CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Marine diesel courses is one of many courses that learn about the main machinery
ship and its auxiliaries. There are many types of major machinery that can be used
on ships, such as steam turbine, gas turbine, nuclear engine, diesel engine, and so
on. However, the diesel engine is the most used main engine in ship. Because diesel
engines are most commonly used, the practice will focus about diesel engine. Where
students will be able to understand the performance of diesel engines, such as
efficiency, the power that can be generated, the rate of fuel consumption, and so on.
With the courses and marine diesel practice, students are expected to be able to do
more understanding the performance of diesel engines, and later able to choose the
best appropriate main engine with a ship made, or even can make the diesel engine
itself.

1.2 Formulation of Problems

 How does the SFOC connect with power?
 How is the relationship of thermal efficiency with power?
 How to connect power to full load with RPM?
 What is the relation of torque to full load with RPM?
 What is the relationship between BMEP and RPM?
 How to make an engine diagram an envelope?

1.3 Purposes
The purposes of this practice are, students will be able to
 Understanding SFOC relationship with power
 Understanding the relationship of thermal efficiency with power
 Understanding the power connection at full load with RPM
 Understanding the torque relationship at full load with RPM
 Understanding the relationship of BMEP with RPM
 Making engine diagram an envelope

1.4 Advantages
The Advantages of marine diesel practice are to know the performance and the work
from diesel engines.
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND SUMMARY

4.1. Observation Data From Practice

4.1.1. At 2800 RPM
Engine Putaran Alternator Amount
Load Load Time
No Rotation Generator Voltage Current of Fuels
Factor
(RPM) (RPM) (Watt) (Volt) (Ampere) (ml) (s)
1 1343 0 0 0 144
2 1332 1000 186 3.5 118
3 1331 1500 183 5.3 102
2800 0.85 20
4 1319 2000 174 7 90
5 1317 2500 167 8.6 82
6 1315 3000 165 10 81

4.1.2. At 2900 RPM

Engine Putaran Alternator Amount
Load Load Time
No Rotation Generator Voltage Current of Fuels
Factor
(RPM) (RPM) (Watt) (Volt) (Ampere) (ml) (s)
1 1378 0 0 0 179
2 1367 1000 180 3.5 128
3 1356 1500 176 5.3 108
2900 0.85 20
4 1331 2000 169 7 93
5 1320 2500 158 8.3 69
6 1318 3000 151 10.1 59

4.1.3. At 3000 RPM

Engine Putaran Alternator Amount
Load Load Time
No Rotation Generator Voltage Current of Fuels
Factor
(RPM) (RPM) (Watt) (Volt) (Ampere) (ml) (s)
1 1370 0 0 0 197
2 1328 1000 176 3.4 138
3 1317 1500 172 5.5 122
3000 0.85 20
4 1308 2000 170 7 110
5 1304 2500 168 8.9 75
6 1300 3000 163 10.6 68
 4.1.4. At 3100 RPM
Engine Putaran Alternator Amount
Load Load Time
No Rotation Generator Voltage Current of Fuels
Factor
(RPM) (RPM) (Watt) (Volt) (Ampere) (ml) (s)
1 1490 0 0 0 220
2 1476 1000 213 3.7 135
3 1467 1500 208 5.7 98
3100 0.85 20
4 1466 2000 201 7.6 80
5 1465 2500 190 9.4 68
6 0 3000 0 0 0

4.1.5. At 3200 RPM

Engine Putaran Alternator Amount
Load Load Time
No Rotation Generator Voltage Current of Fuels
Factor
(RPM) (RPM) (Watt) (Volt) (Ampere) (ml) (s)
1 1520 0 0 0 230
2 1516 1000 224 3.9 116
3 1512 1500 217 6 102
3200 0.85 20
4 1504 2000 208 7.9 74
5 1502 2500 200 9.6 54
6 0 3000 0 0 0

4.2. Calculation
4.2.1. Fuel Rate (mf)
𝑏𝜌
𝑚𝑓 =
𝑡

Where : ⍴ = 840 Kg/m3 for pertamina dex

0.00002 𝑥 840 𝐾𝑔⁄

𝑚𝑓 = = 0.417103 ℎ
0.040278
4.2.2. Power
𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑃=
𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡

Where : Cos θ = 0.9

ηgenerator = 0.85
ηbelt = 0.96 (for V type belt)

176 𝑥 3.4 𝑥 0.9

𝑃= = 660 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
0.85 𝑥 0.96

4.2.3. Specific Fuel Consumption

𝑚𝑓
𝑆𝐹𝐶
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 0.56 𝐾𝑔
𝑆𝐹𝐶 = = 0.000544 ⁄𝐾𝑊ℎ
1028.824

4.2.4. Heat
𝑄 = 𝑏 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝜌

Where : LHV = 56466,04 KJ/Kg for pertamina dex

⍴ = 840 Kg/m3 for pertamina dex

𝑄 = 0.00002 𝑥 56466.04 𝑥 840 = 948.6295 𝐾𝐽

4.2.5. Thermal Efficiency

𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑥 100%
𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
694.8529
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = 0.07324%
948.6295

4.2.6. Torque
𝑃
𝑇=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝑃𝑆
660
𝑇= = 2.102 𝑁⁄𝑚
2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 50

