, abacus maths

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Archive for the ‘Basics Of Abacus’ Category

March 23, 2010

In the case of 5, the operator uses two groups of complementary numbers:

4 & 1 and 3 & 2.

9 & 1, 8 & 2, 7 & 3, 6 & 4, 5 & 5.

In addition, always subtract the complement.

5+6,5+7, 5+8, 5+9, 6+6,6+8, 7+6, 7+7, 8+6

In subtraction, always add the complement.

Set 13 on rods AB. Subtract 6. Use the complement again.

11-6,12-6, 12-7, 13-7, 13-8,14-6, 14-7, 14-8, 14-9

The Order of the Rod

Notice the order of operation.

1. First subtract the complement from the rod on the right.

1. First subtract a bead from the rod on the le .

Posted in Basics Of Abacus | Leave a Comment »

Working With A Soroban

To understand it be er we have provided some examples

then the ﬁnal result will be this

» 237 + 152 = 389

Then the result will be this

December 30, 2009

Setting Numbers on a Soroban

December 18, 2009

Tags:abacus instrument techniques, techniques of abacus

The Japanese Soroban

December 15, 2009

Tags:the japanese soroban

December 14, 2009

The Framed Bead Abacus

December 10, 2009

Posted in Basics Of Abacus | Leave a Comment »

Early Counting Boards and Tablets

Tags:abacus, abacus maths

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