4.2.7. Brake Mean Effective Pressure

𝑃
𝐵𝑀𝐸𝑃 =
𝑖 𝐿 𝐴 𝑧 𝑅𝑃𝑆
660
𝐵𝑀𝐸𝑃 = = 53502.88
0.5 𝑥 0.087 𝑥 0.005672 𝑥 1 𝑥 50
 4.2.8. Table of Result
Engine
Load mf Power SFC ηth Torque BMEP
No Rotation
(RPM) (Watt) (Kg/h) (Watt) (Kg/KWh) (%) (N/m) (N/m2)
1 0 0.42 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
2 1000 0.512542 718.0147 0.000714 0.07569 2.450005 62363.4
3 1500 0.592941 1069.743 0.000554 0.112767 3.650168 92912.85
2800
4 2000 0.672 1343.382 0.0005 0.141613 4.58388 116679.9
5 2500 0.737561 1584.044 0.000466 0.166982 5.405064 137582.7
6 3000 0.746667 1819.853 0.00041 0.19184 6.209689 158063.9
1 0 0.337877 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
2 1000 0.4725 694.8529 0.00068 0.073248 2.289215 58270.59
3 1500 0.56 1028.824 0.000544 0.108454 3.389491 86277.46
2900
4 2000 0.650323 1304.779 0.000498 0.137544 4.298636 109419.2
5 2500 0.876522 1446.397 0.000606 0.152472 4.7652 121295.3
6 3000 1.025085 1682.096 0.000609 0.177318 5.541716 141061.1
1 0 0.307005 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
2 1000 0.438261 660 0.000664 0.069574 2.101911 53502.88
3 1500 0.495738 1043.382 0.000475 0.109988 3.322874 84581.76
3000
4 2000 0.549818 1312.5 0.000419 0.138357 4.179936 106397.8
5 2500 0.8064 1649.118 0.000489 0.173842 5.251967 133685.7
6 3000 0.889412 1905.662 0.000467 0.200886 6.068987 154482.4
1 0 0.274909 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
2 1000 0.448 869.2279 0.000515 0.09163 2.678944 68190.91
3 1500 0.617143 1307.647 0.000472 0.137846 4.030143 102584.9
3100
4 2000 0.756 1684.853 0.000449 0.177609 5.192684 132176.7
5 2500 0.889412 1969.853 0.000452 0.207653 6.071049 154534.9
6 3000 0 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
1 0 0.262957 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
2 1000 0.521379 963.5294 0.000541 0.101571 2.87678 73226.7
3 1500 0.592941 1436.029 0.000413 0.151379 4.287508 109136
3200
4 2000 0.817297 1812.353 0.000451 0.19105 5.411086 137735.9
5 2500 1.12 2117.647 0.000529 0.223232 6.322593 160937.8
6 3000 0 0 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
4.3. Analysis of Graphic
4.3.1. SFC vs Power

SFC vs POWER
0.0008

SFC (Kg/kwh) 0.0007 2800 RPM

0.0006 2900 RPM

0.0005 3000 RPM

0.0004 3100 RPM

500 1000 1500 2000 3200 RPM
Power (watt)

Each curve in the graph has satisfied the conditions corresponding to the supposed
graph, in which the curve forms a valley and rises slightly on the end of the curve. It
shows that the most efficient fuel consumption exists at a certain power between high
power and low power, and close to maximum power.

4.3.2. Thermal Efficiency vs. Power

Thermal eff. vs POWER

0.2504
0.2004
2800 RPM
ηth (%)

0.1504
2900 RPM
0.1004
3000 RPM
0.0504
0.0004 3100 RPM
500 1000 1500 2000 3200 RPM
Power (watt)

In the graph above shows that when the higher power, the higher the efficiency.
However, the curve should form a hill and slightly down at the end of the curve. There
are two hypotheses that we understand, first we know that the engine still has not
reached the maximum RPM. Secondly, there is the possibility of miscalculation or
measurement, which we can call human error. However, it seems that the second
hypothesis is more acceptable because it is less likely if ngine still increased its
efficiency up to 95% speed of maximum speed.
4.3.3. Full Load Power vs. RPM

The graphs obtained start from the lowest SFC points in each RPM on the SFC vs
Power chart, then we get the full load power as shown in the following table:

FULL
RPM LOAD
POWER
2800 1819.8529
2900 1682.0956
3000 1905.6618
3100 1969.8529
3200 2117.6471

RPM vs Full Load Power

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300

From the graph it is seen that the power generated will be greater when the RPM is
accelerated, and it is in accordance with the situation as in the following formula:

2 𝞹 Rps T

4.3.4. Full Load Torque vs RPM

we get the full load torque as shown in the following table from the table like before:

Torque Full
RPM
Load
2800 6.20968929
2900 5.54171619
3000 6.06898651
3100 6.07104872
3200 6.07104872
 RPM vs Torque
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300

From the graph shows that when the RPM gets higher, the higher the torque is
generated as well. To satisfy the conditions in which the RPM is high, a shaft with a
material that is strong enough to meet any increase in torque value.

4.3.5. BMEP vs RPM

First we first select 3 constant power, then recalculate BMEP. Data for constant power are
as follows:

RPM 2800 2900

3000 3100 3200
P const. BMEP
1000 86855.3 83860.3 81065 78450 75998.4
2000 173711 167721 162130 156900 151997
3000 260566 251581 243195 235350 227995
After the data obtained as in the table above, we again draw on the graph to get the
following graph:

BMEP vs. RPM

300000
BMEP (N/m2)

200000
1000 W
100000
2000 W
0 3000 W
2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
RPM

From the graph it appears that BMEP will be lower when RPM gets higher. This is in
accordance with the following formula:

P = i BMEP L A z Rps
4.3.6.
4.3.6. Engine Envelope Diagram
The power at full load we have got before, now the power is multiplied by 60%, and
draw it in the same graph with 100% power. The data are:
FULL
RPM LOAD 60%
POWER
2800 1819.85 1091.912
2900 1682.1 1009.257
3000 1905.66 1143.397
3100 1969.85 1181.912
3200 2117.65 1270.588
After the data obtained as in the table above, we again draw on the graph to get the
following graph: