Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines-Revision 7

.. .
I POWER
ELECTRIC INSTITUTE
RESEARCH
Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary

Water Chemistry Guidelines-Revision 7
Pressurized Water Reactor
Secondary Water Chemistry
Guidelines-Revision 7
1016555
Final Report, February 2009
EPRI Project Manager

K. Fruzzetti
ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338 ° PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 ° USA
800.313.3774 • 650.855.2121 aaskepri @e wwwwpri.co_
_.cm_
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES
THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN
ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE
ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM:
(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I)

WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR
SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (11) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR
INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY, OR (111)THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S
CIRCUMSTANCE; OR
(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER

(INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE
HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR
SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD,
PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT.
ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
NOTE
For further information about EPRI, call the EPRI Customer Assistance Center at 800.313.3774 or
e-mail askepri@epri.com.
Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI, and TOGETHER.. .SHAPING THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY
are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CITATIONS
This report was drafted by
AmerenUE Duke Energy

J. Howard R. Eaker, K. Johnson, D. Rochester, L. Wilson
American Electric Power Electricitd de France

T. Andert, D. Bowman D. Pages, A. Stutzmann
AREVA NP, Inc. Entergy

W. Allmon, S. Evans J. McElrath, P. Robbins
Arizona Public Service Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

A. Bassett, G. Bucci S. Choi, K. Fruzzetti (Chairman)
Babcock & Wilcox EPRI Consultant

J. Jevec R. Eaker
British Energy Exelon

G. P. Quirk S. Kerr, D. Morey, R. Walton
COG First Energy

S. McKay (OPG) K. Filar, B. Winters
Constellation Energy Florida Power & Light

B. Dahl, J. Davis D. Frey, S. Jaster, A. Napier, R. Richards
Dominion Engineering Inc.
INPO
J. Gorman, C. Marks - Tech. Secretary & B. Burke, E. Minga
Consultant
Dominion Generation Laborelec

L. Miller, J. Rotchford R. Lecocq
iii
Luminant South Carolina Electric & Gas
J. Stevens F. Bacon
Nuclear Management Company Southern California Edison

D. Blaies, M. Wadley J. Muniga, R. Schmerheim
NWT Southern Nuclear Operating Company

S. Sawochka J. Waites
Omaha Public Power District STPNOC

T. Uehling R. Ragsdale
Pacific Gas & Electric Tennessee Valley Authority

J. Gardner D. Hutchison, C. Thompson, S. Tuthill
Progress Energy WCNOC

R. Thompson H. Stubby
PSEG Nuclear Westinghouse Electric Company LLC

E. Davis, G. Sosson J. Barkich
Ringhals AB
P.-O. Andersson, S. Larsson
Review of the drafted document was then performed by the SGMP TSS Core, SGMP IIG, and
finally by the PMMP Executive Committee.
This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.
The report is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner:
Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary Water Chemistr, Guidelines-Revision 7. EPRI, Palo

Alto, CA: 2009. 1016555.
iv
REPORT SUMMARY
State-of-the-art water chemistry programs reduce equipment corrosion and enhance steam
generator reliability. A committee of industry experts prepared these revised PWR Secondary
Water Chemistry Guidelines to incorporate the latest field and laboratory data on secondary
system corrosion and performance issues. Pressurized water reactor (PWR) operators can use
these guidelines to update their secondary water chemistry programs.
Background
EPRI updates industry water chemistry guidelines periodically as new information becomes
available. Previous versions of these PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelinesidentified a
detailed water chemistry program deemed consistent with the then-current understanding of
research and field information. Each revision discussed the impact of these guidelines on plant
operation, noting that utilities may wish to revise the guidelines' program following a plant-
specific evaluation for implementation. Utility feedback since publication of Revision 6 in
December 2004 revealed additional areas requiring evaluation and potential Guidelines revision.
Objectives
To update the PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines-Revision6.
Approach
A committee of industry experts, including utility specialists, nuclear steam supply system
vendor representatives, Institute of Nuclear Power Operations representatives, consultants, and
EPRI staff, collaborated to review available data on secondary water chemistry and secondary
cycle corrosion. From these data, the committee generated water chemistry guidelines that
utilities can adopt at all PWR nuclear plants. Recognizing that each nuclear plant owner has a
unique set of design, operating, and corporate concerns, the guidelines committee developed a
methodology for plant-specific optimization. The document then underwent a rigorous review
and adoption process via the Steam Generator Management Program (SGMP).
Results
Revision 7 of the PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines provides guidance for PWR
secondary system chemistry of all manufacture and design, and includes the following chapters:
" Chapter 1 contains a list of management responsibilities and addresses secondary water
chemistry program requirements for compliance with Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) 97-06
and NEI 03-08.
" Chapter 2 presents a compilation of corrosion data for steam generator tubing and balance-
of-plant materials. This information serves as the technical bases for the specific parameters
and programs detailed in the document.
v
" Chapter 3 discusses the role of the concentration processes in local regions of the steam
generator and the chemistry "tools" available for modifying the resulting chemistry within
these concentrating regions. It briefly identifies the supporting aspects of and the
considerations for adopting these chemistry regimes. It refers readers to more detailed
documents for application of the chemistry strategies.
" Chapter 4 presents a detailed methodology for determining an optimized plant-specific
chemistry program.
" Chapters 5 and 6 present water chemistry programs for the recirculating steam generator
(RSG) and once-through steam generator (OTSG), respectively. These are the chapters most
frequently referred to by chemistry personnel. The tables in these chapters provide
boundaries for plant-specific optimization procedures described in Chapter 4.
Chapter 7 provides information on data collection, evaluation, and management. This chapter
describes methods of using EPRI ChemWorks TM modules for evaluating plant data and
predicting high-temperature chemistry environments throughout the cycle.
" Chapter 8 captures all specific elements contained within these Guidelines that are identified
as mandatory, shall or recommended, consistent with NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06.
" Appendix A provides examples of methodologies for implementing integrated exposure
programs.
* Appendix B provides an assessment of PWR steam chemistry considerations.
EPRI Perspective
This seventh revision of the PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines is endorsed by the
utility executives of the EPRI Steam Generator Management Program. The document represents
another step in maintaining proactive chemistry programs to limit or control secondary system
degradation, with consideration given to corporate resources and plant-specific design/operating
concerns. Each utility is to examine its plant-specific situation to determine how this guidance is
best implemented.
Keywords
PWR
Water chemistry
Corrosion protection
Nuclear steam generators
Secondary coolant circuits
vi
EPRI FOREWORD
Industry water chemistry guidelines are updated periodically as new information becomes
available. Previous revisions of these guidelines have identified a detailed water chemistry
program that was deemed to be consistent with the then current understanding of research and
field information. Each revision, however, has recognized the impact of these Guidelines on
plant operation and has noted that utilities should optimize their program based on a plant-
specific evaluation prior to implementation. To assist in such plant-specific evaluations, Chapters
3 and 4 provide additional details regarding water chemistry control strategies and how to
implement them into an optimized plant-specific water chemistry control program, respectively.
The chapters of Revision 7 cover the following:
" Chapter 1 contains a list of management responsibilities and addresses secondary water
chemistry program requirements for compliance with NEI 97-06 and NEI 03-08.
" Chapter 2 presents a compilation of corrosion data for steam generator tubing and balance-
of-plant materials. This information serves as the technical bases for the specific parameters
and programs detailed in the document.
* Chapter 3 discusses the role of the concentration processes in the various locations of the
steam generator and the chemistry "tools" available for modifying the resulting chemistry
within these concentrating regions. It briefly identifies the supporting aspects of and the
considerations for adopting these chemistry regimes. It refers the reader to more detailed
documents for application of the chemistry strategies.
" Chapter 4 presents a detailed methodology for determining an optimal plant-specific
chemistry program.
" Chapters 5 and 6 present water chemistry programs for the recirculating steam generator
(RSG) and once-through steam generator (OTSG), respectively. These are the chapters most
frequently referred to by chemistry personnel. The tables contained within these chapters
provide the boundaries for the plant-specific optimization procedures described in Chapter 4.
" Chapter 7 provides information on data collection, evaluation, and management. This
chapter describes methods of using EPRI ChemWorksTM modules for evaluating plant data
and predicting high-temperature chemistry environments throughout the cycle.
" Chapter 8 captures all of the specific elements contained within these Guidelines that are
identified as mandatory, shall or recommended, consistent with NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06.
• Appendix A provides detailed guidance with regard to use of the integrated exposure
concept.
Appendix B provides an assessment of PWR steam chemistry considerations.
vii
These Guidelines were drafted by the Revision 7 Committee with support from an industry
Technical Review Team and the technical committees of the Steam Generator Management
Program, and the PMMP Executive Committee. Key technical changes in this revision include:
* All of the chapters were reviewed and revised to reflect experience gained and information
learned since issuance of Revision 6.
" Guidance was revised in Chapters 1, 5, and 6 to clearly indicate the elements of the
Guidelines that are mandatory and shall requirements and those that are recommendations,
consistent with NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06.
" Chapter 2 was revised to reflect recent research results regarding specific impurity effects on
IGA/SCC including a summary discussion of the improvement factors of 600TT, 690TT and
800NG relative to 600MA steam generator tubing for different chemistry environments, the
effect of the hydrazine/oxygen ratio on the ECP of steam generator tubes under startup
conditions, an assessment of steam generator wet layup conditions on steam generator
materials corrosion, updated information on the effects of hydrazine on flow accelerated
corrosion, an evaluation of chemistry effects on turbine corrosion, and new information on
dispersant application for mitigation of steam generator fouling.
The treatment of deposit control practices was updated in Chapter 3 to reflect current
practices and currently available methods. The section on the effects of interruptions in
hydrazine addition was updated, along with the addition of new information on the effect of
the hydrazine/oxygen ratio on steam generator tubing ECP. Dispersant application was added
as a viable, safe option for mitigation of steam generator fouling. Discussions of plant
experience (e.g., with BAT, titanium) were updated.
" The main discussion of integrated exposure was relocated from Chapters 4 and 7 to
Appendix A.
" Chapter 4 was reorganized and revised to reflect lessons learned from its use since Revision
6 and from the development of similar programs (e.g., BWRVIP 2005-215).
* Chapter 5 was substantially revised to incorporate additional guidance regarding application
of material improvement factors, added flexibility during startup, improved guidance relative
to the effect of the hydrazine/oxygen ratio on steam generator tubing ECP, and improved
guidance for steam generator wet layup. The control tables for RSGs in Chapter 5 were
thoroughly reviewed and edited. Some of the more significant changes are:
Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
viii
Chapter 6 was also updated to incorporate the revised guidance regarding control of steam
generator wet layup. In addition, the operating conditions were categorized relative to plant
conditions (i.e., temperature, reactor critical / not critical, power), and the table headings
were revised accordingly. Some of the main changes are:
Chapter 7 was revised to incorporate updated guidance on corrosion product sampling (see
Section 7.3.2.1). Guidance was added on the alternative to continuous blowdown sampling
for sodium for OTSGs during startup (see Section 7.3.6). The section on EPRI ChemWorksTM
software was updated (see Section 7.4.2). The section on hideout return evaluations was
ix
updated based on recent work completed in EPRI's Steam Generator Management Program
(see Section 7.4.4.4).
* A new Chapter 8 was added that captures all of the specific elements contained within these
Guidelines that are identified as mandatory, shall or recommended, consistent with NEI 03-
08 and NEI 97-06.
* Appendices A and B were reviewed and updated as appropriate.
This revision of the Guidelines continues the approach of helping utilities maintain a
proactive chemistry program to mitigate steam generator degradation while taking
into consideration limits on corporate resources and plant-specific design/operating concerns.
Keith Fruzzetti
Chairman
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Preparation of these guidelines required significant involvement of industry personnel to provide

technical review beyond the role of the authoring committee listed on the title page. The
personnel in this group of specialists, called the Technical Review Team, are listed below
with their organizations for acknowledgment:
Gail Gary AmerenUE

Larry Johnson Arizona Public Service
G. Lancaster British Energy
A.J. Rudge British Energy
James Price COG (Ontario Power Generation)
Duane Moore COG (Ontario Power Generation)
Frank Puzzuoli COG (Ontario Power Generation)
Michael Brett COG (Ontario Power Generation)
Mike Upton COG (Bruce Power)
Wendy Schneider Constellation Energy
Jeff O'Neill Constellation Energy
Mike Bernsdorf Dominion Generation
Dennis Bostic Dominion Generation
Ed Frese Dominion Generation
Terrance Perrone Dominion Generation
Ivan de Souza Azevedo Eletronuclear
Ubirahy Caldeira deSilva e Souza Eletronuclear
Bob Cullen Entergy
Matthew Kerns Entergy
John Wilson Exelon
Russell Parker Florida Power & Light
Joe Sears INPO
Hideya Ikoma Kansai Electric Power Company
Emmanuel Girasa Laborelec
xi
Coralie Goffin Laborelec
Charles Laire Laborelec
Andrea Heap Luminant
Greg Nichols Luminant
Lee Shubert Omaha Public Power District
Alan Redpath Progress Energy
Chip Bach Progress Energy
Richard Goodman Progress Energy
Gordon Rich PSEG
Bernt Bengtsson Ringhals AB-Vatenfall
Oscar Flores Southern California Edison
Forrest Hundley Southern Nuclear Operating Company
Rodney Robinson Southern Nuclear Operating Company
Stan Varnum Southern Nuclear Operating Company
Chuck Clinton STPNOC
Debra Bodine TVA
Tammy Jensen WCNOC
Stephen Barshay Westinghouse Electric Company LLC
Earl Morgan Westinghouse Electric Company LLC
xii
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................. 1-1

1.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 W ater Chemistry Management Philosophy ..................................................................... 1-3
1.3 Generic Management Considerations ............................................................................. 1-4
1 .3 .1 P o lic ie s .................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.4 Training and Qualification ................................................................................................ 1-6
1 .5 S u m m a ry ......................................................................................................................... 1-6
1 .6 R e fe re n ce s ...................................................................................................................... 1-7
2 TECHNICAL BASIS FOR W ATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL ................................................ 2-1

2 .1 S u m m a ry ......................................................................................................................... 2 -1
2 .2 Intro d u ctio n ..................................................................................................................... 2 -2
2.3 Corrosion of Steam Generator Tubing Alloys- Scientific Aspects .................................. 2-3
2.3.1 Role of Protective Oxide Films ................................................................................ 2-3
2.3.2 Potential- pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams ........................................................................ 2-3
2.3.3 Effects of Potential on Corrosion, and Protectiveness of Oxide Films .................... 2-8
2.3.4 Effects of Specific Species .................................................................................... 2-13
2.3.4.1 Known Deleterious Species ........................................................................... 2-13
2.3.4.2 Possibly Deleterious Species ......................................................................... 2-16
2.3.4.3 Possibly Beneficial Species ........................................................................... 2-18
2.3.5 Modes of Corrosion Affecting Alloys 600, 800 and 690 ......................................... 2-18
2.3.6 SCC and IGA Growth Rates .................................................................................. 2-22
2.4 Corrosion of Tubing Alloys- Engineering Aspects ........................................................ 2-25
2.4.1 Susceptibility in a Variety of Possible Environments ............................................. 2-25
2.4.2 Effects of Material Condition and Type on Susceptibility to Corrosion .................. 2-26
2.4.3 Elevated (Anodic or Oxidizing) Electrochemical Potentials ................................... 2-31
2.4.4 Depressed (Cathodic) Electrochemical Potentials ................................................ 2-33
2.4.5 High Temperature, High Stress, and Local Cold W ork ........................................ 2-37
Xiii
2 .4 .6 De ntin g .................................................................................................................. 2 -3 7
2.4.7 Effects of Lead ....................................................................................................... 2-39
2 .4 .8 P ittin g ............................... ...................................................................................... 2 -3 9
2.4.9 Contaminated Steam and Internal Oxidation ......................................................... 2-40
2.4.10 Fouling Issues ..................................................................................................... 2-41
2.4.11 Considerations Regarding Use of Inhibitors ........................................................ 2-46
2.4.12 Considerations Regarding W et Layup of Steam Generators .............................. 2-48
2.4.13 Dispersant Application for Mitigation of Steam Generator Fouling ...................... 2-51
2.5 Balance of Plant Considerations ................................................................................... 2-53
2.5.1 General Corrosion and Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) of Piping and
Components, Including Steam Generators .................................................................... 2-53
2.5.1.1 Effect of Secondary System pH on General Corrosion and FAC .................. 2-54
2.5.1.2 Selection of Secondary System pHT Control Approach ................................. 2-56
2.5.1.3 FAC Considerations ....................................................................................... 2-57
2.5.1.3.1 Effects of pHT on FAC ............................................................................ 2-58
2.5.1.3.2 Effects of Oxygen Concentration on FAC .............................................. 2-58
2.5.1.3.3 Effects of Hydrazine on FAC .................................................................. 2-60
2.5.1.4 Effect of Amines on Steam Generator Fouling Rates .................................... 2-63
2.5.2 BOP Layup Considerations ................................................................................... 2-63
2.5.3 Startup and Cleanup Considerations ..................................................................... 2-63
2 .5 .4 T u rb in e s ................................................................................................................. 2 -6 4
2.5.4.1 Turbine Corrosion Considerations ................................................................. 2-64
2.5.4.2 Effects of Turbine Hideout Return in OTSG Systems .................................... 2-64
2.5.5 Secondary System Heat Exchangers .................................................................... 2-65
2.6 Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) ................................................................. 2-65
2.7 References ................................................................................................................... 2-66
3 W ATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL STRATEGIES .................................................................. 3-1

3 .1 Intro d u ctio n ..................................................................................................................... 3 -1
3.2 Role of Concentration Processes .................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Concentration on Clean Tube Surfaces and Shallow Tube Scales ......................... 3-2
3.2.2 Concentration in Flow-Occluded Regions of RSGs ................................................. 3-5
3.2.3 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 3-10
3.3 pH and ECP Optimization to Minimize Iron Transport................................................... 3-11
3 .3.1 p H C o ntro l ............................................................................................................. 3 -1 1
xiv
3.3.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Alternate Amine Treatment ........................................ 3-12
3.3.1.2 Considerations for Advanced Amine Treatment ............................................ 3-12
3.3.2 Targeted pH Control by Tailored Injection of Amines ............................................ 3-13
3 .3 .3 E C P C o ntro l........................................................................................................... 3 -14
3.4 Controlling or Adjusting Water Chemistry or Power Level to Minimize the
Formation of Aggressive Water Chemistry Environments in Flow-Occluded Regions ........ 3-14
3.4.1 A LA R A C hem istry .................................................................................................. 3-14
3.4.2 Molar Ratio Control (For Recirculating Steam Generators) ................................... 3-15
3.4.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Molar Ratio Control .................................................... 3-16
3.4.2.2 Considerations for Implementing Molar Ratio Control ................................... 3-16
3 .4.3 Low P ower S oaks ................................................................................................. 3-16
3.4.3.1 Supporting Aspects of Low Power Soaks ...................................................... 3-17
3.4.3.2 Considerations for Implementing Low Power Soaks ..................................... 3-17
3.5 Controlling the ECP in Localized Regions of the Steam Generator .............................. 3-18
3.5.1 Elevated Hydrazine Operation ............................................................................... 3-18
3.5.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Elevated Hydrazine .................................................... 3-20
3.5.1.2 Considerations for Implementing Elevated Hydrazine Chemistry .................. 3-21
3.5.2 Effects of Interruptions in Hydrazine Addition ........................................................ 3-21
3.5.3 S tartup O xidant C ontrol ......................................................................................... 3-23
3.6 Minimizing Other Corrosion Accelerants ....................................................................... 3-23
3 .6 .1 Lea d ....................................................................................................................... 3 -2 3
3.6.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Lead Minimization ...................................................... 3-24
3.6.1.2 Considerations for Lead Minimization ............................................................ 3-24
3 .6 .2 Co p pe r ................................................................................................................... 3 -2 4
3.6.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Copper Minimization .................................................. 3-24
3.6.2.2 Considerations for Copper Minimization ........................................................ 3-25
3.6.3 Reduced Sulfur Species Combined with Oxidizing Conditions ............................. 3-25
3.6.3.1 Supporting Aspects of Minimizing Reduced Sulfur Species Combined
w ith O xidizing C onditions ........................................................................................... 3-25
3.6.3.2 Considerations for Minimizing Reduced Sulfur Species Combined with
O xid izing C onditio ns .................................................................................................. 3-26
3.7 Adding Chemicals to Inhibit Corrosion .......................................................................... 3-26
3.7 .1 B oric A cid T reatm ent ............................................................................................. 3-26
3.7.1.1 Plant Trip with Recovery of Power-No Cooldown ........................................ 3-27
3.7.1.2 Plant Trip, Hot Standby Maintained for More than Two Days ........................ 3-27
XV
3.7.1.3 Heatup with High Boric Acid for Chemically Cleaned Steam Generators ...... 3-28
3.7.1.4 Supporting Aspects of BAT ............................................................................ 3-28
3.7.1.5 Considerations for Implementing BAT ........................................................... 3-28
3.7.2 Injection of Corrosion Inhibitors ............................................................................. 3-29
3.7.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Chemical Inhibitors .................................................... 3-30
3.7.2.2 Considerations for Using Chemical Inhibitors ................................................ 3-30
3.8 Management of Steam Generator Deposits .................................................................. 3-30
3.8.1 Corrosion Product Transport Control ..................................................................... 3-31
3.8.2 Mitigation of Steam Generator Fouling .................................................................. 3-31
3.8.3 Steam Generator Deposit Removal ....................................................................... 3-31
3.8.3.1 Chemical Cleaning ......................................................................................... 3-31
3.8.3.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Chemical Cleaning ............................................. 3-32
3.8.3.1.2 Considerations for Chemical Cleaning ................................................... 3-33
3.8.3.1.3 Partial Deposit Removal ......................................................................... 3-33
3.8.3.2 Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal ............................................................... 3-33
3.8.3.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal ................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.2 Considerations for Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal ......................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.3 Sludge Lancing ...................................................................................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.4 In-bundle Sludge Lancing ...................................................................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.5 Ultrasonic Energy Cleaning .................................................................... 3-35
3.8.3.3 Tube Bundle Sludge Removal Technologies ................................................. 3-35
3.8.3.3.1 High Volume Bundle Flushing ................................................................ 3-35
3.8.3.3.2 Upper Bundle Hydraulic Cleaning .......................................................... 3-35
3 .9 R efe re nce s .................................................................................................................... 3 -3 6
4 METHODOLOGY FOR PLANT-SPECIFIC OPTIMIZATION ................................................. 4-1

4.1 NEI Commitments Regarding Chemistry Control-Strategic Water Chemistry Plan ...... 4-1
4.1.1 Documenting Exceptions to Recommended Elements ........................................... 4-2
4.1.2 Maintenance of the Plan .......................................................................................... 4-2
4 .2 Intro d u ctio n ..................................................................................................................... 4 -2
4.3 Key Elements of a Strategic W ater Chemistry Plan ........................................................ 4-3
4.3.1 Objectives of the Strategic W ater Chemistry Plan ................................................... 4-4
4.3.2 Key Plant Design Parameters, Chemistry Milestones and Significant Plant
T ra n s ie nts ......................................................................................................................... 4 -4
4.3.3 Evaluation of Technical Issues, Including Risk/Susceptibility .................................. 4-7
xvi
4.3.3.1 Sum m ary of Approach ..................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.3.2 Com ponent Susceptibility ................................................................................ 4-8
4.3.3.3 Com ponent Reliability ...................................................................................... 4-8
4.3.3.4 Prioritization of Com ponents/System s ........................................................... 4-10
4.3.4 Evaluation of Chem istry Control Strategies ........................................................... 4-11
4.3.4.1 General Considerations ................................................................................. 4-11
4.3.4.2 ALARA Chem istry .......................................................................................... 4-11
4.3.4.3 Molar Ratio Control (MRC) for RSGs ............................................................. 4-12
4.3.4.4 Integrated Exposure (IE) for RSG s ................................................................ 4-13
4.3.4.5 Boric Acid Treatm ent and Injection of Corrosion Inhibitors ............................ 4-13
4.3.4.6 Minim ization of Steam G enerator Oxidant Exposure ..................................... 4-14
4.3.4.6.1 Elevated Hydrazine ................................................................................ 4-14
4.3.4.6.2 Lim iting Exposure to Startup Oxidants ................................................... 4-15
4.3.4.7 Secondary System pH Control 4..............................
4-15
4.3.4.8 Steam G enerator Deposit Managem ent ........................................................ 4-16
4.3.4.9 Hideout Return Evaluations ........................................................................... 4-16
4.4 Final O ptim ization of Secondary Chem istry Program ................................................... 4-21
4.4.1 NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06 Checklist ....................................................................... 4-21
4.5 References .................................................................................................................... 4-26
5 WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES RECIRCULATING STEAM GENERATORS ............... 5-1

5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Control and Diagnostic Param eters ................................................................................ 5-2
5.2.1 Loss of Monitoring for a Shall Monitoring Requirem ent ........................................... 5-2
5.2.2 Low Power Hold (LPV) and Mid Power Hold (MPV) ................................................ 5-2
5.3 Action Level Responses .................................................................................................. 5-4
5.3.1 Action Level 1 .......................................................................................................... 5-4
5.3.1.1 "Shall" Requirem ent Actions ............................................................................ 5-4
5.3.2 Action Level 2 .......................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3.3 Action Level 3 .......................................................................................................... 5-6
5.4 Corrective Actions ........................................................................................................... 5-7
5.5 Specific G uidelines and Technical Justifications ............................................................. 5-8
5.5.1 Cold Shutdown/W et Layup ...................................................................................... 5-8
xvii
5.5.1.1 G uidelines ....................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5,1.2 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5.1.3 Justification for Param eters and Values in Table 5-1 .................................... 5-10
5.5.1.3.1 Steam G enerator .................................................................................... 5-11
5.5.1.3.2 Fill Source/Steam G enerator .................................................................. 5-12
5.5.1.4 Corrective Action G uidelines .......................................................................... 5-12
5.5.2 Heatup/Hot Shutdown (RCS >200'F, <MPV Reactor Power) ............................... 5-13
5.5.2.1 G uidelines ...................................................................................................... 5-13
5.5.2.2 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 5-13
5.5.2.3 Justification for Param eters and Values ........................................................ 5-17
5.5.2.4 Corrective Action G uidelines- Heatup / Startup ............................................ 5-18
5.5.3 Power O peration .................................................................................................... 5-20
5.5.3.1 G uidelines ...................................................................................................... 5-20
5.5.3.2 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 5-20
5.5.3.3 Justification for Param eters and Values ........................................................ 5-23
5.5.3.4 Corrective Action G uidelines- Power O peration ........................................... 5-27
5.6 References .................................................................................................................... 5-29
6 WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES ONCE-THROUGH STEAM GENERATORS ............... 6-1

6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Control and Diagnostic Param eters ................................................................................ 6-3
6.2.1 Loss of Monitoring for a Shall Monitoring Requirem ent ........................................... 6-3
6.3 Action Level Responses .................................................................................................. 6-3
6.3.1 Action Level 1 .......................................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.2 Action Level 2 .......................................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.3 Action Level 3 ........................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.3.1 "Shall" Requirement Actions: ................................. 6-5
6.4 O perating Conditions ....................................................................................................... 6-5
6.5 G uidelines ....................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.1 Cooldow n/Hot Soaks ............................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.2 Cold Shutdown/W et Layup ...................................................................................... 6-7
6.5.2.1 G uidelines ........................................................................................................ 6-7
6.5.2.2 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 6-8
xviii
6.5.2.3 Justification for Param eters and Values ....................................................... 6-10
6.5.2.3.1 Steam Generator ................................................................................... 6-10
6.5.2.3.2 Fill Source/Steam Generator .................................................................. 6-11
6.5.2.4 Corrective Actions .......................................................................................... 6-11
6.5.3 Startup, Hot Standby, and Reactor Critical at <15% Reactor Power (RCS
>200°F, <15% Reactor Power) .................................................... 6-12
6.5.3.1 Guidelines/Technical Justifications ................................................................ 6-12
6.5.3.2 Param eter Justifications ................................................................................. 6-16
6.5.3.2.1 Feedwater .............................................................................................. 6-16
6.5.3.2.2 Steam Generator Bulk W ater .................................................................. 6-17
6.5.3.3 Corrective Actions .......................................................................................... 6-17
6.5.4 Power Operation (_>15% Reactor Power) .............................................................. 6-19
6.5.4.1 Guidelines/Technical Justifications ................................................................ 6-19
6.5.4.2 Param eter Justifications ................................................................................. 6-21
6.5.4.3 Corrective Action G uidelines- Power Operation ........................................... 6-24
6.6 References .................................................................................................................... 6-26
7 DATA: COLLECTION, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT .............................................. 7-1

7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Data Collection and Analysis ........................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.2 Basis for Generating Chem istry Data of Known Q uality .......................................... 7-3
7.2.3 Data Managem ent ................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.4 QC Considerations for Secondary Chem istry Control ............................................. 7-4
7.3 Sam pling Considerations ................................................................................................ 7-5
7.3.1 General Considerations ........................................................................................... 7-5
7.3.2 Corrosion Products .................................................................................................. 7-7
7.3.2.1 Sam pling .......................................................................................................... 7-7
7.3.3 Oxygen .................................................................................................................. 7-10
7.3.4 Sam ple System Design Consideration .................................................................. 7-11
7.3.5 Sam pling for Lead ................................................................................................. 7-13
7.3.6 Alternative to Continuous Blowdown Sampling for Sodium for OTSGs During
Startup ............................................................................................................................ 7-14
7.4 Data Evaluation Tools ................................................................................................... 7-15
7.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7-15
XiX
7.4.2 EPRI Chem W orksTM Software ............................................................................... 7-15
7.4.2.1 Chem W orks Tools TM ..................................................................................... 7-16
7.4.2.2 MULTEQ ........................................................................................................ 7-17
7.4.2.3 Hideout Return Calculator .............................................................................. 7-17
7.4.2.4 Plant Chem istry Sim ulator ............................................................................. 7-18
7.4.2.5 C IRCE ............................................................................................................ 7-18
7.4.2.6 Polisher Perform ance Calculator ................................................................... 7-19
7.4.3 Calculated Cation Conductivity .............................................................................. 7-19
7.4.4 Steam G enerator Corrosion Evaluations ............................................................... 7-20
7.4.4.1 Source Term Evaluation ................................................................................ 7-20
7.4.4.2 Source Term Contribution from Total O rganic Carbon .................................. 7-22
7.4.4.3 Integrated Exposure Evaluation (for Recirculating Steam Generators) ......... 7-24
7.4.4.5 Deposit Chem istry Evaluation ........................................................................ 7-26
7.4.4.6 Sludge Analysis and Monitoring ..................................................................... 7-27
7.5 Balance of Plant Corrosion Concerns ........................................................................... 7-28
7.5.1 pH Control and Corrosion Product Transport ........................................................ 7-29
7.5.2 Integrated Corrosion Product Loading ............................. 7-30
7.6 Technical Assessm ents ................................................................................................. 7-31
7.6.1 Contam inant Ingress Control (Ionic Contam inants) ............................................... 7-31
7.6.2 Contam inant Ingress Monitoring (Oxidants) .......................................................... 7-32
7.6.3 Corrosion Product Transport ................................................................................. 7-32
7.6.4 Steam G enerator Corrosion .................................................................................. 7-33
7.6.5 System/Com ponent O bservations ......................................................................... 7-33
7.6.6 Dem ineralizer/Filter Perform ance .......................................................................... 7-33
7.6.7 Process Instrum ent Perform ance and Reliability ................................................... 7-33
7.6.8 Hideout Return ...................................................................................................... 7-33
7.7 References .................................................................................................................... 7-33
8 MANDATORY, SHALL AND RECOMMENDED ELEMENTS ............................................... 8-1

8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Mandatory, Shall and Recom m ended Elem ents ............................................................. 8-1
8.2.1 Mandatory Elem ent ................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2.2 Shall Elem ents ......................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2.3 Recom m ended Elem ents ........................................................................................ 8-2
xx
A INTEGRATED EXPOSURE ............................................................................................. A-1
A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... A-1
A.2 Integrated Exposure Technical Basis ........................................................................ A-1
A.3 Integrated Exposure Methodologies .............................................................................. A-4
A.3.1 Method A (ppb*days) ............................................................................................. A-4
A.3.2 Method B (Tube Exposure Factor) ......................................................................... A-7
A.3.3 Method C (CREV-SIM) ......................................................................................... A-13
A.4 Integrated Exposure Plant Examples ........................................................................... A-13
A.4.1 Integrated Exposure 1: Utilization of Integrated Exposure Limits to Control
Molar Ratio ................................................................................................................... A-1 3
A.4.2 Integrated Exposure Exam ple 2 ........................................................................... A-14
A.4.3 Integrated Exposure Exam ple 3 ........................................................................... A-15
A.5 References .................................................................................................................. A-22
B PWR STEAM CHEMISTRY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................ B-1

B.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... B-1
B.2 PW R Steam Chem istry Considerations ...................................................................... B-1
B.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ B-1
B.2.2 Recom mendations ................................................................................................. B-2
B.2.3 Discussion............................................................................................................. B-2
B.2.4 Deposition Processes in Turbines .......................................................................... B-3
B.2.5 Steam Chem istry G uidelines .................................................................................. B-6
B.2.5.1 Acceptability of this Approach to Setting PW R Guidelines ............................. B-7
B.2.5.2 Alternative Approach ...................................................................................... B-8
B.3 References ..................................................................................................................... B-9
C INDEX ................................................................................................................................... C -1
D TRANSLATED TABLE O F CONTENTS .......................................................................... D-1
H * 13 (Japanese) ................................................................................................................ D-2
- (Korean) ................................................................................................ D-18
xxi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Nickel-Water System at 2880C

(D issolved Species Activities of 10") [5] ............................................................................. 2-4
Figure 2-2 Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Chromium-Water System at 2880C
(D issolved Species Activities of 10,3) [5] ............................................................................. 2-6
Figure 2-3 Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Iron-Water System at 288 C (Dissolved 0
S pecies A ctivities of 10.3) [5] .............................................................................................. 2-7
Figure 2-4 Schematic Diagram of an Anodic Polarization Curve of an Active/Passive
A lloy (Adapted from Figure 10-16 in [9]) ............................................................................ 2-8
Figure 2-5 Polarization Curve for Alloy 600 in Caustic at 3000C (Adapted from [10]) ............... 2-9
Figure 2-6 Polarization Curve for 600MA and 600SR in Complex Acid Environment [10] ....... 2-10
Figure 2-7 Polarization and Pitting Behavior of Alloy 800NG in Acid Chlorides [11] ................ 2-11
Figure 2-8 Polarization Curve for Alloy 600MA in Near Neutral Concentrated Sodium
C h lo rid e [10 ] ..................................................................................................................... 2 -12
Figure 2-9 Cracking Time in Sodium Tetrathionate for Alloy 600 C-Rings with Two
D ifferent Heat T reatm ents [19] ......................................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2-10 Alloy 600 Corrosion Mode Diagram (T-300°C) (Adapted from Staehle, [57]) ...... 2-19
Figure 2-11 Corrosion Mode Diagram for Alloys 600MA, 600TT and 690TT (Based on
C ERT Tests at 300 0 C ) (from [65]) .................................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-12 IGA Growth Rate vs. pH at 315 0 Cfor 600MA (Adapted from [74]) ...................... 2-23
Figure 2-13 SCC Growth Rate vs. pH at 315 0 C for 600MA (Adapted from [74]) ..................... 2-24
Figure 2-14 Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for Alloy 600TT versus Alloy
600MA From Data Reviewed in Reference [94] ............................................................... 2-29
Figure 2-15 Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for 690TT versus Alloy 600MA
From Data Reviewed in Reference [99] ........................................................................... 2-30
Figure 2-16 Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for Alloy 800NG versus Alloy
600MA From Data Reviewed in Reference [102] ............................................................. 2-31
Figure 2-17 Maximum Crack Depth vs. Specimen Potential for 600MA and 600TT
Exposed to 10% NaOH at 315 0 C (Adapted from 108) ...................................................... 2-33
Figure 2-18 Corrosion Potentials of Type 304 Stainless Steel as a Function of Hydrazine
Concentration at 100, 200, 250 and 288 0 C in High Purity Water [115] ............................ 2-35
Figure 2-19 Effect of Hydrazine-to-Oxygen Ratio on Alloy 690 ECP (pHT Corrected) [114] .... 2-36
Figure 2-20 The Influence of pH and Electrode Potential on the Radius Change of
Carbon Steel and Type 405 Stainless Steel at 280 0 C [118] ............................................ 2-38
Figure 2-21 Steam Pressure Deviation from Design at Several Japanese Plants [136] .......... 2-43
xxiii
Figure 2-22 Scale Thickness as a Function of Operating Time [136] ...................................... 2-43
Figure 2-23 Corrosion Rates of Unfilmed 1010 Carbon Steel, Data from References
[1 7 3 , 18 5 ] ......................................................................................................................... 2 -5 0
Figure 2-24 Iron Removal Efficiencies During ANO-2 and McGuire 2 Dispersant Trials
[1 5 0 ] .................................................................................................................................. 2 -5 2
Figure 2-25 Equilibrium Corrosion Product Release Rate from Alloy 706 (90/10 Copper
Nickel) for an Oxygen Concentration of 20 ppb [195] ...................................................... 2-55
Figure 2-26 Effect of pH on Iron Concentration at the Economizer Inlet-Crane Station
[2 0 1] ................................................................................................................................. 2 -5 6
Figure 2-27 Relative FAC Rate (Ratio to FAC Rate without Hydrazine and Oxygen)
Measured in a Single-Phase Flow at 180°C and 235 0 C Using Ammonia (pH 21.1=9.0)
with Different Amounts of Hydrazine and Oxygen [208] ................................................... 2-61
Figure 2-28 FAC Rates of Carbon Steel as a Function of Hydrazine Concentration (17-
131 ppb) in Water Conditioned with NH3, pH25 ,, of 9, Test Temperature of 235 0 C
[2 2 4 ] ................................................................................................................................. 2 -6 2
Figure 2-29 Relative FAC Rate (Ratio to FAC Rate without Hydrazine and Oxygen)
versus Hydrazine Concentration for Tubular Carbon Steel Specimens (0.009% Cr)
Exposed to a Single-Phase Flow at 180 0 C Using Ammonia (pH 25°c=9.0) and With
Oxygen Maintained Less Than or Equal to 0.5 ppb [208] ................................................ 2-62
Figure 3-1 Concentration Factors vs. Heat Flux for 1 mil Deposit [2] ........................................ 3-3
Figure 3-2 Schematic of a Kinetically-Limited Concentration Process, adapted from
R efe re n c e [4] ...................................................................................................................... 3 -3
Figure 3-3 Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor (MULTEQ Version 4.0,
Database Version 5.0, Options: Temperature = 270 0 C, Static, Precipitates
R etained, V apor R em oved) ................................................................................................ 3-4
Figure 3-4 Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor and Boiling Point Elevation
for Na=3XCI (MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=2700 C, Static, Precipitates
R e ta in ed ) ............................................................................................................................ 3 -6
for Na=CI (MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=2700 C, Static, Precipitates
R eta ined ) ............................................................................................................................ 3-7
for CI=3XNa (MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=2700 C, Static, Precipitates
R e ta in ed ) ....................................................... ...................................................................... 3 -8
for Sulfate Solutions (MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=270 0 C, Static,
Precipitates Retained, Vapor Removed) ............................................................................ 3-9
Figure 3-8 Feedwater and Steam Generator ECP Measurements at St. Lucie 2 as a
Function of FW Hydrazine (ppb)/CPD 0, (ppb) [24] ......................................................... 3-19
Figure 3-9 Percent of Iron as Magnetite in Steam Generator Blowdown as a Function of
FW Hydrazine (ppb)/CPD 03 (ppb) [25] ........................................................................... 3-19
Figure 3-10 Percent of Iron as Magnetite in Steam Generator Blowdown as a Function of
FW Hydrazine (ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb) [26] ........................................................................... 3-20
Figure 3-11 Crack Growth Rate Changes with ECP, 20% Cold Worked Alloy 600 [29] .......... 3-23
xxiv
Figure 7-1 Example of Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Oxygen Sampling .............. 7-12
Figure 7-2 Example of Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Metal Oxide Sampling ....... 7-12
Figure 7-3 Suggested Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Oxygen and Metal
O xid e S a m p ling ................................................................................................................ 7 -13
Figure 7-4 Example of a Sample Tee Configuration ................................................................ 7-13
Figure 7-5 Hideout Return Sampling and Evaluation Processes [11] ...................................... 7-25
Figure A-1 Conceptual Design of Heated Crevice Device Showing the Autoclave Heated
Tube and Simulated Support Plate [2] .............................................................................. A-2
Figure A-2 Amount of Accumulated Sodium as a Function of Exposure to Sodium in the
F e e d wa te r [1] .................................................................................................................... A-3
Figure A-3 Spreadsheet Used to Calculate Integrated Exposure by Simple Integration
Me th o d .............................................................................................................................. A -4
Figure A-4 Sample Sodium IE Calculation for Plant with High Impurity Exposures During
S ta rtu p ............................................................................................................................... A -6
Figure A-5 Plant Exposure at Normal Operation vs. Reference Plant Exposure ...................... A-6
Figure A-6 Three Cases with Similar Cumulative Mass Accumulation Over the Cycle
Le n g th ............................................................................................................................... A -7
Figure A-7 Relative Tube Surface Area Wetted for Three Different Cases where
Cumulative Mass Accumulation at the End of the Cycle is the Same ........................... A-8
Figure A-8 Drilled Hole Crevice Geometry ................................................................................ A-9
Figure A-9 Relationship between Surface Area Wetted vs. Volume Filled for an Eccentric
C re v ic e .............................................................................................................................. A-9
Figure A-10 Relative Tube Exposure Factor Illustrating Differences in Exposure for
Cases where Total Cumulative Mass Accumulation Over the Cycle Length is the
S a m e ............................................................................................................................... A-1 1
Figure A-1 1 Sample Spreadsheet Used to Calculate Tube Exposure Factors ................... A-i 1
Figure A-1 2 Example Relative Tube Exposure Factor for an Actual Operating Cycle
Showing the Effect of the Startup Transient ............................................................... A-12
Figure B-1 Mollier Diagram Showing Sodium Solubility in Steam and OTSG Turbine
Expansion Lines (Based on Reference [9] and Reference [10]) ....................................... B-4
Figure B-2 Location of Salt Concentration in LP Turbines .................................................... B-5
Figure B-3 Steam Expansion Path for Fossil and Nuclear Steam Cycles (LP = Low
Pressure, IP = Intermediate Pressure, HP = High Pressure, and rq is the turbine
e ff ic ie n cy ) .......................................................................................................................... B -8
Xxv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Relative Corrosion Behavior* of Alloys 600, 690 and 800 [771 ................................ 2-28
Table 3-1 Chemistry Input for Determining Effects of Localized Concentration ......................... 3-5
Table 4-1 Key Design and Operating Parameters (EXAMPLE) ................................................. 4-5
Table 4-2 Chemistry and/or Plant Milestones/ Events (EXAMPLE) .......................................... 4-6
Table 4-3 Components/Systems To Be Considered .................................................................. 4-7
Table 4-4 Corrosion Susceptibility of Major Components/Systems ........................................... 4-9
Table 4-5 Component/System Reliability .................................................................................... 4-9
Table 4-6 Relative Impact of Components/Systems on Establishing an Optimized
C hem istry P rog ra m .......................................................................................................... 4-10
Table 4-7 Examples of Secondary Chemistry Initiative Evaluations ........................................ 4-17
Table 4-8 Flowchart for Site-Specific Chemistry Optimization .................................................. 4-23
Table 4-9 Examples of Plant Specific Administrative Chemistry Targets for RSGs ................. 4-25
Table 4-10 Examples of Plant Specific Administrative Feedwater Chemistry Target
Values for OTSG Plants (Power Operation) .................................................................... 4-25
Table 5-1 Wet Layup (RCS _200 0 F) Steam Generator Sample ................................................ 5-9
Table 5-2 Corrective Action Guidance for Full Wet Layup ....................................................... 5-12
Table 5-3 Recirculating Steam Generator Heatup/Hot Shutdown and Startup (RCS
>2000 F to <MPV Reactor Power) Feedwater Sample (from Steam Generator Feed
S o u rc e) ............................................................................................................................. 5 -14
Table 5-4 Recirculating Steam Generator Heatup/Hot Shutdown and Startup (RCS
>200°F to <MPV Reactor Power) Blowdown Sample ...................................................... 5-15
Table 5-5 Corrective Action Guidance during Heatup / Startup ............................................... 5-19
Table 5-6 Recirculating Steam Generator Power Operation (_ŽMPV Reactor Power)
F eedw ate r S a m ple ........................................................................................................... 5-2 1
Table 5-7 Recirculating Steam Generator Power Operation (_>MPV Reactor Power)
B low dow n S a m ple ........................................................................................................... 5-22
Table 5-8 Power Operation (>LPV Reactor Power) Condensate Sample ............................... 5-23
Table 5-9 Corrective Action Guidance for Power Operation .................................................... 5-28
Table 6-1 Wet Layup (RCS •<2000F) Steam Generator Sample ................................................ 6-9
Table 6-2 Once-Through Steam Generator Fill Water ............................................................. 6-10
Table 6-3 Corrective Actions during Cold Shutdown/Wet Layup (< 200'F) ............................. 6-12
xxvii
Table 6-4 Once-Through Steam Generator RCS > 200°F to Reactor Critical at <15%
Reactor Power Feedwater Sample .................................................................................. 6-14
Table 6-5 Once-Through Steam Generator RCS > 200°F to Reactor Critical at <15%
Reactor Power Blowdown Sample a................................................................................. 6-15
Table 6-6 Corrective Actions during RCS > 200°F to Reactor Critical at <15% Reactor
P o we r ............................................................................................................................... 6 -17
Table 6-7 Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (_Ž15% Reactor Power)
Feedw ater S am ple ........................................................................................................... 6-20
Table 6-8 Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (>15% Reactor Power)
Condensate S am ple ......................................................................................................... 6-2 1
Table 6-9 Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (Ž!15% Reactor Power)
Moisture Separator Drain Sample .................................................................................... 6-21
Table 6-10 Corrective Action during Power Operation (> 15% Reactor Power) ...................... 6-25
Table 7-1 Examples of Continuous Instrumentation for Recirculating Steam Generators ......... 7-2
Table 7-2 Examples of Continuous Instrumentation for Once-Through Steam Generators ...... 7-2
Table 7-3 Sample Flowrate (kg/min) required to Achieve a Sample Line Velocity of 6
ft/s e c ................................................................................................................................... 7 -8
Table 7-4 Sample Line Velocity (ft/sec) at a Sample Flowrate of 1 kg/min ........................... 7-8
Table 7-5 Sample Line Reynolds Number (dimensionless) at a Sample Flowrate of 1
kg/m in .......................................................................................................................... . .... 7 -9
Table 7-6 Example Calculation of Oxygen Reduction in a Feedwater Sample Line ................ 7-11
Table 7-7 EPRI ChemWorks TM Software Products ................................................................... 7-16
Table 7-8 Equivalent Conductivities for Some Ions: [Ref. MULTEQ Database] ...................... 7-19
Table 7-9 Typical Source and Removal Terms in PWR Secondary Systems .......................... 7-21
Table 7-10 Source and Removal Term Percentages ............................................................... 7-22
Table 7-11 pH Control Program Data Trends .......................................................................... 7-29
Table 7-12 Sample Calculation for Iron and Copper Transport ............................................... 7-30
Table 7-13 Example Data on Steam Generator Deposit Loading ............................................ 7-31
Table B-1 Reheat Steam Limits in Drum Units ......................................................................... B-6
Xxviii
•nn. V
EpKi ilrejriectry beetmea 14farrfa
1
INTRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.1 Introduction and Objectives
Water chemistry programs have been established for operating pressurized water reactors
(PWRs) to minimize corrosion concerns. It is recognized that there is no single water chemistry
program that provides acceptable corrosion risks and satisfies corporate business objectives.
The objective of this document is to provide guidance on determining and implementing a set of
plant-specific water chemistry requirements for the secondary cycle of PWRs. Accordingly, this
document presents the corrosion data that provide the technical bases for water chemistry control
(Chapter 2), the various water chemistry control strategies that are available (Chapter 3), a
recommended methodology for plant-specific optimization (Chapter 4), generic water chemistry
guidelines for RSGs and OTSGs (Chapters 5 and 6, respectively), suggested data collection,
evaluation, and management techniques (Chapter 7), and summary of mandatory, shall and
recommended elements (Chapter 8).
The U.S. nuclear power industry established a framework for increasing the reliability of steam
generators by adopting NEI 97-06, Steam GeneratorProgram Guidelines [1, 2, 3]. This initiative
references EPRI's Water Chemistry Guidelines, including this document, as the basis for an
industry consensus approach to chemistry programs. Specifically, the initiative requires that U.S.
utilities meet the intent of the EPRI PWR Secondary Water Chemistr. Guidelines. The focus of
the NEI initiative is steam generator integrity. These Guidelines include control parameters and
monitoring requirements which must be incorporated into a plant's water chemistry program in
order to meet the intent of these Guidelines.
The U.S. nuclear power industry has more recently produced a policy that commits each nuclear
utility to adopt the responsibilities and processes on the management of materials aging issues
described in NEI 03-08, Guidelinefor the Management of Materials Issues. NEI 03-08 was
established in May 2003 [4], and the addenda to NEI 03-08, MaterialsInitiative Guidance, were
most recently issued in April 2007 x[5]. Revision 1 of NEI 03-08 was issued in April 2007 [6].
The scope of NEI 03-08 extends to:
" "PWR and BWR reactor pressure vessel, reactor internals and primary pressure boundary
components",
" "PWR steam generators (SG)",
" "Non Destructive Examination (NDE) and chemistry/corrosion control programs that provide
support to the focused programs above", and
1-1
SUr.1 If~ f-J-'. I 'Ul ~Jt--v-f
Introduction and Management Responsibilities
* "Other materials related items as may be directed by the Materials Executive Oversight
Group (MEOG)."
In addition, NEI 03-08 states, "as deliverables or guidelines are developed, actions should be
classified as to relative level of importance: 'mandatory'-to be implemented at all plants where
applicable; 'needed'-should be implemented whenever possible but alternative approaches are
acceptable, and 'good practice'-implementation is expected to provide significant operational
and reliability benefits, but the extent of use is at the discretion of the individual plant/utility."
The Steam Generator Management Program (SGMP) has issued formal guidance [7] that is to be
followed by guideline revision committees with regard to specifying which portions of
guidelines are mandatory, "shall" requirements (equivalent to "needed" per NEI 03-08), and
recommendations (equivalent to "good practice" per NEI 03-08) in accordance with NEI 03-08
[4, 5, 6]. The following descriptions of these categories are quoted from [7]:
1. Guideline elements designated as "mandatory" are important to steam generator tube
integrity and should not be deviated from by any utility. Steam generator tube integrity is
defined as meeting the performance criteria as specified in NEI 97-06. Each utility is
ultimately responsible for the operation of their plant(s) and actions taken at those plants, but
must realize that it is highly unlikely that any deviations from mandatory elements would be
supported by the industry.
2. Guideline elements designated as "shall" are important to long-term steam generator
reliability but could be subject to legitimate deviations due to plant differences and special
situations.
3. Guideline elements designated as "recommendations" are good or best practices that utilities
should try to implement when practical.
The PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines in accordance with NEI 97-06, NEI 03-08 and
the SGMP guidance adopted this framework, starting with Revision 6, to indicate the mandatory
requirement, shall requirement, and recommendation portions. In addition to consideration of the
steam generators (per the three items listed above), the other major components / subsystems of
the secondary system are also considered in determining the mandatory, shall and recommended
elements, per the guidance in NEI 03-08. The mandatory, shall, and recommended elements are
specifically identified in Chapter 8 of these Guidelines. All other parts of these Guidelines are to
be considered informational only.
Two significant considerations that were deliberated during the Revision 7 process, the results of
which informed the committee regarding classification of items as mandatory, shall or
recommended, were:
* the relationship between chemistry and steam generator tube structural integrity (as defined
by the SGMP), and
* the recognition that NEI 03-08 specifically recognizes that "reliable and efficient operation"
is part of the "management of materials issues", and thus "performance" includes, for
example, the generation of steam (e.g., thermal performance) and not just corrosion
mitigation.
1-2
EPRI iqwpriefary beeptseet mateivat
Introduction and ManagementResponsibilities
It is the opinion of the Revision 7 committee that the action level values and action level
responses create an infrastructure such that chemistry will not impact the structural integrity of
the steam generator tubes. Thus, the action level values and action level responses do not rise to
the level of a mandatory element. However, the development and maintenance of the Strategic
Water Chemisty Plan is a mandatory element (see Chapter 4). Also, the recognition that "reliable
and efficient operation" is part of the "management of materials issues" per NEI 03-08 requires
that elements addressing maintenance of steam generator thermal performance, for example, be
considered as shall elements.
Deviations to mandatory and shall requirements shall be handled in accordance with the
guidance in the current revision of the Steam Generator Management Program (SGMP)
Administrative Procedures. Additionally, these Guidelines recommend that any exception to a
recommended element (see Chapter 8) be documented in the Strategic Water Chemistry Plan
(see Section 4.1.1).
A temporary non-compliance to a shall monitoring frequency requirement, such as a temporary

inability to take continuous samples, should not be treated as a deviation per the SGMP
Administrative Procedures as long as it occurs as a result of normal maintenance activities (such
as calibration or preventive maintenance) or as long as all of the following conditions are met:
* Compliance to the required monitoring frequency is restored as soon as reasonably practical.
* The reasons for the temporary non-compliance, together with the actions taken, are
documented in accordance with the station's corrective action program.
* The actions include a sampling and analysis program that quantifies the parameter at a
frequency defined as reasonable in plant specific documentation.
1.2 Water Chemistry Management Philosophy
Nuclear station management is charged with generating safe, reliable, and low-cost electric
power. Management is periodically faced with a choice of either keeping a unit available to
produce power to meet short-term system demands or maintaining good control of chemistry to
help assure the long-term integrity of the steam generators, balance-of-plant (BOP), and turbines.
To effectively deal with these concerns, it is important that all levels of utility management
understand that a successful chemistry program must ensure compliance with regulatory
commitments and with established industry guidelines for system/materials integrity, while
meeting the economic demands of power generation. Management must understand that
operation with off-normal chemistry may result in loss of availability of that unit and that this
long-term loss of availability can be minimized by limiting the magnitude and duration of
off-normal chemistry. Utility management must support the chemistry guidelines both in
principle and in detail at all levels to ensure their effectiveness. The goal should be to extend
the operating life of the steam generators, BOP components, and turbines, while providing an
acceptable level of unit availability.
The information presented in this chapter is based on observations that operating and
maintenance philosophies with regard to chemistry can significantly affect major component life
span. The philosophy and policies discussed reflect the desire to operate in a proactive rather
1-3
EAR! Preptiet.ary Lieeirsd AM~ftcia
Introductionand Management Responsibilities
than a reactive mode. The cost associated with maintaining secondary water chemistry within
these industry guidelines is less than those associated with the repair or replacement of steam
generators or large turbine rotors and the outages associated with those efforts.
While it is recognized that variety among individual utility organizations exists, there are basic
goals and functions common to all. This chapter addresses key management considerations
but makes no attempt to specify how they should be integrated into a specific organizational
structure. Additional organizational and administrative guidelines are presented in the INPO
Guidelinesfor the Conduct of Chemistry at Nuclear Power Stations (INPO 06-007)[8]. Utility
personnel are encouraged to combine the recommendations in this chapter with the INPO
recommendations when developing/revising their site-specific programs.
This version of the Guidelines addresses research results and operational experiences that
have developed since publication of Revision 6. Incorporated by reference are several EPRI
application guidelines that are used to help implement some of the chemristry control strategies
discussed in the chapters.
1.3 Generic Management Considerations
This section lists and discusses the considerations which are common to most utilities, including
the elements of organizations which are needed to carry out the water chemistry program
effectively. Actions are identified without specifying responsibility for completing them.
Utility-specific implementation policies and procedures should assign the responsibilities to
specific positions within the organization. One major element of these Guidelines is the need
for every level of management to understand the importance of the mandatory, shall and
recommended elements identified in Chapter 8 and their potential impact on, and benefits to, the
utility company. In addition, there is a need for management to support a data collection,
evaluation, and management system similar to the approach discussed in Chapter 7.
1.3.1 Policies
An important ingredient of a successful management plan for secondary water chemistry control
is a set of specific written policies which implement these operating Guidelines. Each policy
should:
" State the need for the policy
* State the corporate goal regarding secondary water chemistry and station operation
" Highlight corporate management support for the policy/procedure
* Assign responsibility for:
- Preparation and approval of procedures to implement the policy
- Assessment of the effectiveness of chemistry control in minimizing steam generator and
other balance-of-plant degradation
- Monitoring, analysis, and data evaluation for the chemistry program
1-4
BPR4 Prepprctary Lieeptsdffatefiai!
- Surveillance and review functions

- Corrective actions
0 Establish the authority to:
- Carry out procedures
- Implement corrective actions
- Resolve disagreements
Procedures implementing these policies normally are separate documents but should, when taken
together, contain the level of detail necessary for personnel at all levels to understand and carry
out their responsibilities. For plants under construction these procedures should cover both
design and operation of the power plant.
The potential for control of operating chemistry is determined during the design phase of a
nuclear power plant. The EPRI utility requirements document (URD) [9] provides guidance in
support of the next generation of nuclear plants. It provides information about the standards,
limits, and expectations of each design element to allow for the flexible implementation of
proven technologies. The design recommendations related to water chemistry control are found
in Volume III (Passive Plants): Chapters 1 (Overall Requirement), Chapter 2 (Power Generation
Systems), Chapter 3 (Reactor Coolant System and Reactor Non-Safety Auxiliary System), and
Chapter 4 (Reactor Systems). The water chemistry design recommendations include:
* Available and proven chemical control options for corrosion control, fuel performance and
reliability, and source term control
* Up-to-date materials specifications for source term control and corrosion control
* Operational chemistry protocols and techniques
* References to the latest Water Chemistry Guidelines, including these Guidelines, for the most
up to date water chemistry guidance
The latest water chemistry revisions to the URD will be incorporated into the document by the
end of 2008. The key revisions and rationale of these water chemistry revisions can be found in
in Appendix A, Section 3 of [10].
As construction of the plant proceeds, the operating procedure options may be limited.
Preoperational modifications or equipment additions may be identified as necessary to meet
state-of-the-art technology. Post-operational modifications to improve chemistry control should
also be considered, when judged to be cost effective.
Utility personnel responsible for plant design in chemistry related areas should:
* Understand steam generator design, secondary system materials of construction,
and the operational chemistry relationship.
" Ensure that the system design is reviewed by experienced plant operating personnel, vendors,
and/or consultants, as appropriate.
1-5
EPAR Prreptea;-yLi•c;scd Mftcria!
Introduction and ManagementResponsibilities
During the operating phase, the steam generators and turbines are particularly sensitive to water
and steam chemistry/purity. Operating procedures should address:
* Chemistry control limits and corrective action requirements.
* A plant-specific chemistry monitoring/surveillance program to assure that chemistry
excursions are quickly identified.
" Detailed chemistry procedures containing action levels, specific responses to each action
level, and corrective action notification and responsibilities.
• Plant approved analytical procedures to ensure accurate laboratory results.
* Provisions for data review to assure program implementation.
1.4 Training and Qualification
A program for periodic (continuing) training of all personnel involved with secondary
water chemistry control should be established. This program should incorporate the latest
information available from EPRI, other utilities, and the steam generator/turbine vendors.
Some indoctrination in the basics of the program should be considered for all employees who,
by virtue of their job responsibilities, can affect water chemistry.
The training programs should be designed for the level and qualifications of personnel being
trained. The following elements should be included:
" A clear statement of the corporate policy regarding secondary water chemistry control,
including clarification of the impact of this policy upon the various areas of responsibility.
" Identification of the impact of poor chemistry control on major component performance,
unit availability, and corporate economic performance should be emphasized.
* Techniques for recognizing unusual conditions and negative trends should be addressed,
particularly for the station chemists and laboratory technicians. Potential corrective actions
and their consequences should be thoroughly discussed.
* The interaction of system operations and chemistry.
1.5 Summary
It is recognized that a specific program applicable to all plants cannot be defined due to
differences in design, experience, management structure, and operating philosophy. However,
the goal is to maximize the availability and operating life of major components such as the steam
generator and the turbine. To meet this goal, an effective corporate policy and water chemistry
control program are essential and should be based upon the following:
* A recognition of the long-term benefits of, and need for, avoiding or minimizing corrosion
degradation of major components.
* Clear and unequivocal management support for operating procedures designed to avoid this
degradation.
1-6
E-PRI Ptwpriktdry 14eeptsed Afateria
* Adequate resources of staff, equipment, funds, and organization to implement an effective

chemistry control policy.
* An evaluation of the basis for each chemistry parameter, action level and specification,
as well as those of similar guidelines.
" Management agreement at all levels, prior to implementing the program, on the actions to
be taken in response to off-normal water chemistry and the methods for resolution of
conflicts, and unusual conditions not covered by the guidelines.
Continuing review of plant and industry experience and research and revisions to the
program, as appropriate.
* A recognition that alternate water chemistry regimes, if used, should not be a substitute
for continued vigilance in adherence to the guidelines.
1.6 References
1. NEI 97-06, Steam GeneratorProgramGuidelines, NEI, Washington, DC: December 1997.
2. NEI 97-06 [Rev 1], Steam GeneratorPrograinGuidelines, NEI, Washington, DC:
January 2001.
3. NEI 97-06 [Rev 2], Steam GeneratorProgram Guidelines, NEI, Washington, DC: May
2005.
4. NEI 03-08, Guidelinefor the Management of Materials Issues, NEI, Washington, DC: May
2003.
5. NEI 03-08 [Addenda], Materials Initiative Guidance, Addenda to NEI 03-08 Guidance for
the Management of Materials Issues, NEI, Washington, DC: April 2007.
6. NEI 03-08 [Rev 1], Guidelinefor the Management of MaterialsIssues, NEI, Washington,
DC: April 2007.
7. Steam GeneratorManagement Program:Administrative Procedures,Revision 2. EPRI, Palo
Alto, CA: 2007. 1015482.
8. INPO, Guidelinesfor the Conduct of Chemistry at Nuclear Power Stations, INPO 06-007,
December 2006. (Available to INPO members only).
9. EPRI Utilities Requirements Documentfor Next Generation of Nuclear Plants, Access:
"EPRI Utility Requirements Document Viewer (URD Viewer) Version 2007", 1015106,
Weblink: http://urd.epii.com.
10. Program on Technology Innovation: Utility Requirements Document-Revision 9: Web
Application and Technology Transfer (Technical Update 1016195).
1-7
2
TECHNICAL BASIS FOR WATER CHEMISTRY
CONTROL
2.1 Summary
Corrosion of steam generator tubes has been the major issue affecting selection of secondary
water chemistry parameters. Howeyer, corrosion and flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) of steam
generator internals and other secondary system components are also important concerns. The
objective of this chapter is to review the causes of this corrosion and FAC and to provide the
technical bases for measures to control these concerns.
Corrosion of steam generator tube materials is mainly affected by the following water chemistry
related factors, in addition to non-water chemistry factors such as material susceptibility,
temperature and stress:
2-1
E-PRI Proprietary kieensed Atatefia!F
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistry Control
2.2 Introduction
This chapter of the secondary water chemistry guidelines discusses corrosion issues affecting
PWR steam generators and balance of plant components, with the objective of providing bases
for selecting secondary water chemistry parameters that minimize problems due to corrosion.
The objective of secondary side water chemistry control is to minimize corrosion damage and
performance losses for all secondary system components and to thereby maximize the reliability
and economic performance of the secondary system. To achieve this objective, the water
chemistry has to be compatible with all parts of the system including steam generators, turbines,
condensers, feedwater heaters, moisture separator reheaters (MSRs), and piping. The variety
of materials used in the many components in typical secondary systems, and the range of
temperatures, pressures, phases, and velocities place constraints on the selection of water
chemistries for secondary systems.
In this chapter, corrosion and chemistry issues affecting the steam generators are discussed first
and in considerable detail, since these issues have been the main factors influencing secondary
water chemistry guidelines. The remainder of this chapter deals with BOP components. The
discussion of BOP issues is limited in depth and is general in nature since corrosion issues for
the BOP are not the main factors controlling the secondary water chemistry guidelines. In this
regard, secondary system impurity limits are generally not controlled by BOP corrosion issues,
2-2
,kPW i4rtepfary Liceensed Mfaterial
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistrn Control
but pH agent selection and concentrations, and thus feedwater pH, take into account the full BOP
circuit.
2.3 Corrosion of Steam Generator Tubing Alloys-Scientific Aspects
This section is a technical review of the causes and mechanisms of corrosion of steam generator
tube materials.
2.3.1 Role of Protective Oxide Films
The main constituents of Alloys 600, 690 and 800 are nickel, chromium and iron. At typical
secondary side conditions, nickel, chromium and iron are more stable as oxides than as metals.
The reason that these tube alloys can be used, despite the reactivity of their constituents, is that a
thin protective oxide film (typically less than 1 ýtm thick) forms on the metal surface that reduces
reaction rates of the base metal with the environment to low levels. A drawback of using a
material that relies on thin films for protection is that it makes the material susceptible to
modes ,of corrosion that involve disruption of the integrity of the films. If wholesale instability
of the film occurs, general corrosion or wastage results (also known as thinning). If localized
breakdown of the film occurs, pitting can occur at that location. In the presence of stress,
stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can occur.
2.3.2 Potential-pH(Pourbaix)Diagrams
The regions of thermodynamic stability of metals and oxides are typically evaluated using
potential - pH (Pourbaix) diagrams of the type illustrated in Figure 2-1, which shows the stable
phases for the nickel - water system [5]. The abscissa is the conventional at-temperature pH of
2-3
•nn.
the solution in contact with the metal. The ordinate is the electrochemical potential (ECP), which
is often referred to as the potential. Potential only has meaning when measured relative to some
standard; by convention, the potential is normally shown relative to the potential of a standard
hydrogen electrode (SHE). The stability region for water lies between the H,0 - H2 ("hydrogen")
line, indicated as line (a) on the figure, and the 02 - HO ("oxygen") line, indicated as line (b)
on the figure. Note that the hydrogen line goes through the zero - zero point, i.e., has a zero
potential at zero pH. Conditions for wetted tube surfaces are normally between these two lines.
The specific locations of the lines vary somewhat depending on the partial pressures of the
oxygen and hydrogen. By convention, the lines are shown for one atmosphere partial pressures.
The potential at the metal surface (i.e., the vertical position on the diagram) is determined by the
concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen and other oxidizing or reducing species (such as copper
oxides, hydrazine, etc.). For fully deaerated conditions with no other oxidants such as copper
oxides present, the potential will be close to the hydrogen line at the system pH.
Figure 2-1
Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Nickel-Water System at 288 0 C
(Dissolved Species Activities of 103) [5]
2-4
v°
t'tR: i~erznfary Lieetsed makmri
Technical Basisfor Water ChemistrY Control
The potential - pH diagrams for the other two main alloying elements in tubing alloys, chromium
and iron, are shown in Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3 and are similar to that illustrated in Figure 2-1
[5]. All of the metals dissolve or form soluble compounds at high or low pH, are resistant to
dissolution type corrosion at low potential where the metal state is stable, and are protected by
oxide films in the middle of the pH range when the potential is in the mildly reducing range
(i.e., slightly above the hydrogen line). In the low potential region where the metal will not
corrode in the sense of dissolving, it can still be damaged by chemistry-related processes such as
hydrogen embrittlement. The diagrams for the tube alloys are believed to have the same general
features as the diagrams shown in Figure 2-1 through Figure 2-3 for pure metals, but the specific
fields of stability will vary somewhat depending on the alloy composition [7].
2-5
12PO 1940.9.0M-0 rip OF?QP04 4404P , !
Figure 2-2
Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Chromium-Water System at 288 0 C
(Dissolved Species Activities of 103) [5]
2-6
FprmritaryLitcnpvc.d At atcz;z:
Figure 2-3
Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Iron-Water System at 288 0 C
(Dissolved Species Activities of 10-3) [5]
Potential - pH conditions in crevice areas of steam generators are not well known. As impurities
accumulate and concentrate in crevices, the pH can either increase or decrease, depending
on the balance between cations and anions that are not removed by volatilization, precipitation
or reaction. As long as conditions are fully deaerated, the potential will tend to remain close to
the hydrogen line, i.e., increase or decrease at the same rate as the hydrogen line (-110 mV per
unit increase in pH at 288 0 C). Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
2-7
•D
•R
RI ~ ~r;.~ztarv Ji~~i:.~! ¶L~frrri.~iI
2.3.3 Effects of Potentialon Corrosion,and Protectivenessof Oxide Films
An important factor not shown on potential - pH plots is whether the oxide film, in regions where
it is stable and the underlying metal can oxidize, will protect the metal despite its tendency to
oxidize. This question can be explored via a polarization plot. A typical polarization plot is
shown on Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4
Schematic Diagram of an Anodic Polarization Curve of an Active/Passive Alloy
(Adapted from Figure 10-16 in [9])
2-8
v
EP4ipftf Lteegd aeil
Technical Basisfor Water CheMistr. Control
Experiments show that different forms of corrosion typically occur in different regions of the
polarization plot. These forms vary depending on the alloy, pH and specific chemical species
involved. Using a polarization plot for 600MA in caustic as an example, Figure 2-5, the
following points can be noted:
Figure 2-5
Polarization Curve for Alloy 600 in Caustic at 300 0C (Adapted from [10])
2-9
EPRI ProprietaryLieemsed AMie ial
A polarization plot for Alloy 600MA in a highly acidic chloride - sulfate solution is shown in
Figure 2-6.
Figure 2-6
Polarization Curve for 600MA and 600SR in Complex Acid Environment [10]
Another polarization curve of interest is that for 800NG in chloride containing AVT water,
shown in Figure 2-7, part a) [ 11].
2-10
Iftif -Ibf f-ropriefdry t;!eeftseff 10fateRat
Technical Basis for Water Chemistr, Control
Figure 2-7
Polarization and Pitting Behavior of Alloy 800NG in Acid Chlorides [11]
2-11
EPRI Pmpfietary Lieeptsed AlWierial
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistrq Control
A final polarization curve of interest is one for near neutral concentrated sodium chloride, shown
in Figure 2-8.
Figure 2-8
Polarization Curve for Alloy 600MA in Near Neutral Concentrated Sodium Chloride [10]
The main point of interest to chemists with regard to polarization is that localized corrosion
(such as SCC and pitting) of passive alloys generally worsens as the potential becomes more
oxidizing. For this reason it is desirable to minimize the possibility of oxidizing conditions
developing at locations where corrosion could be a concern, such as crevices in steam generators.
Another factor that needs to be kept in mind when evaluating effects of potential and
protectiveness of oxide films is that the thickness and protectiveness of the oxide film depends
on the past history of the metal surface. It is generally believed that the protectiveness of the film
increases as it grows thicker during exposure to benign high temperature conditions. Conversely,
tubing alloys have increased susceptibility to corrosion if the protective film is removed and the
tubing is exposed to aggressive conditions without an opportunity to regrow the protective film.
Evaluations of chemical cleaning methods and post cleaning startup procedures should consider
the possible effects of these operations on the protective films.
2-12
iim i-ropnctfv-y iLwcncaseamaena:
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistr, Control
2.3.4 Effects of Specific Species
Chemical species in solutions contacting metal surfaces affect corrosion behavior in several
different ways. The first ways are by affecting the potential and pH, thereby causing modes and
rates of corrosion to vary. For example, dissolved oxygen and oxidizing corrosion products or
ions raise the potential, and can accelerate many forms of corrosion. Acid and alkaline species
shift the pH and thereby affect the rate and mode of corrosion. In addition to these "global"
effects, certain species appear to affect corrosion by modifying the protectiveness of the oxide
films that are the barrier against corrosion. The main species that are known or suspected of
strongly affecting steam generator tube alloys are briefly discussed below. More information
is covered for some of them in the later discussion of engineering aspects.
2.3.4.1 Known Deleterious Species

* Caustics.Numerous tests have shown that concentrated caustics lead to IGA and SCC of all
of the tubing alloys [13]. In these environments the rate of attack can be very rapid if
oxidizing deposits are also present.
" Lead, Other Low Melting Point Metals, and Arsenic. The current state of knowledge
regarding lead accelerated stress corrosion cracking has recently been summarized in an
EPRI sourcebook [14].
2-13
Sulfur. Sulfur in the form of sulfate (i.e., fully oxidized) appears to affect IGA/SCC of tubing
alloys only by its effect on pH, i.e., not as a specific species (see next paragraph relative to
wastage). However, if the sulfur is present at a lower (reduced) oxidation state, the sulfur
appears to have species-specific and more detrimental effects. Possible sources of reduced
sulfur species in the SGs include ingress of cation resin beads and fines and reduction of
sulfate in the SG by the reducing environment associated with the presence of hydrazine.
Reduced sulfur species appear to interfere with formation of passive films on nickel surfaces
and to assist in the breakdown of these films.
2-14
E4PR! Preptrtary Lieettsed Afaferite
Technical Basis for Water Chemistry Control
Figure 2-9
Cracking Time in Sodium Tetrathionate for Alloy 600 C-Rings with Two Different Heat
Treatments [19]
Chlorides. All of the tubing alloys are susceptible to chloride pitting under acid oxidizing
conditions [25]. In addition, chlorides cause SCC of austenitic stainless steels, which have
about 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Alloys 600MA, 600TT and 690TT are believed to be
essentially immune to this type of specific ion attack, though SCC can occur in these alloys
in acid chlorides, apparently due to the low pH.
Fluorides.The effect of fluorides on tubing alloys is similar to the effect of chlorides, except
that the strength of the effect in liquid environments is generally less for the same molar
concentrations [27, 28]. Fluorides are more volatile than chlorides, and thus are less likely to
accumulate in liquid filled crevice areas.
2-15
EPAI Preprieta"-Liccezsed Mfaftria!
0 Copper. Copper when present as copper oxide has been shown by tests in AVT water and
in caustic to accelerate SCC of 600MA
2,3.4.2 Possibly Deleterious Species
2-16
v.
EPR4 i9wppvefaiýv Lieeptsea wamritri
Technical Basisfor Water Chenistr. Control
2-17
EAR! Proprietary Lieettsed Aif~tcia!
Technical Basisfor Water Chemnistrv Control
2.3.4.3 Possibly Beneficial Species

* Boric acid. Tests indicate that boric acid in the secondary water inhibits denting corrosion
and SCC due to concentrated caustics [47]. Effects of boric acid on denting corrosion are
discussed in Section 2.4.6.
" Titanium and zinc. Tests indicate that titanium and zinc become incorporated in films on
600MA and thereby increase resistance to SCC in high temperature caustic solutions [50].
Zinc is reported as having a similar effect regarding inhibiting against SCC in primary water
[51]. Plant data regarding effects of inhibitors are discussed later in the discussion of
engineering aspects.
" Silica. Comparisons of plant IGA/SCC data with blowdown silica levels indicated that lower
rates of IGA/SCC have been experienced at plants with silica levels above about 40 ppb in
the blowdown [52, 53].
2.3.5 Modes of CorrosionAffecting Alloys 600, 800 and 690
A useful way of illustrating the corrosion behavior of materials is to show the regions of
passivity and the regions where different modes of corrosion occur on potential - pH plots. This
type of plot is called a "mode diagram." A mode diagram for 600MA based on the work of
Staehle is shown on Figure 2-10 [57].
2-18
w°
L..J....przctcary Lwc,2ts.d matevai
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistrn Control
Figure 2-10
Alloy 600 Corrosion Mode Diagram (T-3000 C) (Adapted from Staehle, [57])
The following features in Figure 2-10 are of note:

0 The potential - pH region that results in the least corrosion is the one marked "Passive
Region" which is the region where passive oxide films make the material resistant to
corrosion. This region spans pH 5 to 9, and has potentials about 50 mV and higher above
the one atmosphere hydrogen line.
* Submodes I GA and I.cc are the alkaline modes of IGA/SCC that occur at high pH with
potentials close to or above the hydrogen line.
2-19
Ar.9nriparv IJPP1@sQd Uft-Mia!
" Submode II<.- is for SCC that occurs under mildly acidic conditions, e.g., for pH about 4.
" Submode IIIscis for SCC in a low potential region which spans a large range of pH. This
is the mode that includes pure and primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC).
* Submode IVsCC is for SCC that occurs under strongly oxidizing acidic conditions. It is
unlikely to develop in steam generators, unless extreme oxidizing conditions exist.
As can be seen from Figure 2-10, there are several environments that can cause IGA/SCC of
600MA. If lead is present, it is difficult to avoid operating in areas where IGA/SCC occurs
with typical steam generator temperatures and tube stresses. Nevertheless, the region of lowest
susceptibility is believed to be in the pH 5 to 9 range, with potentials slightly above the
1 atmosphere hydrogen line.
Figure 2-11 is similar to Figure 2-10, and compares the behavior of 600MA, 600TT, and 690TT
[65]..
2-20
EPIiiriefryLteensei1 mafaert
Figure 2-11
Corrosion Mode Diagram for Alloys 600MA, 600TT and 690TT (Based on CERT Tests at
300'C) (from [65])
2-21
EPRI Aprieictry Izieettsed 4&fe;iaf
Technical Basisfor Water Chemnistry Control
2.3.6 SCC and IGA Growth Rates
The growth rates of cracks and IGA for 600MA have been found to be affected by at least the
following variables:
" Metallurgical structure (result of composition and fabrication and heat treatment history)
* Presence of cold work
* Stress and stress intensity
" Temperature
" pH
" Potential
* Specific chemical species (e.g., lead)
Trend-line type curves for IGA growth rate and SCC growth rate in 600MA have been
developed from experimental data and are shown in Figure 2-12 and Figure 2-13 [74]. The data
on which these curves are based have been normalized for temperature and, in the case of SCC
growth rate, also for stress or stress intensity. The SCC figure shows growth rates only for
relatively severe stress/stress intensity conditions. The SCC figure also shows the effects of
having lead present in the environment. Variations for metallurgical structure - heat treatment
history are not explicitly addressed, but it is believed that the curves represent 600MA material
that is relatively highly susceptible. Some points to note about these curves and the underlying
data:
2-22
TD fix • • I
~IIrvet~cary Liceete istatenat~f
Figure 2-12
IGA Growth Rate vs. pH at 315 0C for 600MA (Adapted from [74])
2-23
w°
EPR4 iq tyea Lice;: sd A*WemaF
Figure 2-13
SCC Growth Rate vs. pH at 315 0C for 600MA (Adapted from [74])
2-24
T6
E-PR i~priery Ltefw-~~m~Wamr
TechnicalBasis for Water Chemistry Control
2.4 Corrosion of Tubing Alloys-Engineering Aspects

The previous discussion covered scientific aspects regarding corrosion of tubing alloys. This
portion of Chapter 2 discusses engineering aspects. It is focused on IGA/SCC of 600MA since
this is the corrosion mode - alloy combination that historically has been of most concern to the
industry. However, other corrosion modes and alloys are covered where appropriate.
Significant amounts of IGA/SCC of 600MA developed in many PWR steam generators, with
corrosion occurring at many areas of the tube bundle. The main factors that appear to be
involved in this IGA/SCC are reviewed below.
2.4.1 Susceptibilityin a Variety of Possible Environments
As discussed above, at the temperatures present in PWR steam generators, 600MA is susceptible
to IGA/SCC in a range of environments. This increases the chances that an environment that
can cause IGA/SCC will develop at some time and location in a steam generator. An additional
consideration is that it appears that cracks, once initiated, can continue to grow in environments
that are not sufficiently severe to initiate cracks.
Model boiler tests have been used to explore the effects of the environments that can develop
under heat transfer conditions.
2-25
EPAR Preppretay Lieeptsed 4afetial
In summary with regard to model boiler tests with 600MA tubes, they indicate that:
2.4.2 Effects of Material Condition and Type on Susceptibility to Corrosion
Plant experience indicates that there is a range of susceptibility of 600MA tubing to secondary
side IGA/SCC.'
2-26
EWProprietary AlteiiC
T iLieBnrWd
Technical Basis for Water Chzenistn' Control
2-27
EPRI Pfwptiet.ary Liceztvs'x Mfaft~ra!
Table 2-1
Relative Corrosion Behavior* of Alloys 600, 690 and 800 [771
2-28
E-PRI Proprietary 14ettd Alfei.riacd
Technical Basis for Water Chemistr, Control
Figure 2-14
Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for Alloy 600TT versus Alloy 600MA From
Data Reviewed in Reference [94]
Test data indicate that the susceptibility of Alloy 690TT to caustic can be highly variable among
product forms, apparently as a result of differences in microstructure introduced by the
fabrication route [96]. However, other tests show that use of a high enough mill anneal
temperature results in satisfactory resistance, regardless of fabrication route [97], and a review
with suppliers indicated that all Alloy 690 tubing supplied to US utilities had been mill annealed
at sufficiently high temperatures to provide good resistance [98].
Several evaluations of the relative resistance to degradation of various tubing alloys have been
performed.[94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103]
2-29
EAR! pive" kiccnsed Materm:
Figure 2-15
Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for 690TT versus Alloy 600MA From Data
Reviewed in Reference [99]
2-30
FropmetaryELeeptse AfafefwW
Figure 2-16
Laboratory Test Based Improvement Factors for Alloy 800NG versus Alloy 600MA From
Data Reviewed in Reference [102]
In summary with regard to effects of material and microstructure, laboratory tests indicate that
2.4.3 Elevated (Anodic or Oxidizing) ElectrochemicalPotentials
Elevated potentials can be caused by ingress of oxygen or reducible corrosion products such as
hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, and copper oxide (these oxidized corrosion products are also
known as reducible metal oxides or RMOs). This has been demonstrated by measurements for
metal surfaces exposed to oxidants in caustic and near neutral environments [105].
2-31
FR,! Pr.. ie-ar- Lie..s.d A
M..Mal
2-32
ProprietaryLieettsed 44Wfetial
Figure 2-17
Maximum Crack Depth vs. Specimen Potential for 600MA and 600TT Exposed to 10%
NaOH at 315 0 C (Adapted from 108)
A loss of hydrazine addition can also result in elevated potentials. This scenario is discussed in
Section 3.5.2.
2.4.4 Depressed (Cathodic)ElectrochemicalPotentials
Laboratory tests [111] and plant experience have clearly shown that high stress - high cold-work
areas of 600MA are susceptible to pure or primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) at
reducing conditions. For this reason, this type of cracking is sometimes called low potential
stress corrosion cracking or LPSCC. This subject is thoroughly reviewed in two 2007 reports
regarding possible changes to primary side hydrogen concentrations to ameliorate PWSCC [112,
1131. Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
2-33
EPRI Propriet•ry Lieensed AMtfril
Hydrazine is known to depress the potential in a manner similar to hydrogen (Figure 2-18).
Thus, sufficient hydrazine could increase the possibility for LPSCC to occur at cold worked high
stress areas on the secondary side.
2-34
Ep'DD J P-mfigieta v •L•ieens Am~lm il•
..... J ..........
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistn, Control
Figure 2-18
Corrosion Potentials of Type 304 Stainless Steel as a Function of Hydrazine Concentration
at 100, 200, 250 and 288 0 C in High Purity Water [115]
2-35
MRJ~~om
.d~w Lk~nv~'J AL~t~i7!
eta Lieemed4fak-ritW
Figure 2-19
Effect of Hydrazine-to-Oxygen Ratio on Alloy 690 ECP (pHT Corrected) [114]
2-36
EPR4 Proqpriear Lieensed AMftrit!
2.4.5 High Temperature, High Stress, and Local Cold Work
Temperature, stress, and local cold work (surface damage) are not factors under the control of
plant chemists. Nevertheless, chemists should be aware that increases in any of these three
factors increase susceptibility to SCC.
2.4.6 Denting
Denting is the process by which a corroding component deforms a SG tube due to the volumetric
expansion that occurs during corrosion when the oxide occupies more volume than the metal
from which it formed. Stresses and strains due to denting can aggravate IGA/SCC and can also
cause PWSCC.
2-37
rAnomrut-hp0V !Ix:.Pv.Q'd. .440-10P40!
Laboratory tests indicate that boric acid reduces the rate of denting. Evaluation of plant data
suggests that use of on-line boric acid additions and boric acid soaks during plant startup tend to
reduce the rate of denting.
Figure 2-20
The Influence of pH and Electrode Potential on the Radius Change of Carbon Steel and
Type 405 Stainless Steel at 2800 C [118]
2-38
EPRI ProprietaryLicenptsd Mfaterial
2.4.7 Effects of Lead
2.4.8 Pitting
Pitting severely affected the original steam generators at three seawater or brackish water cooled
plants with 600MA tubing:
2-39
E4RI Proprietary Lieeptsed 4fatcria!
2.4.9 ContaminatedSteam and Internal Oxidation
Attack in steam contaminated with small amounts of impurities has been hypothesized as a
possible cause of IGA/SCC on the secondary side [8]. The hypothesis is that the IGA/SCC
occurs in a steam environment contaminated with small amounts of moisture and impurities.
Support for this hypothesis includes:
2-40
7
EPmpriet.ry beeptsed ilfafetal
A related hypothesis is that the cracking occurs as the result of an internal oxidation mechanism
[127]. The internal oxidation theory involves oxygen diffusion down grain boundaries that
embrittles them.
2.4.10 Fouling Issues
The principal fouling issues that have affected PWRs that are related to secondary side water
chemistry are feedwater venturi fouling, degradation of steam generator thermal performance,
and problems caused by changes in flow patterns.
Feedwater Venturi Fouling. The main cause of feedwater venturi fouling is corrosion product
deposition in high velocity regions of the venturi. This type of buildup is relatively reproducible
and rapid, typically occurring during the first few months after cleaning of the nozzle.
2-41
:bi-fi t~rferwiry L~i~teps 2wafrmrt
Steam GeneratorThermal PerformnanceDegradation.A review of PWR experience indicates

that, at many plants, steam pressure at 100% reactor power initially increases and then decreases
steadily as the plant ages (Figure 2-21) [136]. Figure 2-22 from this same review indicates that
tube scale thickness increases steadily as plants age. In some cases, reduction of steam pressure
is due to decreases in the secondary heat-transfer coefficient as a result of insulating tube scale.
2-42
RPRI -'rWPrte.ry Lwensvcd Matervia.
Figure 2-21
Steam Pressure Deviation from Design at Several Japanese Plants [136]
Figure 2-22
Scale Thickness as a Function of Operating Time [136]
2-43
EPRI Prprietary Lieetesed Afafefri.-
The main driving factor leading to buildup of tube scales is the fact that boiling is occurring with
high heat fluxes, which tends to result in deposition of particulates and dissolved solids from the
water onto the heat transfer surfaces.
As noted earlier, in addition to the thickness of the tube scale, the morphology of the scale
has a strong influence on heat transfer performance. For example, porous scales with wicks and
chimneys for fluid flow can promote the boiling process and improve heat transfer relative to
clean tube surfaces. On the other hand, solid scales without through-thickness channels for fluid
flow retard heat transfer. The factors controlling the morphology are complex and are similar to
those controlling the thickness [ 139].
One of the leading theories for deposit formation on tube surfaces involves the zeta potential,
which is a strong function of the pH (the zeta potential is developed by surface charges) [139].
Deposit formation is also affected by the iron oxidation state.

2-44
E-PRI Propri.eta.ry Lieensed AtAlerlal
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistr. Control
Steam GeneratorTube Support Fouling. Another factor affecting steam generator thermal
performance is increases in pressure drops across tube support plates caused by deposit buildup
at flow passages.
PotentialImpact of Iron Form in Determining Tube Scale Heat Transfer Properties.There

is a general tendency for thinner steam generator tube scale to be neutral or even beneficial
with regard to heat transfer while thicker scale layers tend to be insulating. However, recent
investigations [147, 148] have suggested a correlation between the form of the depositing
impurities and the heat transfer properties of the resultant tube scale, regardless of the scale
thickness.
Experiences at several PWR steam generators tend to support this hypothesis [147], as very
thin tube scale has been shown in some cases to contribute to thermal performance decreases,
even though many plants have experienced the opposite trend with thin scale (no effect or a
performance benefit)..
Investigations of the impact of particulate and soluble species on fouling rates and boiling heat
transfer were carried out by AECL as part of an EPRI funded project [142]..

2-45
EPI' Prepit~earyLieetesd Mwfefia
The potential benefits of this finding are significant for those plants that operate with little
available margin for tolerating heat-transfer decreases. (Factors which can affect steam generator
thermal performance margin are discussed in Reference [149]).,
Problems Induced by Flow Pattern Changes.
2.4.11 ConsiderationsRegarding Use of Inhibitors
Boric Acid.
2-46
E!ýM! FroprietaryLketted;w AfafeMW
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistr- Control
A limited amount of testing of the effects of boric acid in non-caustic environments has been
perfonned.
Phosphates.Phosphates have been used for many years as a water treatment additive in fossil
plants. The phosphates serve to combine with hardness forming chemicals and thus minimize
development of hard scales on heat transfer surfaces. The phosphates also control the pH and
buffer against development of acidic or caustic conditions [162]. Phosphates were widely used in
PWR steam generators in the early days of nuclear power.
Titanium Compounds. Laboratory tests using C-rings and constant extension rate specimens
have shown that titanium inhibits SCC in caustic environments [50, 166]. Titanium appears to
provide this benefit by being incorporated into and enhancing the protectiveness of the oxide
film.
2-47
'b-ff1rep;:efry *:elm;;sff Materzat
2.4.12 ConsiderationsRegarding Wet Layup of Steam Generators
During shutdown periods steam generators are often put into wet layup. The objectives of wet
layup are as follows:
2-48
E-PR4 P~opriefr;Lieetsed ftra
2-49
E-PRIF eppktdry Lieeptsed AfAW-ri..i
Figure 2-23
Corrosion Rates of Unfilmed 1010 Carbon Steel, Data from References [173, 185]
There are a number of plant-specific factors which could make lower hydrazine concentrations
acceptable, including the following:
Test data for carbohydrazide and diethyl hydroxylamine (DEHA) [173] indicate that assessing
the effectiveness of these oxygen scavengers based on a hydrazine equivalent (1.4 ppm of
carbohydrazide or 1.2 ppm of DEHA being equivalent
2-50
EP LA
2mprietary Lieensed Alftia!c;r
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistr,' Control
Although there is some indication that higher pH values result in less corrosion in the range 9.0
to 10.0, the benefit of higher bulk pH is expected to be small in deaerated solutions. When
considering a layup pH specification, the following calculated values of solution pH,,,, are
useful:
An additional aspect of maintaining effective layup conditions is the cover gas. Sections 5.6.1
and 6.5.2 of these Guidelines recommend a nitrogen cover gas..
2.4.13 DispersantApplication for Mitigation of Steam GeneratorFouling
Dispersants have been used to inhibit corrosion product fouling in fossil boilers for several
decades. However, only in recent years has a dispersant of sufficient purity become available for
nuclear application for the purpose of reducing steam generator (SG) deposit fouling rates.
Based on the extensive qualification efforts and the two plant trials completed at ANO-2 and
McGuire 2, utilities can anticipate achieving the following goals with PWR dispersant injection,
based on a typical dispersant feedwater concentration of about
2-51
EPRI ProprietaryLiemse~d Alaferief
Figure 2-24
Iron Removal Efficiencies During ANO-2 and McGuire 2 Dispersant Trials [150]
2-52
EPRI Pralrrietarv Lieensed Alwferidv
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistri Control
Based on the extensive qualification work and the two plant trials, sufficient information to
support safe and effective long-term use (LTU) of dispersant for reducing SG deposit fouling
rates has been developed. The dispersant application sourcebook [150] provides summary
discussion of all the technical bases as well as detailed guidance to utilities to apply dispersant at
one or more of their stations.
This element is captured in Table 5-7.
2.5 Balance of Plant Considerations
With regard to the secondary system, the main objectives have been to minimize corrosion of the
components in the systems so as to maximize their reliability and to minimize the transport of
corrosion products from the secondary system to the steam generators. These objectives have
mainly been addressed by control of pH around the system, by minimizing or controlling the
concentration of oxidants in the system, and by minimizing impurity concentrations. Technical
information related to these approaches is reviewed below.
2.5.1 General Corrosionand Flow-Accelerated Corrosion(FAC) of Pipingand

Components, Including Steam Generators
The two main objectives for controlling general corrosion and flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC)
in the secondary system are to reduce the rate of metal loss in secondary cycle components and
to reduce the transport of corrosion products, including reducible metal oxides (RMOs), to the
steam generators. Achieving these goals will minimize thermal performance losses in the steam
generators due to deposit buildup, minimize development of aggressive crevice conditions due to
2-53
EPR.I PT~p-iet.-iy Lieeptsed A&featcrif
deposit buildup, and reduce the likelihood of increasing the ECP in crevice areas and thereby
aggravating corrosion. Methods used to address these objectives are discussed below.
2.5.1.1 Effect of Secondary System pH on General Corrosion and FAC
Feedwater pH has generally been selected to minimize corrosion of all of the materials in the
system.
2-54
P-mretar-. Lieemisvd Afaterial
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistty Control
Figure 2-25
Equilibrium Corrosion Product Release Rate from Alloy 706 (90/10 Copper Nickel) for an
Oxygen Concentration of 20 ppb [195]
2-55
w,
Figure 2-26
Effect of pH on Iron Concentration at the Economizer Inlet-Crane Station [201]
2.5.1.2 Selection of Secondary System pHT Control Approach
The primary chemistry factors that control the rates of general corrosion and FAC are the local
at-temperature pH, i.e., the pHT, and the oxygen concentration or electrochemical potential
(ECP).
2-56
ENU PmpriefaryLiemsd Afaftcid
2.5.1.3 FAC Considerations
EPRI TR-10661 l-R1 provides a thorough review of water chemistry effects on FAC [207].
Additional work has been performed to evaluate the effects of redox conditions on FAC [208].
The effects of pH, oxygen, hydrazine, and electrochemical or oxidation/reduction potential are
discussed below separately, but it should be noted that the variables interact and must be
considered in an integrated manner.
2-57
EPRI,prop-ietwry Liecezsed Material
2.5.1.3. 1 Effects of pH, on FAC
2.5.1.3.2 Effects of Oxygen Concentrationon FAC
2-58
±ýrfttwpnerary L~i:;teptt materidt
2-59
EPRI Proprfctcz- Liccmved Af.2tefial
2.5.1.3.3 Effects of Hydrazine on FAC
2-60
&MRI PfwpiteLieettsed Akterit!
Technical Basisfor Water Chenistt, Control
Figure 2-27
Relative FAC Rate (Ratio to FAC Rate without Hydrazine and Oxygen) Measured in a
Single-Phase Flow at 180TC and 235 0 C Using Ammonia (pH 25,c=9.0) with Different Amounts
of Hydrazine and Oxygen [208]
2-61
T.
Figure 2-28
FAC Rates of Carbon Steel as a Function of Hydrazine Concentration (17-131 ppb) in Water
Conditioned with NH3, pH25.c of 9, Test Temperature of 235°C [224]
Figure 2-29
Relative FAC Rate (Ratio to FAC Rate without Hydrazine and Oxygen) versus Hydrazine
Concentration for Tubular Carbon Steel Specimens (0.009% Cr) Exposed to a Single-Phase
Flow at 1800 C Using Ammonia (pH,.c=9.0) and With Oxygen Maintained Less Than or
Equal to 0.5 ppb [208]
2-62
&MI Pfpfpire, rLienpsed
y Alat.•rai
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistrm Control
In summary, FAC is affected by several chemistry variables, especially pHT, oxygen

concentration, and electrochemical potential. In parts of the system where oxygen is very low
(e.g., steam drains), the potential is low and control of the pHT is generally the only practical
chemistry approach for controlling FAC. (However, note that oxygen injection was used at
Philippsburg as discussed above.) In the condensate-feedwater system, control of oxygen content
and thus potential is a possible strategy for the reduction of general corrosion and FAC.
However, this objective must be balanced against the objective of ensuring that fully reduced
conditions are maintained in the steam generators. This balance is covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
2.5.1.4 Effect of Amines on Steam Generator Fouling Rates
As discussed above, the selected amine and its concentration strongly influence general
corrosion and FAC rates in the secondary system, and thus the concentration of corrosion
products being transported to the steam generators.
2.5.2 BOP Layup Considerations
The Steam Generator Owners Group (SGOG) and EPRI have sponsored a number of surveys and
assessments of layup practices and their effects on corrosion of secondary system components.
2.5.3 Startup and Cleanup Considerations
2-63
EPRI Proprietary Licensecd Ml~tetia!
2.5.4 Turbines
2.5.4.1 Turbine Corrosion Considerations
Considerations regarding the effects of water chemistry on steam chemistry and PWR turbines
are covered in Appendix B, which should be consulted for more details.
2.5.4.2 Effects of Turbine Hideout Return in OTSG Systems
2-64
V D
E-PRi i"priefary Lieeptseamafervat
2.5.5 Secondary System Heat Exchangers
2.6 Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs)
Once-through steam generators (OTSGs) are used in PWRs originally supplied by Babcock &
Wilcox. The thermal hydraulics and water chemistry behavior of OTSGs differ in some respects
from those of the more numerous recirculating steam generators (RSGs). For this reason, this
subsection has been prepared to highlight some OTSG-specific information.
OTSGs are straight tube heat exchangers in which the feedwater is preheated to saturation and
then enters at the bottom of the tube bundle and exits at the top as superheated steam. A two
phase mixture is present in the lower portion of the bundle, and superheated steam is present in
about the top one third [235]. The design basis of the OTSG was that it would be provided with
high purity AVT feedwater and that the small amounts of ionic impurities that entered the tube
bundle would be carried out with the steam.
2-65
iif ire~prierary i~teene gae
More than half of the original OTSGs had been replaced by 2007. The remaining units are
scheduled for replacement between 2009 and 2015. The replacement units are all tubed with
Alloy 690TT and have various other design changes.
2.7 References
2-66
EARI P;optie"~r Lieeptsed Afaftcria
Technical Basisfor Water Cteemistry Control
2-67
EPRi Pmropict.ry 14eensed A(.tetzal
2-68
EAR! Preprt~elryLieeptsed Afaftrial
Technical Basisfor Water Chlemistr, Control
2-69
RPRI preprictarjLieellsed Matefria
2-70
E-PR! Proprieta-ryLiceensed Alfetcial
Technical Basisfor Water Chemistr. Control
2-71
EPR4 PrepriearyLieensed AMaer~ial
2-72
EPRI Propictar Lieensed Aaa-iea!
2-73
T Bir ProprietaryLieensed Alfetria!
2-74
EPRI A-prietfiwy Li.exxfsed Afaft~ii!
Technical Basisfor Water Chemisto, Control
2-75
HPRI P.prie..ry Li..t..ed Mfatcia!
2-76
EPRI iffrepnefary imteenseil waferm!
Technical Basisfor Water Chtemistr, Control
2-77
pmpfietary Lieensed 44wferiaf
2-78
EAR! Popried.fty Li .ef....
TechnicalBasis for Water ChemistrY Control

EPR.' ProprietaryLieensd AM~ttzial
Technical Basisfor Water Chenistry Control
2-80
FmigrietervLi ABrfetiCo
Tehncad
Technical Basis for Water Chenzistry Control
2-81
EPRI Prop.ictary Lieensed MAlfte;a
2-82
Pr~ridar'. Li~i;~d Atc;h~!
3
WATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL STRATEGIES
3.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 discussed the corrosion mechanisms that can lead to degradation of steam generator
tubing, with specific emphasis on the corrosion of Alloy 600MA. Chapter 2 also noted that
Alloys 600SR, 600TT, 800NG, and 690TT are subject to the same corrosion mechanisms as
Alloy 600MA, although they are somewhat more resistant. This chapter presents a variety of
chemistry control strategies that can be used to adjust those parameters that were shown to
accelerate corrosion of steam generator tubing materials. Included in this chapter are:
3-1
EPRI P~piretary Lieeinsed AMte-iaf
Water Chemistry Control Strategies
Before discussing these options, this chapter will first discuss the role of the localized
concentration processes. It is believed that the localized concentration factors achieved in
flow-occluded regions are responsible for development of localized chemistry environments that
are quite different from bulk water chemistry.
3.2 Role of Concentration Processes
Chemistry is controlled outside the steam generator to limit transport of impurities into the steam
generator. Most impurities are at or near their minimum detectable concentrations by traditional
analytical techniques. When the impurities increase above preset concentrations, actions are
taken by station personnel that may include reduced power operation or plant shutdown. These
Action Levels and associated concentrations are described in detail in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. In
general, the chemistry parameters controlled during normal operation are based on room-
temperature analyses of cooled samples of condensate, feedwater, or steam generator blowdown.
Despite the various sample locations to which Action Levels are applied, all species are
controlled based on their impact on the various steam generator, BOP, and turbine corrosion
processes (discussed in Chapter 2).
It is understood by most that the concentrating effects of the steam generators are generally
necessary to produce localized environments that are aggressive to steam generator tubing
materials. Previous versions of these Guidelineshave emphasized the role of liquids produced by
the concentration factors achieved in various regions of the generator. This section will discuss
the role of these concentration processes.
3.2.1 Concentrationon Clean Tube Surfaces and Shallow Tube Scales
Steam generator bulk water impurities can be concentrated due to localized boiling processes on
clean tube surfaces and within shallow oxide deposits on the tubes. Stable concentration factors
(CF) on clean tube surfaces are thought to be less than 20 [1]. Figure 3-1 gives the data of Picone
et al (1963) as cited in Reference [2] along with an extrapolation to typical PWR hot and cold leg
heat fluxes. The data suggest that concentration factors of approximately 50 to 100 can be
achieved within a shallow (1 mil) deposit on cold leg and hot leg surfaces, respectively.
Experimental data using actual steam generator deposits of -0.4 mil thickness suggest higher
CFs of 13,000 can be reached [3]. In general, it is believed that the concentration process is
governed by the physical geometry (e.g., deposit porosity) of the boiling region, since the ability
of bulk water to replenish the concentrating solution is controlled by the communication between
it and the deposit. Such a concentration process is deemed to be kinetically limited as is
described by Figure 3-2 [4].
3-2
EPRI Propri'ta.yLiecnsed Ac.,crii!
Water Chemistry ControlStrategies
Figure 3-1
Concentration Factors vs. Heat Flux for 1 mU Deposit [2]
Figure 3-2
Schematic of a Kinetically-Limited Concentration Process, adapted from Reference [4]
3-3
EPRI Pro.prictary Licn;ed Mteari.
Figure 3-3 shows the solution pH-, predicted for various chemistry inputs by MULTEQ for
concentration factors from lEO to 1E6. The chemistry inputs are shown in Table 3 1. It should
be noted that this curve is shown as an example, since a slight variation in input chemistry will
result in different output.
Figure 3-3
Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor (MULTEQ Version 4.0, Database Version
5.0, Options: Temperature = 270'C, Static, Precipitates Retained, Vapor Removed)
3-4
EPRI Popfrietd; Lkcescd Alfetri&
Water Chentistry Control Strategies
Table 3-1
Chemistry Input for Determining Effects of Localized Concentration
3.2.2 Concentrationin Flow-OccludedRegions of RSGs
In portions of RSG steam generators that are flow occluded, where communication between the
bulk water and the localized area is very poor, steam blanketed conditions can exist. This can
occur, for example, in top of tubesheet crevices and sludge piles, in tube-to-tube support
intersections, and in thick dense tube deposits..
3-5
E-PRI'Propietar;Lieeinsed AM~tefial
Water Chemistty Control Strategies
Figure 3-4
Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor and Boiling Point Elevation for Na=3XCI
(MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=270°C, Static, Precipitates Retained)
3-6
T
aca
ER!!onrwtan L-tense aterial
Water Chemistr, Control Strategies
Figure 3-5
Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor and Boiling Point Elevation for Na=CI
(MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=2700 C, Static, Precipitates Retained)
3-7
•nT
E411
!"prie Lieetesec.1 -tenaf
Water Chemisot, Control Strategies
Figure 3-6
Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor and Boiling Point Elevation for Cl=3XNa
(MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=270 0 C, Static, Precipitates Retained)
3-8
v
E42RIA EP~PreprtelryLteeptsed Mateaia
Figure 3-7
Crevice pH as a Function of Concentration Factor and Boiling Point Elevation for Sulfate
Solutions (MULTEQ 4.0, Database 5.0, Options: T=2700 C, Static, Precipitates Retained,
Vapor Removed)
3-9
40194PfffrV 94PPOIRP4 .44ROP404
Water Chemnistr., Control Strategies
In a thermodynamically limited crevice, similar chemistries will be produced if the ratios of

impurities remain the same, even if bulk water concentrations vary. Therefore, driving bulk
water impurity concentrations extremely low (e.g., to below detection limits) will not
necessarily result in improved crevice chemistry, since similar chemistries will result even
when concentrations are increased by a factor of 10. However, the mass of crevice solution
will be lower, so that the surface exposed to potentially aggressive environments is lower.
This discussion shows why proactive measures (e.g., corrosion product transport reduction,
chemical cleaning, etc.) should be considered before concentrations in localized regions
become thermodynamically limited.
It is generally well accepted that the mass of concentrated solution formed within a crevice is a
function of the crevice evaporation rate and the concentrations of species in steam generator bulk
water [5]. Given the presence of flow-occluded regions and the unknown characteristics of the
crevices, the crevice evaporation rate is uncertain and beyond the control of the chemistry
personnel. Bulk water chemistry is within the control of chemistry personnel. These guidelines,
as well as previous revisions, continue to recommend the practice of maintaining impurities as
low as reasonably achievable (commonly termed ALARA chemistry) to minimize the mass of
crevice solution formed during operation. Note that ALARA chemistry does not mean that all
parameters must be maintained below their analytical detection limits. It simply refers to the fact
that lower bulk water concentrations will result in a lower mass of crevice solution.
3.2.3 Conclusions
The chemistry program must be designed to provide local chemistry environments that are
compatible with tubing materials, as identified in Chapter 2. However, such control cannot be
accomplished without consideration of the concentration factors that are inherent in most steam
generators. Steam generator tubing degradation experience within the industry suggests that
ALARA chemistry alone has not been adequate to prevent corrosion initiation and propagation
of Alloy 600.
The water chemistry control strategies available today are based on one or more
of the following philosophies:
3-10
EPRI Pfwprietary Lieetesed Mpaftcra!
3.3 pH and ECP Optimization to Minimize Iron Transport

The principal methods of controlling steady state corrosion product transport in the secondary
system of PWRs are through pH control around the secondary system and electrochemical
potential (ECP) control in the condensate-feedwater system. Feedwater corrosion products enter
the steam generator and deposit on tube surfaces or deposit on tube supports and the tubesheet.
The latter can form the flow-occluded regions described in Section 3.2. It has been emphasized
that minimizing corrosion product transport to the steam generators can decrease the likelihood
of formation of flow-occluded regions, limit the ingress of lead and oxidants, minimize loss of
thermal performance, reduce tube support plate fouling, and extend the life of balance-of-plant
(BOP) components.
3.3.1 pH Control
Secondary cycle pH optimization is an accepted practice in the all-volatile treatment (AVT)

secondary chemistry control program. Such a practice involves consideration of BOP materials
of construction and design, environmental concerns and costs.
3-11
Ep•7
:P~jrepp.2ty Lieensed Afieria1
Water Chzemistrq Control Strategies
A plant-specific pH additive(s) should be selected based on a variety of factors, such as the

following:
3.3.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Alternate Amine Treatment

The accumulation rate of corrosion product deposits in the steam generators and possibly the
consolidation of those deposits can be reduced without risk of increased copper transport due
to increased ammonia concentrations. Reduced deposit accumulation and consolidation can
have a positive impact on steam generator corrosion, thermal performance, and operating
costs.
* Secondary cycle chemistry control can be optimized using various amines or amine
combinations. Corrosion of components subject to FAC can be reduced.
3.3.1.2 Considerations for Advanced Amine Treatment

* When implementing advanced amine treatment, a site-specific materials compatibility review
will be necessary to ensure that components, particularly elastomers, are compatible with.the
amine.
* When implementing advanced amine treatment, additional tanks and pumps and/or various
plant modifications and procedure modifications will be required.
" Training of personnel should be conducted for effective implementation.
* Amine treatment has a major impact on condensate polisher performance, including run
times, regeneration frequencies/separation techniques, and sodium slippage. In some cases,
resin fouling has also been observed. Some plants have found benefit in operating some of
their beds in the amine form.
* Amine treatment impacts blowdown demineralizer run lengths and performance. Many
plants have successfully operated the blowdown demineralizer; (a) past the amine break (i.e.,
3-12
Ei-mipriefaty iCCIensea fliatc.a
Water Chemistrn, Control Strategies
using resin initially in the HOH form), or (b) in the amine form (i.e., using resin initially in
the amine form).
* Additional chemical analyses are required.
* Decomposition products will elevate cation conductivity.
* The amine may have an impact on plant discharges, particularly via resin regenerations.
* Matrix effects on analytical procedures may be encountered.
3.3.2 Targeted pH Controlby Tailored Injection of Amines
3-13
E42R. Proprietary kiccevscd A- - eriaF
3.3.3 ECP Control
Control of the electrochemical potential (ECP) to minimize FAC and iron corrosion product
pickup in the condensate-feedwater system has been receiving increasing attention in the
industry.
3.4 Controlling or Adjusting Water Chemistry or Power Level to Minimize

the Formation of Aggressive Water Chemistry Environments in Flow-
Occluded Regions
3.4.1 ALARA Chemistry
Over the past 20 years or so, average blowdown impurity concentrations in U.S. steam
generators have been reduced from several ppb to the sub-ppb range. Many PWRs today have
steam generator blowdown concentrations near or below the analytical detection limit.
ALARA chemistry is the most acceptable approach for minimizing the rate of impurity
accumulation in steam generator crevices. The approach recommended in these and previous
guidelines is to maintain ALARA chemistry.
3-14
L±-i~i tw.Priefary ilceetrset. matertat
Some of the other water chemistry control regimes noted in this chapter are slight deviations
from the "pure water chemistry" described by the ALARA concept. In other words, some of
the regimes involve adding species to the bulk water rather than working to maintain all species
at their lowest concentrations. For example, molar ratio control can involve the addition of
chloride ions to "balance" the cations that cannot be reduced via source term reduction programs.
Boric acid treatment (BAT) involves the addition of boric acid to feedwater. Dispersant
application involves the addition of the dispersant to the feedwater. Such approaches are worthy
of consideration based on plant-specific degradation mechanisms, operational considerations,
and interactions. A discussion of this site-specific evaluation process is presented in Chapter 4.
3.4.2 Molar Ratio Control(ForRecirculatingSteam Generators)
As noted, industry wide application of ALARA chemistry in RSGs has not been able to preclude
continued steam generator tube degradation where aggressive localized chemistries were thought
to have been a factor. In most plants, pursuit of ALARA chemistry has resulted in sodium-rich
feedwater and blowdown chemistry simply due to reliance on ion exchange as the key water
purification mechanism. Molar ratio control (MRC) describes a control strategy that adjusts the
bulk water chemistry, generally sodium and chloride, such that the solution that is developed in
the flow-occluded region is targeted to be near neutral. Such an approach involves a variety of
unknowns (e.g., hideout fractions) that must be estimated from previously analyzed data, like
hideout return. There are limited data that suggest MRC may have some effectiveness, though
most of the recently generated data are not conclusive. An additional consideration is that, if the
sodium and chloride ratio is not too extreme, it is expected that the other impurities that are
normally present such as calcium, magnesium, and silica will buffer the crevice solution to
prevent extreme pH's. Nevertheless, because of concerns that the pH could become aggressive
despite this buffering effect, MRC is considered to be a useful protective measure.
Implementation of MRC requires an iterative process in which the steam generator bulk water
ratio of cations to anions is adjusted to provide a near neutral pH in steam generator crevices on
the basis of hideout return. Field test data confirm MULTEQ analyses that suggest sodium often
concentrates in the crevices more efficiently than chlorides [10, 11, 12, 13]. Reference [4]
suggests that a low molar ratio index (MRI =0.5) in steam generator blowdown is most likely
necessary to prevent alkaline crevice chemistry, though the actual value is steam generator
specific [4].
3-15
T
!-'Iif I !r.~nrI.'i~7rv r~'~fI:.:f.i .7t~!
Water Chemistny Control Strategies
A major obstacle in implementing molar ratio control is to detennine which species and their
amounts in the hideout return came from crevices relative to the hideout return from other areas
in the steam generator. The hideout return data are used to modify the bulk chemistry control
during subsequent operation. Detailed assistance for evaluating hideout return data is presented
in the EPRI PWR Hideout Return Sourcebook [16]. The preferred approach is to reduce the
concentration of the dominant strong anion or cation. When this approach is exhausted or no
longer cost effective, the remedy for excess cations over anions in some cases is to add chloride.
The remedy for excess anions over cations is to reduce the anions. This is particularly difficult if
the excess anion is sulfate, since the behavior of sulfate is different than that of monovalent
anions such as chloride.
3.4.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Molar Ratio Control

" The theory of molar ratio control is sound.
* Application of MRC has limited downside risks.
" MRC, once implemented, is not manpower intensive.
* MRC can be responsive to minor chemistry upsets.
3.4.2.2 Considerations for Implementing Molar Ratio Control

* The effectiveness of MRC is not yet proven.
* The behavior of sulfate is not completely understood. This may be a potential concern if
sulfate levels are excessive in the hideout return and if sulfate dominates crevice chemistry.
The specific issue is the extent to which the sulfate is associated with the crevice liquid or is
adsorbed on oxides.
* When the presence of excess sulfate in the crevices is inferred, the recommended action is to
reduce the sulfate concentration. As many plants are already working to reduce sulfate
concentrations to the practical minimum, such a reduction may be quite manpower intensive
or costly.
" Various plant modifications and procedure modifications may be required to permit the
injection of (ammonium) chloride or to vary polisher regeneration approaches.
* Significant costs or manpower may be required to reduce sources of sodium.
3.4.3 Low Power Soaks
Low power soaks provide a method for removing some of the impurities that have collected in
flow-occluded areas. The equilibrium concentration of impurities in flow-occluded areas is
controlled by the available superheat, which is directly related to the heat flux or power level.
As a result, a reduction in power level results in a reduction in the equilibrium concentration
of the liquids in the flow-occluded areas. The effects of a power reduction on removal of the
3-16
ERR' Arorprietary Liceensed Alateria!
Water Chenlistr, ControlStrategies
concentrated liquids are expected to differ depending on the characteristics of the flow-occluded
area:
* Shallow Flow-occluded Areas. Such areas include free span surface deposits and line
contact crevices with little deposit buildup. This type of shallow flow-occluded area has a
low available superheat and is likely to have been filled with concentrated impurities at a
relatively low equilibrium concentration. If a liquid diffusion path is established between the
crevice solution and the bulk water as a result of the power reduction, return of impurities to
the bulk water can occur.
" Crevices. It is expected that crevices with high available superheat do not fill with
concentrated impurities during a fuel cycle and remain mostly steam blanketed. This is
because of the small volume of concentrated liquid produced during a fuel cycle due to the
low bulk concentration and the high concentration factor. The effects of a reduction in power
level are not obvious in this situation since establishment of a liquid diffusion path when the
power level is reduced does not necessarily occur. Nevertheless, return of some of the
impurities may occur when power is reduced.
In summary, reductions in power are expected to effectively remove impurities from shallow
flow-occluded areas such as surface deposits, but are less likely to be effective for deep crevices.
The effectiveness of power reductions at causing hideout return is expected to increase as the
power level decreases. This effect is observed at plants, with increasing amounts of hideout
return occurring as power is reduced.
3.4.3.1 Supporting Aspects of Low Power Soaks

* Experience indicates that power reductions and low power soaks can promote hideout return
at some plants.
* Radiotracer tests using plant TSP crevice samples indicate that sodium is effectively removed
from deep crevices by soaks at zero power.
* Theoretical considerations indicate that low power soaks should be effective at removing
impurities from relatively shallow flow-occluded areas such as surface deposits and line
contact crevices.
3.4.3.2 Considerations for Implementing Low Power Soaks
3-17
V l
EfIU i~rirefaryLieenseva 5gar-ecni
Water Chemistr. Control Strategies
3.5 Controlling the ECP in Localized Regions of the Steam Generator
3.5.1 Elevated Hydrazine Operation
The operation of PWR steam generators with elevated hydrazine levels is thought to decrease the
likelihood and severity of IGA/SCC and pitting of the steam generator tubing. The initiation and
growth of IGA and SCC have been directly related to elevated corrosion potentials in caustic,
acid, and neutral environments. Laboratory data indicate that the potential for steam generator
corrosion can be reduced by maintaining the ECP of the tubing near the hydrogen reduction line
(see Chapter 2).
Additional ECP and iron species data from tests in France, Sweden and the USA [18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23] confirm that high hydrazine results in low oxygen levels and low ECP in the final
feedwater.
3-18
EPRI Proprieta.ryLieensed Alateria!
Water Chenistry Control Strategies
Figure 3-8
Feedwater and Steam Generator ECP Measurements at St. Lucie 2 as a Function of FW
Hydrazine (ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb) [24]
Figure 3-9
Percent of Iron as Magnetite in Steam Generator Blowdown as a Function of FW Hydrazine
(ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb) [25]
3-19
J E 17m
.....................................
Figure 3-10
Percent of Iron as Magnetite in Steam Generator Blowdown as a Function of FW Hydrazine
(ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb) [26]
Recent laboratory testing investigating the relationship between hydrazine and oxygen
concentrations on the ECP of Alloy 600, Alloy 690, 304SS, 316SS and carbon steel
demonstrates that it is the hydrazine-to-oxygen ratio that controls the ECP of these materials [27]
(see Section 2.4.4).
3.5.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Elevated Hydrazine
3-20
EPRI P"prielaryLieeptsed Afafep4al
Water Chenistry Control Strategies
3.5.1.2 Considerations for Implementing Elevated Hydrazine Chemistry

" Hydrazine is a suspected carcinogen and is controlled in plant discharges. Hydrazine use and
discharge have historically been sensitive issues.
" Hydrazine thermally decomposes into ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The increased
ammonia production from high hydrazine treatment can have a negative impact on the
condensate polisher (decreased run times and increased sodium throw with operation past the
ammonia break).
* Increased ammonia production from hydrazine decomposition may impact plant discharges.
Some laboratory tests indicate that increasing hydrazine concentrations may increase the
extent to which sulfate is converted to reduced sulfur species. However, other experimental
evidence indicates that this increase is not significant in the range of interest (e.g., 10 to 1000
ppb hydrazine). Furthermore, as also discussed in Chapter 4, there is extensive plant
experience indicating that use of higher hydrazine concentrations has not aggravated
IGA/SCC.
* The higher pH from ammonia production may increase copper transport to the steam
generators at plants with copper alloys.
* Low Potential Stress Corrosion Cracking (LPSCC) is not considered to be a significant
concern based on
3.5.2 Effects of Interruptionsin Hydrazine Addition
As discussed in Chapter 2 and in Section 3.5.1, maintaining a low ECP in the steam generators is
important to minimizing corrosion of steam generator tubing. A main method of achieving low
ECP is maintaining sufficiently high concentrations of hydrazine in the feedwater and steam
generators. The conclusion that it is important to maintain high concentrations of hydrazine leads
to the following question: How rapidly is it necessary to re-establish hydrazine if it is lost?
The balance of this section addresses this question.
3-21
•o
EMiJprletaryLieetesedffAatciaF
3-22
EAR! Pp-opFrkta~ry Lieeptsed AfateriaJ
Figure 3-11
Crack Growth Rate Changes with ECP, 20% Cold Worked Alloy 600 [29]
3.5.3 Startup Oxidant Control
Because of possible exposure of the secondary system and steam generators to oxidizing
conditions during shutdown, layup, and startup periods it is especially important to control the
ECP in crevice areas and under sludge deposits during initial power operation immediately
following shutdown periods. This can be done by limiting oxygen concentrations and ensuring
adequate levels of hydrazine during the startup and early power operation periods. Recent
investigations sponsored by EPRI [30, 31] provide test data and a calculational methodology
that can be used to assist in evaluating control of ECP (by controlling the development and
reduction of copper oxides) during this period.
3.6 Minimizing Other Corrosion Accelerants
3.6.1 Lead
3-23
3.6.1.1 Supporting Aspects of Lead Minimization
3.6.1.2 Considerations for Lead Minimization

* Lead is present at very low concentrations in feedwater during operation.
* The concentrations of lead required to accelerate cracking rates are estimated from laboratory
work but are not quantitatively verified by field data. Most steam generator deposits contain
some lead.
3.6.2 Copper
Copper oxide has long been considered a potential oxidant in steam generator deposits. Copper
surfaces can be oxidized during shutdown and layup modes and be easily reduced during
operation. Such a process can lead to elevated localized ECP and accelerated corrosion of
Alloy 600. Minimizing copper in feedwater corrosion products is accomplished by removal of
copper alloys from the system and controlling secondary cycle pH. Additionally, control of the
oxidation state of copper present in steam generator deposits should be considered, as discussed
in Section 3.5.3.
3.6.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Copper Minimization

* Minimizing the presence of copper in steam generator deposits is expected to reduce its
impact on corrosion and steam generator performance.
" If copper is eliminated in the BOP, alternate secondary cycle chemistries can more readily be
adopted to minimize feedwater iron concentrations.
3-24
EAPR Preprict.ouy Lieensed MAt~eria!
Water Chenistr, Control Strategies
3.6.2.2 Considerations for Copper Minimization

* Copper removal can be an expensive process requiring significant outage efforts and possible
loss of thermal efficiency as a result of the lower thermal conductivity of non-copper alloy
heat exchanger tubes.
" Copper residuals in condensate and feedwater piping and other components can continue to
release copper long after copper alloys are removed.
While traditional methods of copper removal from steam generators are either costly
(chemical cleaning) or only partially effective (sludge lancing), scale conditioning agent
technology has been shown to be effective in removal of copper from existing steam
generator deposits [33].
3.6.3 Reduced Sulfur Species Combined with Oxidizing Conditions
Partially reduced sulfur species such as thionates and thiosulfates are aggressive against
sensitized materials, and can lead to rapid IGA/SCC of these materials at low temperatures if
oxidizing conditions are present.
3.6.3.1 Supporting Aspects of Minimizing Reduced Sulfur Species Combined with

Oxidizing Conditions
Minimizing the combination of reduced sulfur species and oxidizing conditions is expected
to reduce risks of low temperature IGA/SCC of sensitized tubing in plants with such tubing.
Minimization of oxidizing conditions has been shown to be practical and to greatly reduce
risks and rates of low temperature attack.
3-25
WRIV9 prRigpipgamp TiAppPupd A'fooppiow!
3.6.3.2 Considerations for Minimizing Reduced Sulfur Species Combined with Oxidizing
Conditions
" Sulfates are present at only low concentrations in feedwater and steam generator bulk water
during operation.
* The concentrations of sulfate in the bulk water required to result in the accumulation of
sufficient amounts of reduced sulfur species in crevices to raise risks of attack of sensitized
materials are not known.
3.7 Adding Chemicals to Inhibit Corrosion
3.7.1 Boric Acid Treatment
Boric acid treatment (BAT) is considered an accepted remedial action for both denting and
IGA/SCC in recirculating steam generators [41 ]. The recommended implementation of boric acid
includes a multi-step procedure in which consideration is given to inclusion of activities such as
soaks during heatup and power escalation and continuous on-line injection. ]
Reference [41] discusses the chemical and physical properties of boric acid and borates, the
effect of boric acid on corrosion of materials, steam generator performance effects, field
experiences, and application procedures and guidelines. Utility personnel considering the
use of boric acid chemistry should carefully study this document to develop site-specific
implementation plans.
Laboratory data at high bulk water sodium concentrations indicate that boric acid is effective
in preventing initiation of IGA/SCC and in reducing propagation rates if corrosion is caused
by highly caustic environments. The effectiveness in slowing the progression of existing
IGA/SCC is dependent on pre-existing crack depth as well as accessibility to the bulk solution.
3-26
Accumulation of boric acid in the packed crevices with the highest primary-side temperature
may be limited because of the boric acid volatility.
Based on the data noted above, the following practices relative to boric acid treatment are
suggested for consideration:
3.7.1.1 Plant Trip with Recovery of Power-No Cooldown
3.7.1.2 Plant Trip, Hot Standby Maintained for More than Two Days
3-27
EPRI Popfietliry Licceacd
Water Chemisty Control Strategies
3.7.1.3 Heatup with High Boric Acid for Chemically Cleaned Steam Generators
3.7.1.4 Supporting Aspects of BAT

* BAT may be effective in preventing initiation of IGA/SCC and slowing the rate of existing
IGA/SCC.
* BAT may provide protection against denting as a result of acidic chlorides or sulfates.
" BAT has extensive industry experience and has been demonstrated to have limited downside
risks relative to steam generator corrosion.
3.7.1.5 Considerations for Implementing BAT
* There may be practical limitations for achieving adequate boric acid concentrations in steam
generator crevices to inhibit SCC.
3-28
EP2RI Proprietary Lieeptsed M.2ftcia!
Water Chenzistr, Control Strategies
* Additional tanks and pumps may be required for additions. Various plant modifications and
procedure modifications may also be required.
* Boric acid will have an impact on condensate and blowdown ion exchanger run lengths.
* Additional training of personnel may be required for effective implementation.
3.7.2 Injection of Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors can react with Alloy 600 surface films at or near the crack tip and affect the
anodic reaction (titanium compounds) or slow the cathodic reactions by increasing the resistivity
to electron transfer (cerium compounds). In either case, inhibitors must be present at the
corroding location to be effective.
The use of inhibitors is expected to have a positive impact on Alloy 600 corrosion without
known deleterious side effects.
3-29
EPRI Prop-ritary Lie.n..d.Mftria!
3.7.2.1 Supporting Aspects of Chemical Inhibitors
3.7.2.2 Considerations for Using Chemical Inhibitors

" The benefits of inhibitors have not been conclusively demonstrated in plants to date.
* The maximum possible benefits of using inhibitors may be obtained after chemically
cleaning the steam generators.
" Injecting inhibitors without first chemically cleaning the steam generators introduces the
uncertainty that long-term use may possibly change the morphology of the corrosion film and
metal oxides. The effectiveness of chemical cleaning solvents after long-term use of
inhibitors is unknown.
* The effect of blockage of clean or partially filled crevices to produce flow-occluded regions
has not been investigated. However, at currently employed addition rates, no detrimental
effects are anticipated.
* Low-power soaks or pre-heatup additions are recommended for maximum possible crevice
loadings.
3.8 Management of Steam Generator Deposits
Corrosion products deposited in steam generators may create flow-occluded crevices where
contaminants in the bulk water can concentrate in a thermodynamically limited fashion [2].
There is also a correlation between the location of pitting and wastage and the sludge deposited
on the top of the tubesheet. Hence, the presence of corrosion product deposits is considered a
precursor to the development of environments where localized chemistry can be a contributor to
corrosion. (Note that tube-to-support contact locations also can be regions where concentrated
solutions develop even in the absence of deposits.) Deposits may also be oxidized during layup,
especially under uncontrolled, drained conditions, increasing the risks of undesirable oxidizing
conditions being present in localized areas and contributing to corrosion during subsequent
operation.
3-30
EPRI AoPrritary Lieeptsd AMteria!
3.8.1 CorrosionProduct Transport Control
The primary method of controlling corrosion product transport to the steam generators should be
optimization of cycle chemistry to minimize corrosion product transport from cycle materials
(within the limits of other chemistry goals). The use of alternate amines, condensate polishers
and filters, and directing selected system flows to drains or cleanup systems during startup and
transients, should be considered. Also included in the optimization should be an assessment and
resolution of FAC concerns, including consideration of replacing materials with more resistant
materials. The optimization program should address the generation of corrosion products within
the steam generators through lay-up chemistry and shutdown practices. Consideration should
also be given to preventing the oxidation of deposits already present in the steam generators and
secondary system.
3.8.2 Mitigation of Steam GeneratorFouling
Dispersant application during operation to mitigate steam generator fouling from corrosion
products entering the steam generator is a promising new technology. Based on the extensive
qualification work and the two plant trials at ANO Unit 2 and McGuire Unit 2, sufficient
information to support safe and effective long-term use of dispersants for reducing steam
generator deposit fouling rates has been developed. The dispersant application sourcebook [44]
includes summary discussions of all such technical bases as well as detailed guidance for utilities
supporting application of dispersants at one or more of their stations.
3.8.3 Steam GeneratorDeposit Removal
There are several methods available for removing deposits after they have accumulated in steam
generators during operation, including both chemical and hydraulic techniques. These techniques
will be discussed in generic terms in the following sections.
3.8.3.1 Chemical Cleaning
The EPRI-SGOG chemical cleaning process has been generically qualified for all PWR steam
generators. The process can effectively remove significant quantities of iron and copper deposits
from the steam generators, both on tube surfaces and in tube-to-support intersections, although
the high-temperature process required for crevice cleaning has not been generically qualified.
Other chemical cleaning processes have been successfully employed as well, including on-line
(plant heat) cleanings which have the advantage of greatly reducing the complexity of the
cleaning equipment, as well as the outage time consumed in the process. Crevice cleaning is
generally better in off-line EPRI-SGOG cleanings than on-line cleanings. Plant heat processes
are generally applied at higher temperatures, which can lead to elevated corrosion of SG carbon
and low alloy steel internals. Plant heat processes are also generally less effective with respect to
copper removal.
Chemical removal of deposits can also be used as a deposit maintenance treatment approach by
applying cleaning chemicals during refueling outages (in off-line or plant heat processes), with
3-31
Eemif etwfterarv i;teettsed 2wafertat
Water Chzemistry ControlStrategies
the frequency determined by transport experienced during the cycle. In this case, deposit removal
need not be as complete as in a full chemical cleaning, since removal can be more frequent, with
the objective of maintaining SG cleanliness and performance. The advantages of this approach
It should be noted that chemical cleaning cannot be considered a solution to the chemical
concentration process. Without implementation of water chemistry controls to minimize
corrosion product transport to the steam generator, development of flow occluded areas (where
localized aggressive chemistries can be formed) will be initiated shortly after startup and power
operation. Several parameters should be considered relative to when and what process should be
considered. Some of these are:
3.8.3. 1.1 Supporting Aspects of Chemical Cleaning

" Cleaning can eliminate, to a great extent, deposit-related locations where significant
concentrations of impurities can develop, though complete cleaning of 100% of all tube
support intersections is unlikely unless performed prior to the formation of packed crevices.
* Chemical cleaning can also remove deposits that may aggravate steam generator tubing
corrosion (e.g., lead).
3-32
V
E-PI~i~wpivefay beepseaistafet
Water Cheinistr, ControlStrategies
3.8.3.1.2 Considerationsfor Chemical Cleaning

Chemical cleaning may be expensive and may add to typical refueling schedules. Newly
introduced chemical cleaning techniques can significantly reduce the deposit inventory
within shorter cleaning times, which may reduce the potential for impact on outage schedule.
" Chemical cleaning must be qualified for each set of plant-specific conditions to ensure
compatibility with materials of construction and system design.
* Corrosion allowances for tube-to-support clearance may only permit a limited number of
chemical cleanings in a steam generator lifetime, if post-cleaning tolerances approach
maximum design criteria. Consideration must be given to vibration-related degradation
(fretting/fatigue) when determining plant specific corrosion allowances.
" Chemical cleaning only removes metal and metal oxide deposits that already exist in a steam
generator. Additional chemistry controls are required to ensure that accumulation of future
deposits is minimized.
" The top of tubesheet crevices are expected to refill with deposits (with the rate of refill
depending on corrosion product ingress rates) such that chemical cleaning may not provide
a long term benefit for this crevice region.
3.8.3.1.3 PartialDeposit Removal
Relatively dilute chemical agents have been applied to steam generators to enhance mechanical
sludge removal. These chemicals are also used to improve heat transfer properties of scale
deposits resulting in improved SG performance. Due to the varying nature of scale deposits in
different power plants and even within the same steam generators, laboratory bench scale testing
is recommended to optimize the process and maximize the effectiveness of the application.
Depending on the recommended application temperature, the treatment may be applied during
plant cooldown prior to refueling operations or when the plant is at cold shutdown conditions.
Even though corrosion rates associated with typical applications are very low, potential system
corrosion must be assessed prior to application. This technique is most effective modifying the
structure of scale deposits which results in improved SG perfonrmance, and rendering these
deposits more amenable to removal by hydraulic tube bundle cleaning methods such as in-bundle
sludge lancing and ultrasonic energy cleaning.
3.8.3.2 Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal
During refueling outages, recirculating steam generators are often drained and opened to permit
top of tubesheet (TTS) sludge removal. Various techniques and designs are available with
varying degrees of effectiveness for removal of top of tubesheet deposits. At a minimum, most
are effective for removing loosely adherent particulate corrosion products and small sludge
3-33
_WPRI PFR ~i.-tARM f4F:.-11i.d AAWOP411i
rocks. Top of tubesheet cleaning techniques only remove deposits from the top of the tubesheet
and the first few inches of tubing extending up from the top of the tubesheet.
3.8.3.2. 1 SupportingAspects of Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal

" Tubesheet sludge has been shown to cause undesirable concentrations of impurities in the
steam generator. Removal of tubesheei sludge reduces the extent to which impurities are
likely to concentrate in the tubesheet region of the steam generator.
* The hot leg, TTS region is very sensitive to several degradation mechanisms. Sludge removal
at this location via various top of tubesheet cleaning methods can be effective in reducing the
impact of these degradation mechanisms on steam generator tubing.
3.8.3.2.2 Considerationsfor Top of Tubesheet Sludge Removal
Top of tubesheet sludge removal technologies include general sludge lancing, in-bundle lancing,
and ultrasonic energy cleaning. These techniques are discussed in more detail below.
3.8.3.2.3 Sludge Lancing
Sludge lancing is typically applied as water jets from either the center tube lane or the tube
bundle periphery. Sludge lancing is effective in removing loosely adherent corrosion products
and small sludge rocks from the top of the tubesheet. Hard scale deposits and scale collars
around the base of the steam generator tubes are not effectively removed by sludge lancing.
Square pitch and triangular pitch tubed steam generators typically require different water jet
patterns to facilitate sludge removal, either from the center tube lane out to the periphery or from
the periphery into the center tube lane. Sludge washed from within the tube bundle is then
pumped from these more easily accessed areas and collected by filtration.
3.8.3.2.4 In-bundle Sludge Lancing
In-bundle lancing provides access within the tube bundle utilizing a robotic delivery system for
the water jet lance. The high pressure water jets may be applied directly at the location of a
heavy tubesheet sludge deposit or scale collar and can be effective in loosening more tightly
adherent scale deposits at the tube to tubesheet interface. In bundle high pressure lancing is
typically followed by a water spray to work the loosened sludge deposits out of the steam
generators in a similar manner to conventional sludge lancing. Benefits of hard scale and sludge
removal using in-bundle sludge lancing at various plants were presented at the 1999 SG Sludge
Management Workshop [47].
3-34
EARI Propritary Lieensed MAtefiaI
3.8.3.2.5 UltrasonicEnergy Cleaning
Ultrasonic energy cleaning utilizes high power radial field ultrasonic energy to disrupt adherent
steam generator tube and tubesheet deposits by causing localized cavitation within the deposit
matrix. This mechanical cleaning technique has been applied in water alone and also applied
with chemicals in order to enhance deposit removal. Currently developed and qualified for top of
tubesheet applications in several steam generator designs, this technique has the potential for use
in full bundle cleanings, and also for adaptation to other steam generator designs. It is effective
in disrupting more tightly adherent scale deposits in the region of application making removal by
subsequent sludge lancing more effective. Successful application has been reported for five units
[45].
3.8.3.3 Tube Bundle Sludge Removal Technologies
Sludge accumulations at upper elevations are not addressed by top of tubesheet sludge removal
techniques. Techniques for tube bundle sludge removal are effective for a wide range of deposits
from loose sludge removal only to removal of hardened deposits within broached flow holes and
bridged deposits between tubes. The presence of accumulated, densified deposits on tube and
tube support surfaces within the tube bundle have been implicated in tubing degradation, thermal
performance reduction, and water level instability. Tube bundle sludge removal technologies
include high volume bundle flushing, upper bundle hydraulic cleaning, application of scale
conditioning agents, and chemical cleaning.
3.8.3.3.1 High Volume Bundle Flushing
High volume bundle flushing uses water pumped through hoses introduced through the steam
generator secondary manway and primary moisture separators above the tube bundle. Flow
has also been directed in bundle through a wand placed in an upper bundle penetration.
Water is recirculated through the tube bundle and the sludge washed down to the tubesheet is
subsequently removed by sludge lancing. This technique is most effective at washing loosely
adherent sludge from the tube bundle to the top of the tubesheet. Reported benefits vary from
plant to plant depending primarily on deposit morphology.
3.8.3.3.2 Upper Bundle Hydraulic Cleaning
Upper bundle hydraulic cleaning uses a robotic delivery system to place a high pressure
hydraulic cleaning head in the tube bundle center tube lane at various support plate elevations.
This cleaning head acts in a similar manner to sludge lancing by using high pressure water to
dislodge sludge residuals and wash them through flow holes down to the tubesheet. This
technique is most effective at dislodging loosely and slightly more adherent scale and sludge
deposits. Seabrook reported benefits of upper bundle hydraulic cleaning at the 1999 SG Sludge
Management Workshop [47].
3-35
EPRI Propriet.azj- Lie
Water Chemistny Control Strategies
3.9 References
3-36
EPRI PmprietaryL i P P FORP-4.4 fq-tp F&4
3-37
E-PRI'Arepriefdtry Liectised Amatcri.d!
Water Chemnistn, Control Strategies
3-38
EPRI Prwprietwry Lieeptsed A~ateri.a!
4
METHODOLOGY FOR PLANT-SPECIFIC
OPTIMIZATION
4.1 NEI Commitments Regarding Chemistry Control-Strategic Water

Chemistry Plan
This Chapter outlines guidance for development and maintenance of the Strategic Water
Chemistry Plan (referred to as the "Plan" in the remainder of this Chapter). Development and
maintenance of the Plan is a mandatory requirement of these Guidelinesin accordance with NEI
03-08 and NEI 97-06. The goal of this chapter is to provide guidance for establishing and
maintaining a plant-specific Strategic Water Chemistry Plan that will govern the optimization of
the plant-specific water chemistry program, not to prescribe the program in detail.
The U.S. nuclear power industry established a framework for increasing the reliability of steam
generators by adopting NEI 97-06, Steam GeneratorProgram Guidelines. The most recent issue
of NEI 97-06 [1] includes the following requirements regarding secondary water chemistry:
* "Each licensee shall have procedures for monitoring and controlling secondary-side water
chemistry to inhibit secondary-side corrosion-induced degradation in accordance with the
EPRI PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines."
The U.S. nuclear power industry has more recently produced a policy that commits each nuclear
utility to adopt the responsibilities and processes on the management of materials aging issues
described in NEI 03-08, Guidelinefor the Management of Materials Issues. NEI 03-08 [2]
identifies its objective as follows:
* "The objective of this Initiative is to assure safe, reliable and efficient operation of the U.S.
nuclear power plants in the management of materials issues."
In addition, NEI 03-08 "outlines the policy and practices that the industry commits to follow in
managing materials aging issues", indicating that "each licensee will endorse, support and meet
the intent of NEI 03-08" and further stating that it "commits each nuclear utility to adopt the
responsibilities and processes described in this document."
With respect to these Guidelines, the scope of NEI 03-08 includes "PWR steam generators" and
"chemistry/corrosion control programs". It states that "as deliverables or guidelines are
developed, action should be classified as to relative level of importance." In this regard, these
Guidelines identify Mandatory, Shall and Recommended Elements. Mandatory elements are
those that are considered important to secondary system component integrity, including steam
generator tube integrity, and should not be deviated from by any utility. Steam generator tube
4-1
EPRI Proprietary LiccI;3cd Afatetia
Methodologyfor Plant-Specific Optimization
integrity is defined as meeting the performance criteria as specified in NEI 97-06. Shall elements
are those that are considered important to secondary system component reliability. It is
recognized that Shall elements may be subject to legitimate deviations due to plant differences
and/or special situations. Recommended elements are those that are considered good or best
practices that utilities should try to implement when practical.
The Mandatory, Shall and Recommended elements in these Guidelines are identified in Chapter
8. To be in compliance with NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06, utilities must meet the Mandatory and
Shall elements in these Guidelines or provide a technical justification for deviation. Any
deviation to a Mandatory or Shall element must be handled in accordance with the guidance in
the current revision of the Steam Generator Management Program (SGMP) Administrative
Procedures.
4.1.1 Documenting Exceptions to Recommended Elements
Chapter 8 identifies the Recommended elements of these Guidelines.
4.1.2 Maintenance of the Plan
4.2 Introduction
Due to the wide range of conditions and materials of construction in the secondary system, no
single optimum water chemistry program can be specified for all PWRs. Thus, a site-specific
Plan governing the optimization of the water chemistry program requires development and
maintenance. This Plan should consider factors such as steam generator and BOP component
design and operating history and use of condensate and/or blowdown demineralizers.'
4-2
EPRM Prontietarv Lieen~ed Mafteri.al
Methodology for Plant-Specific Optimization
The development of a cost/benefit analysis for secondary chemistry is difficult for several
reasons. First, the long-term benefits of water chemistry cannot be easily quantified, although the
value of minimizing corrosion is well understood. For example, lower steam generator sodium
levels are expected to result in reduced steam generator corrosion. Although the potential cost
savings cannot be accurately determined, the expense of reducing sodium often can be quantified
(e.g., improved condensate polisher regeneration, etc.). In cases where the cost can be quantified
but the benefit can be assessed only qualitatively, optimization consists of pursuing the minimum
cost water chemistry program which provides the greatest expected benefit (e.g., lowest sodium
levels). In other cases, both the costs and benefits can be quantified. For example, several
alternate amines can be used for pH control in the secondary system. The costs associated with
the amine program can be determined with the aid of EPRI ChemWorksTM. A recent software
tool developed by EPRI in collaboration with EDF is "CIRCE - PWR Secondary Water
Chemistry Optimization Tool" [3] that models not only the chemistry around the secondary
system but also the corrosion product transport to the steam generators and resultant steam
generator fouling. The value of the benefits can be assumed as a first approximation to be
proportional to the feedwater iron concentration achievable with a given amine program. The
optimum amine program then would be the lowest cost program which achieved a target iron
value. The target iron value would be determined on a more qualitative basis. For plants using
condensate and/or blowdown demineralizers, the use of alternate amines could also increase
contaminant levels in the system, when demineralizers are allowed to remain in service beyond
the amine break. Optimization of the amine program must also at least qualitatively assess the
cost of contaminants in the system. This could be achieved by establishing an upper contaminant
limit in the system and determining the minimum cost amine program which achieves both the
contaminant and iron targets.
The tradeoffs illustrated for the optimization of the pH control program are typical of many
secondary water chemistry programs. Optimization for one component or portion of the system
can lead to less than optimum conditions in other parts of the system. Therefore, an overall
systems approach must be taken in developing the Plan. To do this effectively, a ranking system
is provided in this chapter. The ranking system attempts to put the qualitative factors
on a firmer basis. The system considers the merits of the secondary water chemistry initiatives
presented in Chapter 3. Each utility must evaluate the merits of each initiative relative to plant
specific design features, materials of construction, etc. Ultimately, a utility must decide where it
sees its greatest risks and potential rewards.
It is suggested that procedures similar to those discussed in this chapter be applied in the plant-
specific Plan as a basis for the plant-specific secondary, water chemistry program.
4.3 Key Elements of a Strategic Water Chemistry Plan
The items in the list below are recommended elements of the Plan:
. Statement of the objectives of the Plan
4-3
EPRI Prmprietary Liee;.sed Afateia!
" Key plant design parameters, chemistry milestones and significant plant transients
* Evaluation of technical issues, including risk/susceptibility/performance
" Evaluation of chemistry control strategies
* Deviations from Mandatory, Shall, or Recommended Elements
* References
4.3.1 Objectives of the Strategic Water Chemistry Plan
The objectives of the Plan will likely be plant specific, but should be aligned with corporate
goals. Examples of such objectives could be:
" Implement water chemistry programs considering relative risk and expected benefits of
different chemistry control approaches
" Maximize total avoided costs from material degradation and other performance related issues
while minimizing operating costs
* Optimize water chemistry programs balancing plant design and operating considerations
along with materials issues
* Align decisions that affect chemistry (and thus systems and components) with overall
corporate goals
* Foster understanding and cooperation of chemistry related materials management issues by
communicating and coordinating chemistry program actions with other departments
(Engineering, Ops, SG Engineer, LLW, etc)
4.3.2 Key PlantDesign Parameters,Chemistry Milestones and SignificantPlant

Transients
The Plan should include a listing of key system materials, plant design parameters and a brief
history of key milestones/events, including past secondary chemistry programs. This may most
easily be expressed in table format. Table 4-1 presents a generic example of documenting key
design and operating parameters. Table 4-2 presents a generic example of documenting plant
milestones and events.
4-4
E-FR4 izrtefarv Llcz;nved A11aterta.
Table 4-1
Key Design and Operating Parameters (EXAMPLE)
4-5
EPRI Prm;fictir-; Ltc.e;;ed Afatcriaz!
Table 4-2
Chemistry and/or Plant Milestones / Events (EXAMPLE)
4-6
E-PRI P-irzietarv Liexe;2.wd Alferk!
4.3.3 Evaluation of Technical Issues, Including Risk/Susceptibility
4.3.3.1 Summary of Approach
The objective of this section is to develop a reasonable framework for ranking the relative
susceptibility of various major components/systems to corrosion damage/performance
degradation or in some cases their reliability in performing their design function. Only those
design features or operating parameters which influence degradation through interaction with the
water chemistry program should be considered. The principal idea is to determine the important
design and operating parameters of each component/system that will influence which water
chemistry programs will be used. When operating conditions or major plant design features
change, the Plan should be updated and the impact on the plant-specific water chemistry program
re-evaluated.
The following components/systems should be considered during development of the Plan:
Table 4-3
Components/Systems To Be Considered
For some components/systems, the relative susceptibility to corrosion and/or performance

degradation can be defined based on key design features. Each utility should classify the
susceptibility of each component as high, medium, or low. For example, a steam generator with
4-7
•nnT T
EP4U lq~z~trveft Lt~eemd MAtfafea
4.3.3.2 Component Susceptibility
The first step in developing the Plan is to define the relative susceptibility of various
component/systems to corrosion damage and/or performance degradation, and to also rank the
cost impact of the failure of each major component. Table 4-4 provides an example format for
developing this ranking. The goal is to define important design and operating parameters of each
component/system which will impact on optimization of the water chemistry program.
4.3.3.3 Component Reliability
A qualitative ranking of the reliability of components whose failure or performance inadequacies

could significantly impact secondary cycle chemistry should be developed.
4-8
EPR
~P m~ppveitary Lieeptsed.Alatetial
I•
Table 4-4
Corrosion Susceptibility of Major Components/Systems
Table 4-5
Component/System Reliability
4-9
EPRI Pfwprictry fLeirse~d M~tetia!
4.3.3.4 Prioritization of Components/Systems
The rankings developed in Sections 4.3.3.2 and 4.3.3.3 provide a qualitative basis for developing
an optimized water chemistry program that should focus on the highly susceptible and expensive
to replace components. However, it is also important to consider those systems which may be
less reliable and have a significant influence on maintaining the water chemistry program goals.
The purpose of this section is to prioritize the importance of the major components/systems in
the secondary plant identified in Table 4-4 and Table 4-5. This assessment should go beyond a
simple ranking of components based on their maintenance and/or replacement costs. Less
tangible but important issues which should be considered in prioritizing components/systems
include safety considerations, utility outage goals, etc. The optimum water chemistry program
should be weighted towards the highest priority components.
Table 4-6
Relative Impact of Components/Systems on Establishing an Optimized Chemistry Program
4-10
tLeffI :roprzcwdr- 1ý!eeffs. 'ifaferfal
Methodology for Plant-SpecificOptimization
4.3.4 Evaluation of Chemistry ControlStrategies
4.3.4.1 General Considerations
The objective of this section is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each chemistry
control program option relative to each component/system. Consideration is given to the
factors provided earlier Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
The section is organized into brief discussions of each major water chemistry initiative
presented in Chapter 3. The discussions summarize the influence of each initiative on the major
components/systems. This information is summarized in Table 4-7 according to the expected
influence of each chemistry control initiative on the major components/systems. As with
previous chapters, the discussion as to the merits and interactions of various chemistry programs
is illustrative, not exhaustive. Utility personnel should supplement this information with
additional site-specific criteria as appropriate. It is expected that a detailed evaluation with
supporting information will be given in the Plan.
After consideration of plant-specific design features and completion of the relative ranking in
Section 4.3.3.4, the relative merits of each chemistry program option should become clearer
within the context of the overall ranking and importance of each component.
The final outcome should be a list of chemistry control initiatives (e.g., BAT, Dispersant,
alternate amines, mid-cycle soaks, etc.) to be included in the Plan.
4.3.4.2 ALARA Chemistry
In recent years, it has become clear that ALARA chemistry by itself will not prevent corrosion in
steam generators where partially flow-occluded crevices are present. As discussed in Chapter 3,
the presence of crevices and other regions where impurities can concentrate allows aggressive
solutions to form locally. MRC and inhibitors should be considered for use in conjunction with
ALARA chemistry when conditions exist for the formation of concentrated solutions. The total
quantity or mass of a corrosive species which accumulates in the local crevice regions will be
proportional to its steam generator concentration. Since the probability of corrosion increases as
the available mass of corrosive liquid increases, ALARA chemistry is prudent even when other
measures have been taken (e.g., MRC, BAT, etc).
4-11
±ýfvflf f9wpFferdry 1ý!eensed liffffelvat
Methodology for Plant-Specific Optilnization
4.3.4.3 Molar Ratio Control (MRC) for RSGs
MRC Guidelines (EPRI TR-104811) [4] were developed for utilities to use in designing a plant-
specific program. Little guidance has been provided on whether or not MRC should be
implemented as a proactive program for plants with "lower risk" steam generators. Additional
information on MRC is provided in a recent report on steam generator hideout return
assessments [5].
4-12
V l
EPRII trrcgiictary LtccI;.wp matCTI
4.3.4.4 Integrated Exposure (IE) for RSGs
Research completed under EPRI's Heated Crevice Program, discussed in Appendix A, shows
that the mass of accumulated impurities in crevices in RSGs is proportional to the impurity
exposure (e.g., the product of impurity concentration and time). I
4.3.4.5 Boric Acid Treatment and Injection of Corrosion Inhibitors
Boric Acid Treatment (BAT) has been used as both a remedial and proactive chemistry control
program for steam generator corrosion. Plant data do not allow definitive confirmation of the
beneficial effects of BAT. However, it is possible that BAT has had a mitigative effect on both
denting and IGA/SCC. Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
To consider the use of BAT as a proactive water chemistry program, the risks and possible
benefits must be considered. Boric acid, due to its volatility, is transported throughout the
system. As a weak acid at elevated temperatures, boric acid has limited impact on the at-
temperature pH in the turbine or extraction lines.
4-13
h4W! Froprietarybteeptsed Afaterta
Titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide-silica sol-gel, and a lactate acid titanium chelate (DuPont
TYZOR LA®) have been shown to significantly reduce the tendency for IGA/SCC in C-rings as
well as constant extension rate tests [7]. Since limited data also indicated that titanium could be
accumulated in support plate crevices of model boilers, short term evaluations of titanium
compound behavior at operating plants with IGA/SCC were considered justified.
4.3.4.6 Minimization of Steam Generator Oxidant Exposure
4.3.4.6.1 Elevated Hydrazine
The importance of the electrochemical potential (ECP) to steam generator corrosion was
discussed in Chapter 2. The role of hydrazine in maintaining reducing conditions in the steam
generator has been discussed in Chapter 3. In many plants, operation with sufficient hydrazine to
maintain reducing conditions can be accomplished at minimal cost. However, in some cases, the
quantity of ammonia generated from decomposition of hydrazine will compromise condensate
polisher operation and, if copper alloys are present in the system, may increase copper transport
to the steam generators. The specifications presented in Chapters 5 and 6 for hydrazine provide
flexibility in defining the minimum required feedwater hydrazine concentration. When
optimizing hydrazine levels, the objective should be to minimize the ingress of oxygen and
possibly reducible metal oxides to the steam generators..
4-14
bi-m i9wrietary iýieeptsety matertat
Another concern associated with elevated hydrazine has been the production of reduced sulfur
species and their impact on steam generator corrosion (see Sections 2.3.4.1 and 2.4.4). Numerous
laboratory tests [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and evaluation of various samples from plants [5, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19] indicate that sulfate can be reduced to less oxidized species under secondary side
conditions. .
4.3.4.6.2 Limiting Exposure to Startup Oxidants
It has been hypothesized that increased exposure of steam generator tubes to oxidizing
conditions during startups and early periods of subsequent power operation leads to increased
IGA/SCC of the tubes. As such, limiting exposure to and formation of oxidants during startups
and early power operation periods as part of efforts to minimize IGA/SCC should be considered.
Information regarding strategies to limit exposure to startup oxidants is reviewed in references
discussed in Chapter 2 (see e.g., Section 2.5.3). Reference [21] provides a summary evaluation of
this issue.
4.3.4.7 Secondary System pH Control
The use of alternate amines for pH control is widespread in US PWRs. The choice of the
optimum amine or mixture of amines is strongly dependent upon plant design. The advanced
Amines Application Guidelines [22] and EPRI ChemWorks TM should be used in these
evaluations. The primary goals of the optimum pH control program are to minimize iron
transport to the steam generators and to minimize FAC induced thinning of structurally
important parts in the secondary system. Although computer codes can be used to predict the pH
and qualitatively evaluate corrosion product transport and FAC risk at various locations in the
system (e.g., EPRI's Plant Chemistry Simulator and CIRCE-PWR Secondary Chemistry
Optimization Tool), plant experience is required to validate these predictions..
The use of alternate amines often results in increased organic acid levels in the secondary
plant. Evaluations using MULTEQ indicate that the pHT of the secondary circuit is higher using
alternate amines relative to ammonia (for the same pH,,,,) despite the presence of organic acid
decomposition products. These evaluations were performed using conservative bounds on both
the amine concentration (evaluated at a lower bound) and the acid concentration (evaluated at the
upper bound). This should minimize concerns regarding the potential for an increased risk of
acid corrosion in the turbine [23]. Also see Section 2.5.4.
4-15
EPR.1 Proprietary Lieensed 4Material
Several plants operating full flow condensate polishers with ethanolamine have observed a loss
of resin performance. The severity of the problem has varied from plant to plant with some
plants not observing any noticeable effect. Resin fouling has been shown to increase with
condensate temperature. The potential and extent of the problem cannot be predicted before a
unit converts to ethanolamine or another alternate amine, but a worst case scenario can be
evaluated. This worst case scenario might consist of having to replace the resin at an increased
frequency based on other plant experience. Plant-specific data could be used after conversion to
the alternate amine when evaluating the overall cost impact on the plant. At least one plant has
been successful at recovering the resin when ETA was removed and pH controlled with
ammonia over the course of a few weeks.
4.3.4.8 Steam Generator Deposit Management
As noted in Chapter 3, a goal of secondary water chemistry is to minimize partially occluded

locations within a steam generator (via corrosion product transport and deposition mitigation)
thereby minimizing the number and/or extent of regions where solution concentrations increase
to thermodynamically limited values. Steam generator deposit management is a methodology to
provide appropriate steam generator cleaning operations above and beyond routine chemistry
control of corrosion product transport. Plants can adopt a preventative approach to steam
generator deposit management (i.e., prior to indications of significant concentrating regions or
loss of thermal performance) or a remedial approach (i.e., following the observation of loss of
thermal performance or the appearance of corrosion indications that suggest aggressive
chemistry environments). The preventative approach can be realized by increasing the at-
temperature pH to reduce corrosion product transport, and/or application of PAA dispersant for
recirculating steam generators to minimize corrosion product deposition (i.e., maximize removal
via blowdown). The remedial approach is realized during plant outages via operations designed
to remove at least part of the existing deposit inventory in the steam generators. Steam generator
deposit management can be an effective method of minimizing loss of thermal performance or
minimizing regions where highly concentrated solutions can develop. Steam generator deposit
management involves the use of available steam generator deposit management strategies (see
Section 3.8) in a manner most appropriate for plant-specific conditions.
4.3.4.9 Hideout Return Evaluations
Hideout return evaluations are unique opportunities to assess the likely steam generator crevice
chemistry as it exists during operation based on data collected during a plant shutdown. During a
unit shutdown, steam voids collapse, crevices are rewetted, and impurities diffuse into the bulk
water. The evaluation of hideout return data is dependent on the amount and type of data
collected and the quantity of impurities that returns to the bulk water. Evaluation of hideout
return data is discussed in the EPRI PWR Hideout Return Sourcebook [5]. A screening process
has been established to assist in the determination of the scope and type of evaluation that can
reasonably be performed on a given set of hideout return data. Additional guidance is given for
minimal returns and sampling during a rapid shutdown, particularly for data collected at hot zero
power.
4-16
EAR! i'mmmeta bieetesed Material
Table 4-7
Examples of Secondary Chemistry Initiative Evaluations
4-17
EPRI Pretptl.-y Liceenscd Mctefia.l
Methodologyvfor Plant-Specific Optiinization
Table 4-7 (continued)

4-18
EPRI ProprielaryLiexe;zed Material

4-19
EAR! PropfielryLiccmrecd AMkriL F
Methodologyfior Plant-Specific Optimization

4-20
EARJ Aw.pr:.ietary Lkxe.v.ed Alf.etria
Methodology for Plant-SpecificOptimization
4.4 Final Optimization of Secondary Chemistry Program
This section provides guidance for optimizing the chemistry program on a component and
system basis. EPRI ChemWorksTM tools can be used to assist in the optimization process. An
example flowchart which could be used for the optimization process is shown in Table 4-8. Plant
personnel are referred to application guidelines, such as TR- 102952, Amine Application
Guidelines [22], TR- 104811, MolarRatio ControlApplication Guidelines [4], TR-5558, Boric
Acid Application Guidelines [24], TR-108002, Titanium Dioxide Application Guidelines [7], TR-
1014985, PWR Lead Sourcebook [25], PWR Hideout Return Sourcebook [5], and TR-1015020,
PWR DispersantApplication Sourcebook [25] for detailed optimization strategies. For the Plan,
each utility should first prioritize the water chemistry initiatives supported by the assessments
captured in Tables 4-1 through 4-6. (In the flow chart, the prioritization is left blank.) After
providing the overall prioritization (e.g., 1. pH Optimization, 2. Dispersant, 3. ALARA, etc.),
proceed to the appropriate box in the example flowchart for the water chemistry initiative and
address how each of the actions will or has been completed and then how each of the
optimization options is addressed. Each utility should present a table or flowchart in the Plan that
summarizes the response to each of the actions and optimization options. A complete
optimization study for a given plant may require significant resources/time.
As part of their optimized water chemistry program, a number of utilities have adopted
administratively lower impurity concentration targets than the Action Level 1 values in Chapter
5 for RSGs and Chapter 6 for OTSGs. Examples of these target values are given in Table 4-9 and
Table 4-10, respectively. Many utilities have established administrative target or normal
operation impurity concentrations below Action Level 1 values with efforts to identify the cause
of an abnormal condition initiated before Action Level 1 values are approached.
4.4.1 NEI 03-08 and NE! 97-06 Checklist
Utilities should review the following list to try to ensure that they have met the requirements of
these Guidelinesrelative to materials related integrity and reliability. Completing these
requirements is necessary in order to be in compliance with NEI 97-06 and NEI 03-08.
4-21
Mfan PrprietarvLieeirsed Afaieri~a/
4-22
EPR4 PreprieltayLicci;szd Afatetia
Table 4-8
Flowchart for Site-Specific Chemistry Optimization
4-23
EPRI ProprietdryLiceensed A~feteiaF

Flowchart for Site-Specific Chemistry Optimization
4-24
elfvef tv-0prieffiry 1ýteeftseff matelval
Table 4-9
Examples of Plant Specific Administrative Chemistry Targets for RSGs
Table 4-10
Examples of Plant Specific Administrative Feedwater Chemistry Target Values for OTSG
Plants (Power Operation)
4-25
E-R4 Pmr~piefacr; Lieened AMaerialF
4.5 References
4-26
EPRI Prpriet~ayLi~ee,;sd AMfetr!
4-27
EPR! Proprietary Lieettsd Afafet~'
5
WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES RECIRCULATING
STEAM GENERATORS
5.1 Introduction
These guidelines reflect current understanding of the role of chemical transport, impurity
concentrations, material selection, corrosion behavior, chemical analysis methods, and industry
practices on the operation and integrity of steam generator systems.
The guidelines included in this chapter represent a condensation of the technical bases from
Chapter 2, chemical control strategies from Chapter 3, and optimization issues from Chapter 4
into a generic program for recirculating steamn generators (RSG). The current understanding
suggests that it is the "consequence" of the contaminant concentrations and concentrating
mechanisms in the steam generator and the susceptibility of the alloys that establishes the
corrosion concern.
It is recognized that steam generator designs vary significantly as do company management

philosophies and economic conditions. Therefore, implementation of these guidelines requires
"customization" to ensure they are specific to the needs of a given power station. However, as
discussed in Chapter 1, this "customization" needs to be accomplished within the framework of
meeting mandatory and "shall" requirements, which are identified in Chapter 8.
As noted in Chapter 1, deviations to mandatory and "shall" requirements shall be handled in

accordance with the guidance in the current revision of the Steam Generator Management
Program (SGMP) Administrative Procedures. Additionally, these Guidelines recommend that
any exception to a recommended element (identified in Chapter 8) be documented in the
Strategic Water Chemistry Plan (see Section 4.3.1).
This chapter contains shall requirements that must be viewed as boundaries of the envelope
within which plant specific optimization should be initiated, and within which plant-specific
limits will often be located. However, it is recognized that, in some cases, plant-specific
considerations will result in these boundaries being exceeded. This is acceptable, as long as each
deviation is appropriately documented and technically justified in accordance with the current
revision of the SGMP Administrative Procedures. The discussions in the previous chapters and
the flowcharts and tables of example values contained in Chapter 4 should be helpful in the effort
to outline the appropriate limits for each plant.
Typical corrective actions are recommended in several portions in this chapter. These corrective
actions are not meant to be all-inclusive or universally applicable and should be modified for
plant specific concerns.
5-1
EAR! Peepzietary Lk;;nvcd AMaeria!
Water Chemistr),GuidelinesRecirculating Steam Generators
This chapter presents general guidelines for the addition of various combinations of chemical
additives in units with a variety of secondary system materials and demineralization schemes.
For some of these chemistry treatment and plant system combinations, extensive field experience
and test data exist; for other combinations, this is not the case. The user of these guidelines
should evaluate the information available regarding previous experience with these treatments
to make an informed decision regarding the selection of any treatment program.
5.2 Control and Diagnostic Parameters
The tables presented in this chapter include chemistry monitoring requirements and
recommendations.
5.2.1 Loss of Monitoring for a Shall Monitoring Requirement

" Compliance to the required monitoring frequency is restored as soon as reasonably practical.
5.2.2 Low Power Hold (LPV) and Mid Power Hold (MPV)
5-2
EPRI Proprietary;kie;z.t.d Af~teria!
Water Chemnistrr Guidelines Recirculating Steam Generators
5-3
EPR4 Propfieltr Lieetesed MAt~eriaf
Water Chemistry Guidelines RecirculatingSteam Generators
5.3 Action Level Responses
Three Action Levels have been defined for taking remedial action when control parameters are
outside the specified operating range. Significant changes from chemistry concentrations
normally achieved at a given station should be investigated. Action Levels prescribe threshold
values of a parameter beyond which long-term system reliability may be jeopardized. Operating
at values such that the Action Level 1 condition is not entered provides a greater degree of
assurance that corrosive conditions will be minimized. Action Level 2 is instituted when
conditions exist that are known to result in steam generator corrosion during extended full power
(100%) operation. Action Level 3 is implemented when conditions exist that will result in rapid
corrosion of a significant secondary side component and continued operation is not advisable.
The Action Levels and the associated chemistry limits are considered to be the first line of
defense against secondary system and steam generator degradation.
5.3.1 Action Level 1
5.3.1.1 "Shall" Requirement Actions
5-4
EI
W1 Awopri ry LiCenstd Gu2tidra
Water Chemistry Gu.idelines Recirculating Steanz Generators
5-5
EPRI P;'rtary Licpnsed MAfertia!
Water Chemistry GuidelinesRecirculatingSteam Generators
5-6
E-PRI Proprietary Lieensed Afateria!
Water Chemistr, GuidelinesRecirculating Steam Generators
5.4 Corrective Actions
Typical corrective actions for various plant status modes are presented in the bullets following
the next paragraph, and in several tables in the balance of this chapter. These corrective actions
are not meant to be all-inclusive or universally applicable but should be considered. It should be
noted that impurities may originate from within the system (weld repair, plant modification,
component replacement, etc.) or from outside of the system (condenser cooling water leak,
makeup water contamination, etc.). Corrective actions vary accordingly.
When chemistry parameters exceed their normal concentrations, corrective actions should be
implemented. The corrective actions which should be implemented are parameter- and plant-
specific. Each plant should have a predefined course of action that has been developed with
attention to specific concerns. The following actions are considered typical:
* Identify and isolate sources of impurity ingress.

* Increase steam generator blowdown to maximum for removal of specific impurities.
* Increase sample and analysis frequencies for short-term trending and confirmatory analyses
of critical chemistry parameters.
5-7
Water Chemistry GuidelinesRecirculating Steam Generators
5.5 Specific Guidelines and Technical Justifications
5.5.1 Cold Shutdown/Wet Layup
5.5.1.1 Guidelines
The guideline parameters for full wet layup are presented in Table 5-1.
5.5.1.2 Discussion
During outages, wet layup of steam generators with chemically treated water is desirable to
minimize corrosion and oxidation during the layup period and also corrosion during subsequent
startup and power operation. Protection is provided by an amine for pH control and hydrazine (or
other qualified oxygen scavenger) to maintain a protective oxide film and a reducing
environment. Plant experience and laboratory studies show that proper layup chemistry can
provide corrosion protection for six months or longer [4, 5].
Units with sensitized tubing should exercise special care to avoid conditions which can result in
formation of intermediate oxidations state sulfur species since these species can cause rapid
attack of sensitized tubing at ambient temperatures. For example, long drained and dry periods
without nitrogen cover should be avoided since these can result in oxidation of sulfides in top of
tubesheet crevices and sludge piles to more aggressive intermediate oxidation states, and can also
concentrate the solutions to more aggressive levels.
5-8
EARI Proprieta~ryLieeffsed Af.etcral
Table 5-1
Wet Layup (RCS _<200F) Steam Generator Sample
5-9
EPRI'Preprictar Lieeptsed AMatrid!
Water Chemistry Guidelines Recirculating Steam Generators
Mixing of the steam generator bulk solution will assure uniform distribution of chemicals in the
bulk water. Nitrogen sparging and/or recirculation [6] and adequate sample line flush times will
provide chemistry samples that are representative of steam generator contents (see Section
7.3.1).
Steam generator layup requirements should be a major consideration of outage planning.
5.5.1.3 Justification for Parameters and Values in Table 5-1
Summary justifications are provided below. Section 2.4 provides more detailed information on
the relative corrosion susceptibility of the different steam generator tubing alloys.
5-10
EARI Ppwpr:..a.y Lkc--
. ed M.te-ia
5.5.1.3.1 Steam Generator
5-11
EPRI Piwrie"~r Lice.Lvcd A~fe#a.Fi
Water Chemnistn, Guidelines Recirculating Steam Generators
5.5.1.3.2 Fill Source/Steam Generator
5.5.1.4 Corrective Action Guidelines
After verification that a parameter is out-of-guidelines, the following actions should be

considered:
Table 5-2
Corrective Action Guidance for Full Wet Layup
5-12
EFRI PrijrictaryLietsce? afetriaid
5.5.2 Heatup/Hot Shutdown (RCS >2000F, <MPV Reactor Power)
5.5.2.1 Guidelines
The guideline parameters and values for feedwater and steam generator blowdown during
heatup/hot shutdown, as well as those for power escalation greater than the lower power value
(>LPV) and greater than the mid power value (>MPV), are given in Table 5-3 and Table 5-4,
respectively.
5.5.2.2 Discussion
5-13
tw~prietfary *I;tveene mafertai
Table 5-3
Recirculating Steam Generator Heatup/Hot Shutdown and Startup (RCS >200°F to <MPV
Reactor Power) Feedwater Sample (from Steam Generator Feed Source)
5-14
EPRI It...etaiJ EteetsedJ. MaZterial
Table 5-4
Recirculating Steam Generator Heatup/Hot Shutdown and Startup (RCS >200°F to <MPV
Reactor Power) Blowdown Sample
5-15
L! ~d
EWPRI PCgenrators
Water Chenzistry Gutidelines Recirculating Steam. Generators
5-16
EM! P-Owpi4ek M T. ýVýA 44"#ýývýj
Water Chemistry Guidelines Recirculating Steam. Generators
5.5.2.3 Justification for Parameters and Values
5-17
EFRI Proprietary Lieeptsed AMftcia !
5.5.2.4 Corrective Action Guidelines-Heatup / Startup
After verification that a parameter is out-of-guidelines, the following corrective actions should
be considered:
5-18
EPRI PpoprietaryLieensed Amfef-f
Table 5-5
Corrective Action Guidance during Heatup / Startup
5-19
T
EPRI19W~feary beeff. a Mateval
5.5.3 Power Operation
5.5.3.1 Guidelines
Guidelines for Ž_MPV reactor power feedwater and blowdown chemistry are given in Table 5-6
and Table 5-7, respectively. Condensate chemistry guidelines at >LPV reactor power are given
in Table 5-8.
5.5.3.2 Discussion
The parameters and operating ranges monitored during power operation are those currently
considered appropriate to protect the steam generators and balance of plant. Site-specific
implementation of these guidelines may result in a more extensive surveillance program or lower
levels of impurities to further reduce the likelihood of corrosion degradation.
Guidelines are provided for feedwater, blowdown, and condensate.
5-20
±ý,tvff ivwprtetary iýteeptsed if atertaf
Water Chemistry'Guidelines RecirculatingSteam Generators
Table 5-6
Recirculating Steam Generator Power Operation (__MPV Reactor Power) Feedwater Sample
5-21
EPRI ProprietaryLicc;;sed Materia!
Table 5-7
Recirculating Steam Generator Power Operation (>MPV Reactor Power) Blowdown Sample
5-22
EPRI Preprietaty tb;efte,
Water C'hemistry GuidelinesRecirculating Steam Generators
Table 5-8
Power Operation (>LPV Reactor Power) Condensate Sample
5-23
EMRI Prcprietary"
Lieetesed 2•4aferial
Water Chemistr, Guidelines RecirculatingSteam Generators
5-24
&M!Proprietar, Liee, sed fatetial
5-25
EPRR Proprietar~yLieetsed Alfatf~ia!
5-26
ETRI Pr.pjzktawy Lieeptsd AMftcrid
5.5.3.4 Corrective Action Guidelines-Power Operation
After verification that a parameter is out-of-guidelines, the following corrective actions should
be considered.
5-27
EPRI ProprietaryLieensed Maftci.a!
Water Chemistry GuidelinesRecirculatingSteanz Generators
Table 5-9
Corrective Action Guidance for Power Operation
5-28
EDRI i....etaWtyLCheistd AGteaiat
Water Chenistrv GuidelinesRecirculating Steam Generators
5.6 References
5-29
EPRI ProprietryLiecezsvd Afateria!1
5-30
EAR! irppretar Lieeptsd Afatefra
6
WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES ONCE-THROUGH
STEAM GENERATORS
6.1 Introduction
The guidelines presented in this chapter reflect the current understanding of the roles of chemical
transport, impurity concentrations, and materials on the operation and integrity of once-through
steam generator (OTSG) systems. They also reflect the technical bases of Chapter 2, the
chemical control strategies of Chapter 3 and the optimization issues of Chapter 4.
The criteria for the establishment of the guideline parameters were:
Using these criteria, guidelines have been formulated which provide chemistry control while
retaining operating flexibility. These guidelines identify parameters to be measured and
recommend actions for off-normal chemistry conditions. Wherever possible, literature sources
are cited for justification.
As discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, it is intended that plant-specific optimized strategic water

chemistry plans be developed for each plant. It is recognized that steam generator designs vary
significantly as do company management philosophies and economic conditions. Therefore,
implementation of these guidelines requires "customization" to ensure they are specific to the
needs of a given power station. However, as discussed in Chapter 1, this "customization" needs
to be accomplished within the framework of meeting mandatory and "shall" requirements, which
are identified in Chapter 8.
6-1
EPR4 Proprietary Lieensed Alaletial
Water Chemistrn Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
As noted in Chapter 1, deviations to mandatory and "shall" requirements shall be handled in

accordance with the guidance in the current revision of the Steam Generator Management
Program (SGMP) Administrative Procedures. Additionally, these. Guidelines recommend that
any exception to a recommended element (identified in Chapter 8) be documented in the
Strategic Water Chemistry Plan (see Section 4.3.1).
This chapter contains shall requirements that must be viewed as boundaries of the envelope
within which plant specific optimization should be initiated, and within which plant-specific
limits will often be located. However, it is recognized that, in some cases, plant-specific
considerations will result in these boundaries being exceeded. This is acceptable, as long as each
deviation is appropriately documented and technically justified in accordance with the current
revision of the SGMP Administrative Procedures. The discussions in the previous chapters and
the flowcharts and tables of example values contained in Chapter 4 should be helpful in the effort
to outline the appropriate limits for each plant.
Typical corrective actions are reconmmended in several sections in this chapter. These corrective
actions are not meant to be all-inclusive or universally applicable and should be modified for
plant-specific concerns.
Because of the operating characteristics of the OTSG, secondary plant water chemistry
requirements differ from those of a recirculating steam generator. This is particularly true during
power operation (i.e., >15% reactor power) since there is no blowdown from an OTSG. In
addition, since some impurities transported to the OTSG via the feedwater are transported almost
quantitatively out of the OTSG by the superheated steam, the turbine rather than the steam
generator may be the limiting corrosion concern. These guidelines assume the cycle and
equipment design is appropriate for the OTSG system (i.e., full-flow condensate polishers, etc.).
Chemistry limits, responses to abnormal chemistry conditions, and the impact of such
considerations on plant operation are discussed in this chapter. The chemistry limits and action
levels are considered to be the minimum requirements for protection against steam generator,
secondary system, and turbine corrosion. The guidelines are applicable for any cooling water
source and are based upon the philosophy that plants should operate with the lowest practicable
impurity levels consistent with their circumstances.
6-2
EPRI Pr.pt;et.ryLiee;;ed A2te.ia.l
Water Chemistry Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6.2 Control and Diagnostic Parameters
The tables presented in this chapter include surveillance parameter requirements and
recommendations.
6.2.1 Loss of Monitoringfor a Shall Monitoring Requirement

* Compliance to the required monitoring frequency is restored as soon as reasonably practical.
6.3 Action Level Responses
Three Action Levels have been defined for taking remedial action when monitored parameters
are outside the specified operating range. Deviations from chemistry concentrations normally
achieved at a given station should be investigated. Action Levels prescribe values of a parameter
above which long-term system reliability may be jeopardized. Operating below Action Level 1
values provides a greater degree of assurance that corrosive conditions will be minimized. Action
Level 2 is instituted when conditions exist which are more likely to result in steam generator or
balance of plant corrosion during extended full power operation. Action Level 3 is implemented
when conditions exist which have the potential to result in rapid steam generator or balance of
plant corrosion, and continued operation is not advisable.
The Action Levels and the associated chemistry limits are considered to be the first line of
defense against secondary system and steam generator degradation.
6-3
E-PRI ProprictaryLiens.c! A~ei 1~
Water Chenistry Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6-4
EPRI Pr.pri.tary Lx;;e__.
. d1f-cial
Water ChemistrY Guidelines Once- Th rough Steam Generators

6.3.3.1 "Shall" Requirement Actions:
6.4 Operating Conditions
These guidelines address steam generator status relative to the thermal and hydraulic conditions
within the steam generator, based on the corresponding plant condition, and the consequent
effects of the chemical environment. Revision 7 was updated by replacing the operating
condition descriptive wording with the applicable temperature and power condition in both the
text and tables of Chapter 6. The following operating conditions and corresponding temperature
and power conditions were used as the basis:
1. Cold Shutdown/Wet Layup: RCS < 2007F
2. Startup: 200'F < RCS < 350'F
3. Hot Standby: RCS > 350'F, Reactor-not-critical
4. Reactor Critical at < 15% Power
6-5
EFRI P-opprktdry Lieeted MAt nea!
Water Chemist, Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
5. Power operation: > 15% Reactor Power
6.5 Guidelines
6.5.1 Cooldown/Hot Soaks
During plant cooldown, steam generator bulk water may contain significant levels of impurities
from hideout return. A site specific plan for maximizing the removal from the steam generators
of hideout return impurities during the cooldown should be included in the outage shutdown
plan. The plan should also include the development of a hideout return database. (See Chapter 7
for details on evaluating hideout return data.)
6-6
E-D 1l p # or e Watery
LCemnisd t, iel
Water ChemistrY Guidelines Once- Through Steam Generators
6.5.2 Cold Shutdown/Wet Layup
6.5.2.1 Guidelines
The guideline parameters for wet layup are presented in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2.
6-7
Water Chenzistry Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6.5.2.2 Discussion
During outages, wet layup of steam generators with chemically treated water is desirable to
minimize corrosion and oxidation during the layup period and also corrosion during subsequent
startup and power operation. Protection is provided by an amine for pH control and hydrazine (or
other qualified oxygen scavenger) to maintain a protective oxide film and a reducing
environment. Plant experience and laboratory studies show that proper layup chemistry can
provide corrosion protection for six months or longer [5, 6].
Mixing of the steam generator bulk solution will assure uniform distribution of chemicals in the
bulk water. Nitrogen sparging and/or recirculation [7]and adequate sample line flush times will
provide chemistry samples that are representative of steam generator contents. (see Section
7.3.1).
Steam generator layup requirements should be a major consideration of outage planning.
6-8
EPRI mwpmefary hteepesed iiatenaf
Table 6-1
Wet Layup (RCS _2000 F) Steam Generator Sample
6-9
v
Water Chemistr, Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
Table 6-2
Once-Through Steam Generator Fill Water
Summary justifications are provided below. Section 2.4 provides more detailed information on
the relative corrosion susceptibility of the different steam generator tubing alloys.
6.5.2.3.1 Steam Generator
6-10
E-PR Pmprietaty Lieepesd AMatefia
6.5.2.3.2 Fill Source/Steam Generator
6.5.2.4 Corrective Actions
After verification that a parameter is not within normal limits, the corrective actions given in
Table 6-3 should be considered.
6-11
R! Propriefti SLi~rwd Maftri.~il
E-f•12
Water ChemistrY Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
Table 6-3
Corrective Actions during Cold Shutdown/Wet Layup (< 200'F)
6.5.3 Startup, Hot Standby, and Reactor Criticalat <15% Reactor Power (RCS
>2000F, <15% Reactor Power)
6.5.3.1 Guidelines/Technical Justifications
Feedwater and OTSG chemistry guidelines during startup, hot standby, and low power operation
are given in Table 6-4 and Table 6-5, respectively.
Proper feedwater quality minimizes corrosion of the steam generators and produces steanm that is
suitable for turbine startup and operation. It also reduces fouling of steam generator heat transfer
surfaces and support plate flow paths.
6-12
ýroprietwty Lieensed Afaftcral
Good water quality reduces the time required to go from system startup to full power operation.
It is important to attain the best possible feedwater chemistry during startups to minimize the
amount of time in this operating condition.
6-13
EPRI ProprietaryLieenscd A~f.etial
Table 6-4
Once-Through Steam Generator RCS > 200°F to Reactor Critical at <15% Reactor Power
Feedwater Sample
6-14
Table 6-5
Once-Through Steam Generator RCS > 2000 F to Reactor Critical at <15% Reactor Power
Blowdown Sample'
6-15
EPRI D..prie.fry Liet,"..d A.fa-rit
Water Chemistri,Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6.5.3.2 Parameter Justifications
6.5.3.2.1 Feedwater
6-16
I
EFRý i"metary Lieettsedffafefia
6.5.3.2.2 Steam GeneratorBulk Water
It is considered appropriate that the impurity concentration limits between 0% and 15% reactor
power should be essentially the same as for recirculating steam generators at full power. Note
that these limits are somewhat more conservative for OTSGs both because of the lower
temperatures at the tubesheet and the limited time for which these limits apply.
6.5.3.3 Corrective Actions
After verification that a parameter is not within normal limits, the corrective actions given in
Table 6-6 should be considered.
Table 6-6
Corrective Actions during RCS > 200°F to Reactor Critical at <15% Reactor Power
6-17
twv topria..., taeneqoafenat~cu
6-18
T
EPIRI Prwp1iyeary beecn.ed maftier;
6.5.4 Power Operation (Ž>15% Reactor Power)
6.5.4.1 Guidelines/Technical Justifications
Feedwater chemistry guidelines for power operation are given in Table 6-7. Chemistry
guidelines for condensate samples are given in Table 6-8. For normal operation, these values
represent limits below which little impurity-related corrosion of steam generators or turbines has
been noted by the industry. Out-of-guideline conditions should be corrected within the time
specified. Higher water quality should be maintained whenever possible.
6-19
EPRI PrmprictaryLiecensd ,•f!eriaf
Table 6-7
Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (_15% Reactor Power) Feedwater
Sample
6-20
ERIiq.U -ropitery Lieeptsd Aat.erm!
Table 6-8
Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (>15% Reactor Power)
Condensate Sample
Table 6-9
Once-Through Steam Generator Power Operation (_15% Reactor Power)
Moisture Separator Drain Sample
6.5.4.2 Parameter Justifications
6-21
EPRI Prcpricta.-y Liccrnscd Ataeteis!
Water Chenzistrv Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6-22
T
V je
O LP,ý ý a . ..... sv.... ...........
6-23
EPRDI r.ri.ary Lieens-
.. d tefia!
Water ChemistrY Guidelines Once-Through Steamn Generators
6.5.4.3 Corrective Action Guidelines-Power Operation
After verification that a parameter is out-of-guidelines, the corrective actions given in Table 6-10
should be considered.
6-24
E-PRI , plopitary Lieef~sd AMwferit!
Table 6-10
Corrective Action during Power Operation (> 15% Reactor Power)
6-25
EPRI Pfeprit.-r Lieeptsed AI.2tcria
Water Chemistri,Guidelines Once-Through Steam Generators
6.6 References
6-26
ib;f~: iwo~rtea.ryEteenseaez ma~rt~rat
6-27
6-28
EPR4 Pro~prietary lnieettsd AkterW
7
DATA: COLLECTION, EVALUATION, AND
MANAGEMENT
7.1 Introduction
The primary purposes of secondary cycle chemistry controls are to minimize general corrosion
and prevent localized corrosion of plant materials with the expectation of attaining the design life
of all components. The effectiveness of the secondary cycle chemistry control program must be
continually evaluated to determine if chemistry conditions in the bulk water are consistent with
achieving these goals. During operation, corrosion processes can only be inferred by analyzing
treatment additives, impurities, and corrosion products in conditioned samples withdrawn from
bulk process streams. Non-representative samples and analysis errors can provide misleading
results. A QA/QC program that addresses sampling and analysis issues is necessary.
Recent developments in modeling have enabled chemistry conditions throughout the cycle to be
evaluated while minimizing sampling and analytical requirements. In particular, the EPRI
ChemWorksTM software can be used for this purpose (see Section 7.4.2). There are also other
tools available for assessing local chemistry conditions and component performance. A hideout
return study during shutdowns can provide an indication of concentration processes within the
steam generators while the system was operating, Inspections of steam generators and other
components can indicate the extent and mode of corrosion. Mass balances can be used to
evaluate impurity input sources. Once impurity source terms are quantified, corrective measures
can be taken to reduce impurity inventories and/or concentrations. The mass balance tool can be
used for ionic species as well as corrosion products. For plants that utilize condensate polishers
and/or blowdown demineralizers, resin analyses can provide an indication of the performance of
the resins and their impact on system chemistry.
In Chapters 5 and 6, secondary water chemistry guidelines are established for units with
*recirculating steam generators and once-through steam generators. Table 7-1 and Table 7-2
summarize the continuous instrumentation identified for Control (C) parameter monitoring in
Chapters 5 and 6, respectively. Diagnostic parameters of Chapters 5 and 6 that can be monitored
using continuous instrumentation are designated by (D). Examples of Additional (A)
instrumentation that can provide further assistance in assessing chemistry variations and
component performance are also given.
7-1
EPR.' Pr~prkt.2r, Lieensed Material
Data: Collection, Evaluation, and Management
Table 7-1
Examples of Continuous Instrumentation for Recirculating Steam Generators
Table 7-2
Examples of Continuous Instrumentation for Once-Through Steam Generators
7-2
ig~iear
..... Lteepiseitmafeat.r
7.2 Data Collection and Analysis
7.2.1 Data Collection
Data collection is performed by grab sampling and by process instrumentation analysis. Both
types of analyses are required. For short-term system diagnosis, in-line (continuous process) data
typically are used as the initial indication of an event. Grab sample data are typically used for
long-term diagnosis and short-term confirmatory information. Data collection frequencies are
designated for control parameters in Chapters 5 and 6. Frequencies for diagnostic parameters
should be assessed based on the perceived site-specific need for the particular analysis. A site
specific plan for contingency sampling when a process instrument is out of service also should
be developed (see Chapter 1).
7.2.2 Basis for GeneratingChemistry Data of Known Quality
ASTM and other sources have developed specific standards and guidelines for QA/QC practices
that are applicable to power plant chemistry programs.
7.2.3 Data Management
The PWR Secondary Water Chemistr, Guidelines do not specify explicit requirements for a
chemistry data management system, but do identify desirable features which can be incorporated
into a plant-specific system. A main feature of a data management system should be
retrievability of results in a timely manner. Ideally, the data management system should provide
for automated input from chemical process instrumentation and manual input from grab sample
analyses. A well designed chemistry data management system should provide the following to
enable reviews to promptly identify and assess potential problems:
* System being sampled and sample point
* Plant status (e.g., power level, blowdown flow rate, polisher configuration, etc.)
* Chemistry limits and analysis frequency
* Analysis time
* Results of current and previous samples
* Actions to be taken if limits are not met (e.g., chemical additions, changes in blowdown flow
rate or demineralizer/polisher status, etc.)
7-3
E-PR4 A-priel~ary Lieensed M~ttrial
Data. Collection, Evaluation, and Management
Ideally, the chemistry data management system would be capable of interfacing with EPRI
ChemWorksTM (see Section 7.4.2), linking plant data files to the Plant Chemistry Simulator
(PCS) to perform automated evaluations. Other desirable features of the data management
system include:
" Graphically display chemistry and operational parameters as a function of time, with real
time plots available from process instrumentation
* Perform mass balances for various species
* Graphically display QC results on control charts and evaluate the results for conformance
requirements. (A separate data management system can be used to perform this function.)
7.2.4 QC Considerationsfor Secondary Chemistry Control
An important aspect of the QC program is the analysis of QC samples to verify analytical

performance. Analysis of QC samples should reflect the matrix of the samples under analysis
unless the matrix is known to not impact the analysis result (i.e., analysis of a QC sample in
demineralized water will not necessarily verify the sulfate concentration in a steam generator
blowdown sample under layup conditions with 100 ppm hydrazine and 20 ppm ammonia). The
following practices are recommended:
Chemistry process instrumentation should be calibrated and maintained to the

degree necessary to provide accurate, real-time data. Additional guidance is provided in
ASTM D-3864 [2].
Chemicals used as treatment additives can be a source of impurity ingress to the secondary cycle.
Purchase specifications should ensure that sodium, chloride, and sulfate are limited in treatment
additives. Impurities such as ethylene glycol should be limited in ETA or as appropriate in other
amines.
7-4
EPRI Pr-,zig.ietv Lieemse~d Altfejhd
7.3 Sampling Considerations
7.3.1 General Considerations
Efforts should be made to assure that a sample is representative of the process stream or vessel of
interest. Long sample lines and improper sample conditioning can lead to results that do not
reflect process stream concentrations. Non-representative samples can result from:
Existing sampling systems often do not take into account design features presently considered
appropriate. Plants upgrading their sampling systems should consider improved sampling
practices such as those given by ASTM and ASME [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. General guidance such as the
following is provided in such references:
7-5
EAR! preprictaryLicci;sed M4wietia!
Additional considerations relevant to PWR secondary system sampling and analysis are given
below:
A major concern is sampling the steam generators during blowdown isolation or shutdowns. If
the plant is at temperature during blowdown isolation, blowdown samples may not be
representative as a result of excessive sample transport times. Sample collection time should
reflect sample transport time in the sample line if delays are significant. During shutdowns, with
or without blowdown isolation, pressure may not be available to provide sufficient head for
sample flow, and local samples must be withdrawn for analysis. This is a particular concern
during layup conditions. If a recirculation pump is not used, local samples must be collected, and
purging requirements should be defined. It is suggested that replicate samples be collected at the
highest practicable purge rate to establish sample validity. A particular concern is sampling after
a chemical addition during layup without recirculation. In this case, local samples can be non-
representative unless nitrogen sparging is used to distribute the chemicals.
7-6
v.
•'XW Pr-epmetary Lieeirsed Afatcria
7.3.2 Corrosion Products
7.3.2.1 Sampling
Sampling of feedwater, condensate, and blowdown for metal oxides presents significant
challenges since a significant fraction of the iron based corrosion products are particulate.
Although the particulates may be uniformly distributed in the flowing stream, deposition on
sample line tubing surfaces and subsequent release of deposited oxides from the sample line can
significantly affect the sample concentration and its relation to the concentration in the process
stream. In addition, feedwater and condensate system concentrations during normal operation are
generally very low. General guidance on collection of filterable and non-filterable matter in
water samples is given in ASTM D 6301-03 [6].
To improve the likelihood of obtaining a representative sample, the following approaches should
be considered:
7-7
,biw; ircprlcary i~ette 2Mafenai
Data: Collection, Evaluation. and Management
Table 7-3
Sample Flowrate (kg/min) required to Achieve a Sample Line Velocity of 6 ft/sec
Table 7-4
Sample Line Velocity (ft/sec) at a Sample Flowrate of 1 kg/min
7-8
Propfi.et.ay Lieeptsd AMiteria!
Table 7-5
Sample Line Reynolds Number (dimensionless) at a Sample Flowrate of 1 kg/min
7-9
ibeifit it"priefary ibteeptseq wafertat
7.3.3 Oxygen
Sampling of feedwater for oxygen requires special consideration. In the past, most feedwater
sampling systems were designed with sample coolers and analyzers distant from the sample
location. As a result, the feedwater oxygen concentration was routinely underestimated due to its
reaction with hydrazine in the sample line prior to sample cooling and analysis. Guidance for
obtaining reliable feedwater hydrazine and oxygen concentration data can be derived from the
work of Dalgaard [9].
The rate of change of the oxygen concentration in the sample line as a function of the oxygen
and hydrazine concentration and temperature can be approximated as follows:
Where, Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information
Solving this equation for the oxygen concentration at time t (for a small variation in hydrazine
concentration),
Where,
This equation is based on data with initial oxygen concentrations in the range of approximately 5
to 100 ppb. It should not be used for estimating reaction rates far outside this concentration
range.
7-10
EPRR Proprietar,Lieen.scd Materiai
Table 7-6 shows an example calculation of oxygen concentration versus time in a feedwater
sample line at 204'C (477K) with 40 ppb hydrazine and 5 ppb oxygen.
Table 7-6
Example Calculation of Oxygen Reduction in a Feedwater Sample Line
The need to minimize the delay time between the feedwater sample point and the initial sample
cooler to obtain reliable oxygen concentration data is clearly illustrated by the Table 7-6
example.
7.3.4 Sample System Design Consideration
The diagrams shown in Figure 7-1, Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3 illustrate several suggested
approaches to sample system design. The specific configuration shown in Figure 7-4 should
minimize fractionation of suspended matter based on the density difference of water and the
suspended matter.
7-11
EAR! Aro priela5y Lieeirsed A~ftc. !
Figure 7-1
Example of Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Oxygen Sampling
Figure 7-2
Example of Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Metal Oxide Sampling
7-12
EPRI Prmpriet" Lieensed AM~ftria!
Data.: Collection. Evaluation, and Management
Figure 7-3
Suggested Feedwater Sample Line Configuration for Oxygen and Metal Oxide Sampling
Figure 7-4
Example of a Sample Tee Configuration
7.3.5 Sampling for Lead
7-13
fýFf mrrijwwry Etensea mofenat..
Data: Collection, Evaluation,and Management
7.3.6 Alternative to Continuous Blowdown Sampling for Sodium for OTSGs

During Startup
In the case where continuous monitoring of blowdown sodium concentrations cannot be met, an
alternate calculational / intermittent measurement approach can be employed based on a mass
balance assessment utilizing continuous feedwater measurement of sodium concentrations and
grab sample measurements of blowdown sodium concentrations. The following conditions
should be employed in this approach:
It is expected that these criteria will be demonstrated by a suitable evaluation of plant data and
analytical capability, and verified by comparing continuous feedwater and grab sample
blowdown sodium concentrations, before this alternative approach is employed.
In addition, the following issues should be considered in development of the mass balance
assessment:
7-14
E4WI mPropieftay hteeptsd 2wterti~
7.4 Data Evaluation Tools
7.4.1 Introduction
Data evaluation historically has involved consideration of conformance to specification or target

values, comparisons of parameter values at different sampling locations, comparisons of
measured pH and conductivity values to values calculated from measured chemical additive
concentrations, comparions of measured cation conductivity to that calculated from anion
concentration data, etc. Software packages are available to perform these comparisons on a
routine basis. Other evaluation tools that may provide valuable information include secondary
system mass balances, steam generator hideout return studies, and resin performance testing
including resin kinetics, site composition, and capacity.
The initial evaluation of chemistry data should be performed by the person generating the data or
recording data from chemical process instrumentation. Investigations should take place if an
analysis parameter falls outside of a normally observed range or outside of a control band.
Changes in system configuration, plant conditions, or chemical dosing may explain the change
in analysis results. The QA/QC program should be designed such that changes in analysis results
are not artifacts of the sampling or measurement approach.
To the extent practicable, pH/conductivity/treatment additive concentration relationships and

cation conductivity/anion impurity relationships should be automated and biases given. Analysis
parameters from different sample points should be consistent with expected relationships. The
Strategic Water Chemistry plan or appropriately referenced station document should identify the
frequency with which the calculated pH, specific and cation conductivity comparisons should be
made with actual data, in different portions of the secondary system. This may require analysis
for organic acids as well as the routine anionic contaminants. Computer programs are available
for such calculations. QC data should be considered when evaluating the significance of any
differences seen in the calculated versus measured values. The acceptable uncertainty of these
comparisons can be different for different portions of the secondary systems.
7.4.2 EPRI ChemWorks M

T Software
EPRI ChemWorksTM is a series of computer codes developed to aid chemistry personnel in

evaluating and interpreting chemistry data and predicting various chemical conditions throughout
the secondary cycle. The modules were developed with the idea that computer tools could be
used to model the chemistry environment on the basis of design/operational plant parameters and
limited measured analysis parameters. The following software models, summarized in Table 7-7,
are available as of the publication of these guidelines.
7-15
To
&. -,- ;c.ft y c...... .....
Table 7-7
M
T
EPRI ChemWorks Software Products
Title Description Software Product ID

Type
ChemWorks MT Tools, Developed to be the core ChemWorksTM application
version 1.0 . that contains previously EPRI ChemWorksTM
spreadsheet applications. Current version includes Application 1014959
MULTEQ 4.0 and Hideout Return Calculator.
MULTEQ Version 4.0 Stand-alone version of MULTEQ 4.0, EPRI's high Application 1014414
Desktop Application temperature chemistry calculator.
Plant Chemistry An equilibrium chemistry simulator for the PWR
Simulator Version 4.0: secondary system. See below for a more detailed Application 1006145
PWRSCS 4.0/BWRSIM description.
4.0
CIRCE - PWR An integrated application that combines the Plant
Secondary Water Chemistry Simulator, FAC rate calculations from Application 1014960
Chemistry Optimization EPRI CHECworks, and the EDF BOUTHYC model.
Tool Version 1.0
ChemWorksTM- Primary Spreadsheet application to estimate the leak rate
to Secondary Leak from the primary coolant to the secondary circuit. Excel 1000989
Calculator Software, Spreadsheet
Version 2.0
ChemWorks TM Polisher A resin management tool that tracks polisher and
Performance Calculator blowdown vessels, resin charges, and the Application 1007330
(PPC) Software, Version regeneration frequency and chemical consumption
1.0
ChemWorksTM - AminMod models the distribution of amines, amine
AminMOD, Version 4.0 decomposition products, and boric acid at key points
in the secondary cycle [12, 31]. More rigorous Application SW-1 09560-P6
results are obtained with the Plant Chemistry
Simulator, but quick estimates can be performed
with basic system design input.
ChemWorksTMM Mixed Calculates the equilibrium leakage of a condensate
Bed Ion Exchange polisher or blow down demineralizer based on the Application SW-109560-P9DK
(MBIE) Version 1.0 ionic loading of the contaminants.
Integrated Exposure Calculates an integrated exposure (IE) and an
Calculator (IE actual tube exposure factor (TEF) for sodium, Application 1006143
Calculator) Version 1.0 chloride, and sulfate [321. The methods implemented
in the IE Calculator are described in Appendix A.
Below are more detailed descriptions of the most commonly used products for PWR Secondary
Chemistry.
7.4.2.1 ChemWorks Tools TM
The ChemWorksT M User's Group and the EPRI Technical Advisory Committee indicated that the
preferred method for using EPRI's various ChemWORKS products was to have them combined
in a single software application. EPRI has responded to this request by developing ChemWorksTM
Tools application, which currently has MULTEQ and the Hideout Return Calculator [34].
7-16
EPRI Prdprieftwy Lieeptsed Alatetial
7.4.2.2 MULTEQ
MULTEQ is a stand-alone program that calculates the chemical speciation, pH and

electrochemical potential of an aqueous solution as it is concentrated up to 10"' between 150'C
and 335°C. MULTEQ calculates complex chemical interactions of species and allows
precipitates to form during the concentration process by assuming that the liquid, vapor, and
solid phases are in thermodynamic equilibrium. MULTEQ also calculates the boiling point
elevation (BPE) during the concentration process. Calculations at lower temperatures can be
performed if the equilibrium and distribution constants are verified and/or modified to be
accurate at the specified temperature. Conductivity and pH calculations also can be performed at
25°C. In performing these calculations it should be understood that exactly 25°C must be
specified to ensure that the code default values are used.
7.4.2.3 Hideout Return Calculator
The Hideout Return Calculator is now part of the ChemWorksTM Tools Application, which
calculates the change in the impurity or boric acid inventory in the steam generators from
blowdown and feedwater concentrations, power level, steam generator water level, blowdown
flowrate, and feedwater flowrate during a shutdown is also available. Successive summations of
the changes in inventory over time provide the cumulative hideout return. The spreadsheet
performs the calculations for different steam generator models at varying blowdown and
feedwater flowrates. The model will be integrated with MULTEQ in the ChemWorksTM Tools
Application [11].
7-17
r . . .
. .
. .
7.4.2.4 Plant Chemistry Simulator
The Plant Chemistry Simulator (PCS) allows the user to model the equilibrium distribution of
chemical species, steam generator hideout, chemical decomposition, and condensate
polisher/blowdown demineralizer impurity removal for PWRs and BWRs [30]. The distribution
of additives and contaminants in the steam cycle is calculated in terms of solute flows in the
steam/water system. Phase separations are modeled using the MULTEQ high temperature
chemistry calculation. The following components are modeled by the PCS:
* Steam generator* * Boiler feed pump turbine *

" Blowdown flash tank* * Feedwater heater shells
* Blowdown demineralizert * Heater shell drain tank
* Main steam " Heater drain tank*
* HP turbine* * Feedtrain tube side

* Moisture separator* " Condenser*
* LP turbine* " Air ejector
" Steam reheater* * Condensate polishert

*includes phase separation calculation
tincludes ion exchange equilibrium calculation
The model is based on the passage of steam from the steam generator through the high pressure
turbine, moisture separators, reheaters, and low pressure turbine to the condenser. Condensate is
then returned to the steam generator via the feed train. Plant-specific temperatures and flow rates
are used in the model.
7.4.2.5 CIRCE
In 2005, EDF and EPRI began collaborating on the development of the CIRCE research program
to evaluate the effects of chemistry on general corrosion, flow assisted corrosion, and steam
generator fouling. In 2007, EPRI released the CIRCE vi .0 software application that combined
the following models:
* EPRI Plant Chemistry Simulator,
" EDF BOUTHYC Steam Generator Fouling Model
" EPRI ChecWORKS model (or user specified FAC rates)
" Iron Transport Model developed by EPRI and EDF.
The model combines several cycles of operation for a single unit, and can be used to calculated
steam generator fouling factors over time [27].
7-18
E-PRI Proprietary Liensd Mfteria
7.4.2.6 Polisher Performance Calculator
Polisher Performance Calculator (PPC) is a stand-alone application that allows the user to
employ ion exchange system descriptions, and operations data to estimate system economics,
and the performance of each polisher and charge of resin. The PPC provides a consistent,
standardized method for tracking polisher system performance for utilities with multiple stations
[33].
7.4.3 CalculatedCation Conductivity
Cation conductivity is used to monitor the total concentration of anionic contaminants.

Monitoring this parameter requires that the sample be passed through cation resin in the
hydrogen form which exchanges cations in the sample with the hydrogen ion:
R-I+ + Na+ + C--- R-Na+ + CI + H+
Since the equivalent conductance of typical cations (such as sodium and ammonium) and anions
is 50-80 Siemens-cm 2/equivalent, whereas the hydrogen ion has an equivalent conductance of
350 Siemens-cm 2/equivalent (see Table 7-8), the measurement is more sensitive to strong acid
anions than the specific conductivity measurement. Ammonia, hydrazine and amines do not
affect the measured cation conductivity since they are removed by the cation resin:
RH÷ + NH 4 ÷ + Off--> R-NH 4+ + H20
Table 7-8
Equivalent Conductivities for Some Ions: [Ref. MULTEQ Database]
7-19
EPR.I Preprieaty Lieeteed Maleria!
Data: Collection, Evaluation.and Management
Although advanced amine pH treatment additives do not directly contribute to the cation
conductivity, their decomposition leads to the formation of short chain organic acid anions such
as acetate and formate that elevate cation conductivity. Strongly ionized anions such as chloride
and sulfate have been documented to have deleterious effects on steam generator and turbine
materials when the anions are present at high concentrations. Anions associated with breakdown
of organics and amines (such as acetic and formic acid) have not been shown to impact corrosion
of secondary system components within current chemistry control practices. The cation
conductivity measured in plant streams reflects a combination of all anions, including borates,
fluoride, and organic acid anions. Since complex ionic equilibria govern the behavior of a multi-
component system, a simple subtraction of the conductivity contribution of any single
component or of several components cannot be made on a linear basis (e.g., taking the ppb times
a factor does not properly take into account the effect on solution conductivity governed by
complex ionic equilibria).
To demonstrate conformance to control parameter values, the concentrations of chloride and

sulfate (and any other strong-acid, non volatile anions, e.g., phosphate) are used to calculate the
cation conductivity, taking into account the proper ionic equilibria with water. Calculations of
specific and cation conductivity can be performed using MULTEQ.
Increases in cation conductivity above the normal baseline level also can be used as an indicator
of possible chloride or sulfate ingress and as a basis for an augmented chloride or sulfate analysis
effort. However, the increase cannot be used as a quantitative indicator of the actual chloride or
sulfate concentration.
7.4.4 Steam GeneratorCorrosionEvaluations
7.4.4.1 Source Term Evaluation
The principle of ALARA chemistry is based on the optimal reduction of source terms.
Understanding the sources of the steam generator impurities allows the utility to prioritize
resources to address and reduce source terms. Source term identification can be addressed in two
ways: through direct analysis of each source or through modeling. Typically, both of these
methods are used. The goal of each method is to perform a mass balance of the secondary system
impurities to identify and quantify impurity source and removal terms. Table 7-9 gives examples
of source and removal terms typically found in PWR secondary systems.
7-20
±rwieprier.-ryiLweenrsa maertatcra
Table 7-9
Typical Source and Removal Terms in PWR Secondary Systems
At steady state, the source and removal terrns must be equal:
Y'(WIN )(CIN) = -- (WOUT)(COUT)
Where:,
W = Mass flow rate, lbs./hr.

C = Concentration, lbs./lbs.
IN = Sources
OUT = Removal
The difficulty occurs in systems where either the flowrate is not known or the concentration is
less than detectable. This is where modeling can greatly help. The EPRI ChemWorksTM Plant
Chemistry Simulator (PCS) can be used to perform mass balances for the secondary system and
calculate concentrations of streams that are either not able to be sampled or have too low a
concentration to measure. Once the concentrations and flows are established, a prioritized listing
of each impurity and source can be determined. Table 7-10 gives an example of this technique
for sodium for a plant rejecting blowdown to the environment.
7-21
rbff frepiet.ry LICCILVse '%iafr
r
Table 7-10
Source and Removal Term Percentages
In this example, impurity removal and input rates are very similar indicating minimal hideout in
the steam generators. Note that some amount of difference is typical and may be due to errors in
the measurements or unaccounted for source or removal terms. The utility can use this
information to prioritize source term reduction actions as well as to understand the importance of
addressing issues such as condensate polisher performance, condenser inleakage, etc.
7.4.4.2 Source Term Contribution from Total Organic Carbon
Secondary systems are susceptible to contamination from organic compounds from a variety of
sources: maintenance activities, contaminants in makeup water, degradation of non-metallic
secondary system components, and additive chemicals. The principal organic compounds seen in
the secondary systems due to amine degradation products are acetates, formates, and glycolates,
which are routinely measured in the 1-100 ppb concentration range. The principal effect of these
anions is to increase the cation conductivity of secondary system water. To date, there have been
no negative effects noted on secondary system component corrosion or reliability due to the
presence of these anions. However, the increased cation conductivity caused by the presence of
these organic acids decreases the ability to identify ingress of other anionic impurities such as
chloride and sulfate.
7-22
I-ibi trronricryiLWeepyea mafenat
Increases in blowdown chloride and sulfate concentrations can result from the ingress of chlorine
and sulfur bearing organics. Makeup water can be a source of such compounds if the water
treatment processes are focused on removing only ionic contaminants. The organic materials
may not be detected in the makeup water treatment system effluent because they are non- or
weakly ionic, and are at low concentrations. Analysis for specific organic compounds is not
practical since there is such a wide variety of possibilities. However, Total Organic Carbon
(TOC) analyses are sometimes performed [14].
Several instruments used for this analysis [15] employ the decomposition of carbon compounds
into carbon dioxide and water. The methods of organic carbon oxidation include:
* Peroxydisulfate-UV irradiation,
* High temperature oven-oxidant,
* Metal catalyst-UV methods.
In evaluating sources of secondary cycle impurities, transport of organically bound inorganics

such as chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus should be considered. For example, chlorination will
produce varying concentrations of chloromethane, chloroethane and dichloromethane, depending
upon the degree of chlorination and the concentration of organic matter. Water treatment
processes that use only ion exchange will not remove these compounds, as they are not ionic.
Furthermore, concentrations of these compounds of several hundred ppb will go undetected
because the usual methods of demineralized water analysis are directed towards ionic
compounds. These compounds undergo rapid degradation in the steam generators when they are
exposed to high temperature. The principal degradation product will be chloride. The absence of
a corresponding cation (e.g., sodium) is an indication that the source may be organic halides.
Several methods of analysis are available to detect low concentrations of these compounds in
make up water. Analysis for total organic halides (TOX) can be performed along the lines of the
TOC, except that the oxidation products are analyzed for halides by microcoulometric analysis
[16]. At BWRs, the presence of organically bound sulfur and chlorine is routinely evaluated by
post UV ion chromatographic analyses for sulfate and chloride.
Minor leaks of turbine oils that contain organophosphate compounds can create similar
problems. These oils will decompose to yield carbon dioxide, water and phosphate. This may not
even be noticed in routine ion chromatographic analysis since HPO4 2- is strongly retained by an
ion chromatography column. However, this could show up as a discrepancy between cation
conductivity and calculated cation conductivity if phosphate concentrations are significantly
elevated.
Organic chemicals also can contaminate make up water when new resins are put into service.
One of the final steps in resin production is to swell the beads with an organic compound (1, 3
dichloropropane is a commonly used swelling agent). This material is then flushed from the resin
with water and the resins are regenerated and then packed for shipment. Traces of these
compounds on the resins will enter the make up water system undetected unless the final make
up water is analyzed for TOC/NPOC/POC or POX/NPOX. At least one such event has had a
significant effect on plant operation [17]. In this instance, even after resin regeneration and
significant volume water flush of the resin (more than 10,000 gallons), between 100 and 400 ppb
of dichloropropane was found in the demineralizer effluent.
7-23
T
ER ~pitr Lteensd Mtatertaf
Plants also experience leaching of organic materials from cation resins in the condensate polisher
or blowdown recovery systems. The extent of this leaching depends upon the temperature of the
fluid in contact with the resin, the amine used, and its concentration. The principal compounds
that are leached are short chain sulfonic acids. These compounds are weakly ionic and do not
contribute significantly to either specific or cation conductivity. They are not detectable through
normal chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography for sulfate) since the sulfate is still
organically bound. One approach that can be used to determine their presence is to split a sample
and analyze the first part for sulfates directly. The second portion is irradiated with a high
intensity UV light. This portion is then analyzed by ion chromatography for sulfates. The
irradiation process decomposes the organic material into carbon dioxide, water, and sulfate,
which also occurs when water processed by demineralizers is fed forward to the steam
generators.
Finally, organic compounds are routinely observed during a unit power decrease or shutdown.
The acetate, formate and glycolate ions may be returning from hideout regions but they are more
likely formed at an increased rate from the pH additives when oxygen enters the system during
shutdowns. These compounds can contribute significantly to the cation conductivity.
7.4.4.3 Integrated Exposure Evaluation (for Recirculating Steam Generators)
Research completed under EPRI's Heated Crevice Program, discussed in Appendix A, shows
that the mass of impurities accumulated in RSG crevices is proportional to the impurity
exposure. Appendix A describes several proposed methods for determining the relative amount
of integrated exposure. While these methods do not quantify the actual mass of impurities in the
crevice, they do provide a relative indication of the amount of impurities accumulated in the
crevice at any point during the cycle. Plant personnel and plant management may find this a
useful tool in the decision-making process when considering responses to chemistry transients.
Appendix A also provides examples of how several plants have used the integrated exposure
concept. It should be noted that information in these examples does not supersede any Action
Levels, requirements, or responses; the plants are still responsible for following procedures when
Action Levels are entered. It should also be noted that these models are not applicable to OTSGs.
This is due to the manner in which contaminants accumulate in the RSG crevices, which is not
the same as for the OTSG surfaces.
7.4.4.4 Hideout Return Evaluations [11]
During a unit shutdown, steam voids collapse, crevices are rewetted, and impurities diffuse into
the bulk water. This process is known as hideout return. Return of species from crevice regions,
sludge piles and surface deposits is expected to occur. Evaluation of hideout return data is
described in various EPRI documents [11, 13, 14, 18] and vendor documents (e.g., for OTSGs
and for units with eggcrate tube supports [19]), and these should be evaluated for applicability.
Minimum recommendations for the species that should be monitored during hideout return
studies are:
7-24
EPR4 ProprietaryLicc;;scd Afaftcria
However, any species that returns at a high enough concentration to affect crevice pH should be
added to this list.
Hideout return evaluations are unique opportunities to assess the likely steam generator crevice
chemistry as it exists during operation based on data collected during a plant shutdown. The
evaluation of hideout return data is dependent on the amount and type of data collected, and the
quantity of impurities that returns to the bulk water. A screening process has been established to
assist in the deternmination of the scope and type of evaluation that can reasonably be performed
on a given set of hideout return data as shown in Figure 7-5 [11]. Additional guidance is given
for sampling during a rapid shutdown, particularly for data collected at hot zero power.
Evaluation of hideout return data is discussed in the EPRI PWR Hideout Return Sourcebook
[11].
Figure 7-5
Hideout Return Sampling and Evaluation Processes [11]
For hideout return studies to be valid, it is essential that the sample results match steam generator
temperature and conditions at the time the sample resided in the steam generator. When sample
line delays are significant, sample collection time should be corrected to accurately reflect the
time at which the sample was in the steam generator.'
7-25
ibifwi if-ropmerary i=teenseq matertat
Plant strategies for minimizing outage length are challenging the established hideout return study
time frames. Shorter outage times reduce the time during the shutdown to grab samples, and
there generally are no hold points. The PWR Hideout Return Sourcebook [11 ] should be
consulted on how and when to conduct a HOR study under these circumstances. Some utilities
have expanded the temperature range for prompt return to include data at temperatures around
50'F (28°C) below hot zero power.
Experience with new steam generators indicate that there is minimal hideout. Low values for
HOR indicate generally clean crevices. However, plants should continue HOR evaluations to
establish a baseline for future assessments of steam generator health. Note that as a result of the
small amounts of hideout return currently being experienced in many operating units, it is
important that make up water flow rates and impurity concentrations be monitored during the
hideout return evolution and that the impurity input rate from this source be subtracted from the
apparent hideout return. When minimal amounts of cumulative mass return are observed, e.g., as
indicated by blowdown concentration increases of less than 1 or 2 ppb for the highly soluble
species, performing evaluations such as MULTEQ modeling may not provide reasonable results
due to the significant uncertainty in the data, and thus may not be justified. However, trending
the total return is always suggested as a reasonable method for assessing changes in the hideout
characteristics of the steam generators over time. See reference [ 11] for more details.
7.4.4.5 Deposit Chemistry Evaluation
The deposits in contact with the steam generator tubes can have a direct effect on the corrosion
rate. A mass balance of the metals and metal oxides such as iron and copper in the feedwater and
blowdown during startup and power operation can be used to calculate the total amount of
deposits in the steam generators.
7-26
EPRI Pfept~e.dzy L4emsd Afaffiff!
M =X(WFwCFw - WBDCBD - WMsCNIvS)
Where,
M = accumulated mass in the steam generators (lb)
W = mass flow rate (lb/hr)
C = concentration (lb/lb)
FW = final feedwater
BD = blowdown
MS = main steam
Steam transport is generally neglected, unless plant specific data show otherwise.
Estimated deposit magnitudes should be compared to in-service inspection results and visual
examinations of the steam generators to assess the impact of the deposits on steam generator
performance and corrosion. Trending of tube deposit analysis results can be used to better
understand the potential influences of lead, copper, sulfur, and alumino-silicates [20].
7.4.4.6 Sludge Analysis and Monitoring
The characterization of the chemical and structural composition of deposits removed from steam
generators during sludge lancing can provide valuable insights into the potential for steam
generator corrosion and thermal performance degradation. The presence of deposits on the
secondary side of steam generators and the corrosion of steam generator materials and loss of
thermal efficiency are intimately related. It is the solution chemistry within steam generator
deposits and the properties of deposits adjacent to tube surfaces that primarily influence
corrosion and heat transfer.
Sludge lancing provides an excellent opportunity to retrieve representative deposits from various
regions in the steam generator. Traditionally, sludge deposit analysis often focused on the
chemical composition of loose powdered sludge samples because they are easily gathered.
However, the analyses of loose powdered sludge may not be as meaningful as the analyses of
tube scale flakes and "collar" samples, which reflect prevailing conditions in the vicinity of the
tube wall. Steam generator deposits are not homogeneous in chemical or structural composition.
7-27
Data: Collection. Evaluation.and Management
An improved assessment of the steam generator conditions can be developed by selecting a

variety of samples for analysis, consisting of tube scale flakes, "collars", and powdered sludge.
Microscopy (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of tube scale flakes and
"collars" can identify consolidation layers, porous layers, and heterogeneous inclusions (such
as copper) in the deposit and locate these regions with respect to their proximity to the tube wall.
This structural information taken together with elemental analysis and compound identification
across the cross-section of the deposit provides a more meaningful representation of conditions
in the vicinity of the tube wall, which sheds light on the potential for future corrosion.
Furthermore, tube scale thickness, porosity, and structure can shed light on the progression of
thermal performance: dense deposit layers generally impede thermal transport while the boiling
effects in porous deposit layers can enhance thermal transport.
A number of outside laboratories have the analytical equipment needed to perform a

comprehensive characterization of sludge deposits and the expertise to interpret the analytical
results. The comprehensive characterization of sludge deposits should provide detailed
compositional and structural information; however, there are various sets of analyses that can
lead to this end. Examples of types of analyses used in the characterization of sludge and scale
deposits collected from sludge lance filters and grit tank screens are provided below [21, 22]:
7.5 Balance of Plant Corrosion Concerns
Maintaining low corrosion rates in the BOP minimizes repairs to plant equipment and reduces
the transport of metal oxides to the steam generators. The following techniques can be used to
monitor and evaluate BOP corrosion concerns.
7-28
EPR.I P. "Pipomc LkndAfterk2l
f;
7.5.1 pH Controland CorrosionProduct Transport
The at-temperature pH, pHT, has a large effect on the corrosion rates of plant equipment.
Optimizing pH, for the metallurgy of the unit will minimize the amount of corrosion products
being transferred to the steam generator. For all ferrous plants, typically the higher the pHT, the
lower the iron transport to the steam generator. For plants with mixed metallurgies (i.e., iron and
copper), a balance must be reached between the optimal iron and optimal copper pH,.
To optimize the pH control program, plants should develop a profile of corrosion product
transport throughout the balance of plant. The EPRI ChemWorksTM Plant Chemistry Simulator
(PCS) can be used to determine the appropriate amine(s) that optimize pHT in all areas of the
secondary plant [23, 24, 25, 26]. In addition, a recent software tool developed by EPRI in
collaboration with EDF (CIRCE-PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Optimization Tool [27])
models not only the chemistry around the secondary system (as with PCS) but also the corrosion
product transport to the steam generators and resultant steam generator fouling.
In assessing the program, utilities should consider the following data shown in Table 7-11:
Table 7-11
pH Control Program Data Trends
Initially, these data can be used to establish the sources of iron and copper at the applied amine
and ammonia concentrations using the mass balance methodology, e.g., the feedwater mass
transport rate can be expressed as follows:
MFW = WFWCFW
Using similar relations, the amount of transport at each location can be evaluated for a given
feedwater system chemistry. A sample calculation is shown in Table 7-12.
7-29
-. o
Data: Collection, Evaluation. and Management
Table 7-12
Sample Calculation for Iron and Copper Transport
Examples of conclusions that can be developed from the above mass transport summary are as
follows:
7.5.2 IntegratedCorrosion ProductLoading
Plants should maintain an estimate of integrated corrosion product loading (or deposit loading)
in steam generators for evaluating the need for mechanical or chemical cleaning and for
assessing performance and chemical control issues. For example, B&W [28, 29] recommended
steam generator chemical cleaning when steam generator deposit loading is between 10 and 14
grams per square foot of steam generator tube surface area. Deposit loading is the estimated
steam generator deposit (or the integrated transport of corrosion products into the steam
generator less removal by blowdown and sludge lancing) divided by the steam generator tube
surface area. It should be noted that this is an average number; actual deposition may be
significantly different across the steam generator. Deposit loading should be estimated during
each cycle and totaled over multiple cycles to determine cumulative deposit loading.
7-30
EFRI ProntielaryLieensed AlWteriai
Table 7-13
Example Data on Steam Generator Deposit Loading
7.6 Technical Assessments
Assessments should be performed routinely to evaluate the impact of secondary chemistry on

system materials. These should consider In-Service Inspection (ISI) and Non-Destructive
Evaluation (NDE) data, chemistry program data, and operational data. It is suggested that
assessment results be documented in an end-of-cycle report. They also may be captured in other
evaluations during the cycle. Recommendations from this assessment should be compared with
the current strategic water chemistry plan and changes made to the plan to address any adverse
conditions and to identify program improvements for extending component life and improving
system performance. Examples of areas for consideration are:
7.6.1 ContaminantIngress Control(Ionic Contaminants)
7-31
EPIU Propriete" Lie :mved ,4.g.ptim,1
7.6.2 ContaminantIngress Monitoring(Oxidants)
7.6.3 Corrosion ProductTransport
7-32
E-PRI Arep..efa.,, Li ee
.el.....
7.6.4 Steam GeneratorCorrosion
7.6.5 System/Component Observations
7.6.6 Demineralizer/FilterPerformance
7.6.7 Process Instrument Performanceand Reliability
7.6.8 Hideout Return
7.7 References
7-33
DEPRa .pp,. .ary Ecieeptsd Af.tepri.1
7-34
.trz:vf ;e;-przcary Liccfleptseawaerta:
7-35
EPR Proprietary 1-4-P.-Ppoved Material
8
MANDATORY, SHALL AND RECOMMENDED
ELEMENTS
8.1 Introduction
Chapter 8 captures all of the specific elements contained within these Guidelines that are
identified as mandatory, shall or recommended, consistent with NEI 03-08 and NEI 97-06. Each
element is captured in Section 8.2, along with any needed supporting information related to the
element. The Guidelines Revision 7 Committee evaluated and concurred with the inclusion of
each element.
All mandatory, shall and recommended elements are identified in this Chapter 8.
8.2 Mandatory, Shall and Recommended Elements
8.2.1 MandatoryElement
8.2.2 Shall Elements
8-1
-'rI
zpr1it.2ry Lteensed maferta!
MandatorY, Shall and Recommended Elements
8.2.3 Recommended Elements
Note that Table 5-8 and Table 6-8 identify condensate dissolved oxygen as a Control Parameter. However, as
indicated in footnote (a) of each table, plants may consider condensate dissolved oxygen as a Diagnostic Parameter
(with no associated Action Level value) if they meet the requirement outlined in the footnote.
8-2
tflLD !prtetary 'r--zrcf matcncfl
Mandatory, Shall and Recommended Elements
8-3
EPRI Proprietary kic.ttsed A~fetir
A
INTEGRATED EXPOSURE
A.1 Introduction
This appendix was created to document the concept of integrated exposure, its basis, and
methodologies that can be used to evaluate integrated exposure of tubes to impurities. In
addition, this appendix demonstrates how some plants have used integrated exposure in practice.
Plant personnel and plant management may find integrated exposure a useful tool in the
decision-making process to evaluate the response to chemistry transients.
The following items are covered in this appendix:

* Integrated Exposure Technical Basis
* Integrated Exposure Methodologies
* Integrated Exposure Plant Examples
It should be noted that information in this Appendix does not supersede any guideline Action
Levels, requirements, or responses; meaning that the plants are still responsible for following
requirements defined in Chapters 5, 6, and 8 when Action Levels are exceeded.
A.2 Integrated Exposure Technical Basis
Research completed under EPRI's Heated Crevice Program, cosponsored by several Japanese
utilities, has shown that the mass of accumulated impurities in crevices is proportional to the
exposure [1, 2]. In order to research crevice chemistries, investigators used two heated crevice
systems. Both systems were of similar configuration, but one system was fed faulted bulk water
chemistry in a laboratory while another was set up in Ohi Unit 1. Figure A-I is a schematic
showing the integrated autoclave-heated tube-ring assembly, consisting of an Alloy 600 tube
surrounded by a 405 stainless steel ring to form the crevice. In most investigations involving
packed crevices, the packing material was diamond powder due to its dielectric and chemical
properties. However, in cases where the Raman probe was used, alumina powder was substituted
for the diamond to minimize back reflections.
A-1
EPRI P .p...tary Lieensed A.lftcrI
Integrated Exposure
Figure A-1
Conceptual Design of Heated Crevice Device Showing the Autoclave Heated Tube and
Simulated Support Plate [2]
A-2
v
E-M i4P;tefaryLtceensed1iffaterm!.
IntegratedExposure
In Figure A-2, the bold black line labeled "predictions" is based on a thermal hydraulic model
of crevice solution concentration developed by an EPRI program at MIT [1]. Based on the
application of energy, mass, and momentum conservation laws for transport processes within
fouled crevices and sludge, the model predicts that the rate of accumulation of impurities will
depend on crevice parameters such as temperature, crevice packing, bulk water concentrations,
etc.
Figure A-2
Amount of Accumulated Sodium as a Function of Exposure to Sodium in the Feedwater [1]
A-3
OWIFFF- FIFFIRFILPORF9F F-IFFIPPIRPS6 MPROAPFFF-HE
IntegratedExposure
A.3 Integrated Exposure Methodologies
A.3.1 Method A (ppb*days)
The simplest method of calculating integrated exposure is to integrate the impurity concentration
over the number of days the crevice is exposed (continuous cycle length). This integration is just
the area under the curve of a plot of the time during the cycle vs. the product of concentration
of impurity and power and is easily calculated with the use of a computer spreadsheet. Shown
below in Figure A-3 is an example of what the spreadsheet might look like.
Figure A-3
Spreadsheet Used to Calculate Integrated Exposure by Simple Integration Method
A-4
Licc;zscd Amtncri.l
EPRI!Proprietary=
Integrated Exposure
A-5
EDD7
EP-migczrietar-: Lif-no 9wod .4fdktc-ia!
IntegratedErposure
Figure A-4
Sample Sodium IE Calculation for Plant with High Impurity Exposures During Startup
Figure A-5
Plant Exposure at Normal Operation vs. Reference Plant Exposure
A-6
F.
E:;P.I idpn tye2.y Lieensd mafterta!
Integrated Exposure
A.3.2 Method B (Tube Exposure Factor)
A second method of calculating integrated exposure, which takes into account both the time the
crevice is exposed to the impurities and the amount of tubing surface area that is exposed, is also
easily calculated with a computer spreadsheet. This tube exposure factor calculation is suggested
as an option, because the simple integration method described above does not distinguish
between impurity exposures earlier or later in the cycle. For example, Figure A-6 shows three
scenarios of contaminant bulk water concentrations over a 100 day period.
Figure A-6
Three Cases with Similar Cumulative Mass Accumulation Over the Cycle Length
A-7
EPRI ProprietaryLie
•asd Al!feria F
IntegratedExposure
Figure A-7
Relative Tube Surface Area Wetted for Three Different Cases where Cumulative Mass
Accumulation at the End of the Cycle is the Same
The next few paragraphs detail how the tube exposure factor is calculated for a drilled hole
crevice geometry.
A-8
-. °
EPD7
-P .vfw~q#4o-AffrY I•L•ieeirs l4MtP#4ff1U
IntegratedExposure
Figure A-8
Drilled Hole Crevice Geometry
Figure A-9
Relationship between Surface Area Wetted vs. Volume Filled for an Eccentric Crevice
A-9
T
RPR~I iamri4retaryLzeea;.eta firr-
IntegratedExposure
A-10
E-PRI Preprtiefry LEieensd 4fat.er'a!
Integrated Exposure
Figure A-10
Relative Tube Exposure Factor Illustrating Differences in Exposure for Cases where Total
Cumulative Mass Accumulation Over the Cycle Length is the Same
The spreadsheet used to calculate the tube exposure factors is also easy to set up. Figure A- 11
depicts a sample spreadsheet.
Figure A-1I
Sample Spreadsheet Used to Calculate Tube Exposure Factors
A-11
EPRI PAreptitary Liccnsed Matfr•al
IntegratedEyposure
Figure A-12
Example Relative Tube Exposure Factor for an Actual Operating Cycle Showing the Effect
of the Startup Transient
A-12
LRIU i'roprwtary hieepseei mwra
IntegratedExposure
A.3.3 Method C (CREV-SIM)
A third possible method that can be used to calculate integrated exposure is by means of CREV-
SIM. CREV-SIM is a part of the EPRI ChemWorks TM family of codes and was originally
developed to model PWR steam generator chemical hideout and to provide a basis for predicting
crevice chemistry from blowdown chemistry data. This estimate of crevice inventory is
calculated from measured blowdown concentrations and an estimated hideout rate constant for
each impurity, with this constant determined by chemical injection or blowdown flowrate
variation tests. Similar to method A, the accumulated crevice inventory is reset to zero after
shutdowns and hideout returns.
A CREV-SIM manual is available to explain how to use the code and what parameters
are needed.
A.4 Integrated Exposure Plant Examples
Three plant examples of integrated exposure use are provided in this section. Other plants have
indicated use of the integrated exposure concept as part the process to evaluate the transient
chemistry conditions but perform these evaluations on a case-by-case basis, when applicable,
rather than having defined processes.
A.4.1 IntegratedExposure 1: Utilization of IntegratedExposure Limits to Control

Molar Ratio
A-13
EPRI Pre~ptict.ry Licceza.ed Af.~tcra!
IntegratedE.posure
A.4.2 IntegratedExposure Example 2
A-14
EPW irtwpriefory Lteetesed Agaferta!
Integrated Exposure
A.4.3 IntegratedExposure Example 3
PWR Secondary Chemistry Operating Guideline
A-15
EJ'IJ ProprietaryLieensved Materia.1
IntegratedE.posure
Operating Philosophy
A-16
E-PRI Propfict.ry Liep!e A~f.2ti.2!
IntegratedExposure
Basis
A-17
.. 4rr rrcpmcary Lbewwsd Aftweater
IntegratedExposure
A-18
E-PR4 ProprietaryLieeisd Afsefial
IntegratedExposure
Operating Methodology
A-19
Areprielary Lieeptsed A~tfiWr
IntegratedExposure
A-20
EPR4 ProprietaryLicci;scd Afaftcia!
Integrated Exposure
A-21
EPRI ProritaryLic.e.;.vd Alffiatci.
IntegratedE.posure
A.5 References
A-22
EPRI &worietary k4eettsed AlWferiW
B
PWR STEAM CHEMISTRY CONSIDERATIONS
B.1 Introduction
This appendix contains an assessment on the subject of steam chemistry that was originally
prepared for and presented to the Revision 6 Committee. This appendix was reviewed and edited
as part of the Revision 7 process.
B.2 PWR Steam Chemistry Considerations
B.2.1 Introduction
This appendix reviews the key issues associated with steam chemistry in PWR's. Over the past
several years, EPRI and other international organizations have sponsored a research program
focused on steam chemistry within power plant steam cycles. This work resulted in the lowering
of steam impurity limits in the EPRI Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants [1]. The BOP
and OTSG subcommittees of the EPRI Secondary Water Chemistry Guideline Committee
requested that this body of research be reviewed to determine if changes to the PWR water
chemistry guidelines were needed during the Revision 6 process. It has subsequently been
reviewed and edited as part of the Revision 7 process. The following documents were reviewed
as a basis for this paper:
1. EPRI Cycle Chemistry Guidelinesfor Fossil Plants: All-Volatile Treatment, EPRI, Palo Alto,
CA: 2002.1004187. [1].
2. The Volatility of hIpurities in Water/Steam Cycles, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2001.
1001042. [2].
3. Turbine Steam Path Damage: Theory and Practice, Volume 1: Turbine Fundamentals,EPRI,
Palo Alto, CA: 1999. TR-108943 V1. [3].
4. Turbine Steam Path Damage: Theory and Practice, Volume 2: Damage Mechanisms, EPRI,
Palo Alto, CA: 1999. TR-108943 V2. [4].
5. Steam, Chemistry, and Corrosionin the Phase TransitionZone of Steam Turbines, EPRI,
Palo Alto, CA: 1999. TR-108184 V1. [5].
6. Deposition of Corrosive Salts from Steam, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 1983. NP-3002. [6].
7. Solubility of Sodium Salts in Superheated Steam and Related Deposition Processes,
published in TR- 14837, August 2000 [7].
B-1
EAR! P~reietary Lieettsd Materia!
PWR Steam Chemisto, Considerations
Revision 5 of the EPRI Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines address steam purity
considerations indirectly. In RSG's, steam chemistry limits can be inferred from the blowdown
limits based on an assumed moisture carryover and the estimated vaporous carryover for
impurities and additives. In OTSGs, steam concentrations of inorganic impurities will be equal to
or less than those in the feedwater. Concentrations of organic acids could slightly exceed those in
feedwater due to thermal decomposition of amine additives in the OTSG. In both RSGs and
OTSGs the blowdown and feedwater limits have been set more restrictively to protect the SG's.
B.2.2 Recommendations
Based on this review, no changes to the EPRI PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines are
recommended at this time. Many utilities have chosen to-include specific steam chemistry
specifications based on turbine vendor recommendations and warranty requirements. This
practice is expected to continue in the future.
Additional research would be needed to determine if changes in water chemistry would improve
turbine performance.
B.2.3 Discussion
Steam chemistry is controlled in power plants for several reasons; to prevent or control
deposition of impurities on turbine blades, to minimize erosion of turbine blades and to control
general and localized corrosion of turbine blades and discs, cross over piping and extraction
lines. In well operated nuclear plants, the major consideration for steam chemistry control is the
environmentally assisted cracking of turbine blade/disc attachments and FAC of piping in two
phase regions of the BOP. The latter consideration is addressed through pH control by organic
amines and/or ammonia based AVT. pH control practices will not be discussed further, other
than by reference to the generation of organic acids and their influence on cracking processes.
B-2
Ej R! ProprietaryLieensed A&fe#4a!
B.2.4 Deposition Processesin Turbines
In order to establish acceptable steam impurity limits, the processes by which impurities
accumulate in steam turbines must be established. It is readily accepted that impurities enter the
steam through mechanical carryover of liquid droplets from the steam generator and through
direct volatilization to the steam phase. In OTSGs the latter mechanism is responsible for
transporting nearly all of the feedwater impurities (less hideout) to the superheated steam leaving
the OTSG.
The transport of impurities in the turbine cycle is driven by both thermodynamic and kinetic
processes. These processes are dependent on the local temperature and pressure, the degree of
saturation of the steam and the concentration of the impurities.
B-3
EARI ProprietaryLieensed AMtef~a!
Figure B-1
Mollier Diagram Showing Sodium Solubility in Steam and OTSG Turbine Expansion Lines
(Based on Reference [9] and Reference [10])
B-4
RPRI Proprietary Mat-P14011
PWR Steam Chemistrm Considerations
Figure B-2
Location of Salt Concentration in LP Turbines
B-5
ibiwif it"ptvetary iýteeirseq maFertat
PWR Steam Chemisto,Considerations
B.2.5 Steam Chemistry Guidelines
Table B-1
Reheat Steam Limits in Drum Units
B-6
L E) I
~PR-mirrrftar:[-ieetfvd
..... .J
Ma~itnaI
PWR Steam Chemistr, Considerations
B.2.5.1 Acceptability of this Approach to Setting PWR Guidelines
B-7
EPRoAprietary14es d Mtatcria
PWR Steam Chemistry Considerations
Figure B-3
Steam Expansion Path for Fossil and Nuclear Steam Cycles (LP = Low Pressure, IP =
Intermediate Pressure, HP = High Pressure, and rj is the turbine efficiency)
B-8
EPRI ProprietaryLiceensed AMterial
B.3 References
B-9
EM!RProprietary Lieellsed Alfftiff!
C
INDEX
A B
absorption, 7-10 balance-of-plant, vi, ix, 1-3, 1-5, 2-2, 3-13, 3-29
accelerant, 5-27, A- 19 bases, vi, ix, 1-1,2-1, 2-2, 2-46, 2-52, 2-55, 2-61, 3-
acetate, 6-22, 6-25, 7-23, 7-28 11,3-34, 4-12, 4-14, 4-25, 5-1,5-3, 6-1
acetic acid, 2-17, 2-18 basic, 1-4, 7-18
action levels, 1-6, 6-2, A-17, B-6 BAT, x, xviii, 3-1, 3-12, 3-17, 3-28, 3-30, 3-31, 4-12,
activation, 2-25, 2-41 4-13,4-15
additives, 2-14, 2-72, 3-13, 5-2, 7-1. 7-5, 7-20, 7-23, beneficial species, 2-20
7-28, B-2 boiling point elevation, 7-18
adsorption, 7-6, A-19 BOP, xvi, 1-3, 2-2, 2-3, 2-61, 2-72, 2-73. 2-91, 3-2,
Adsorption-Microcoulometric. 7-40 3-13. 3-27, 4-3, 5-28, 5-30, 6-17, 7-34, B-I, B-2
advanced amine, 2-18, 2-47, 2-63, 2-64, 2-65, 2-73, boric acid treatment. 2-53, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 5-12, 5-
3-14, 7-23 19, 5-21
ALARA chemistry, 3-11, 3-12, 3-16, 3-17, 4-12, 4- boron, 2-53. 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 4-15, 5-10, 5-12, 5-17,
13, 7-23 5-26, 5-27
alkali, 2-18 BPE, 7-18
alkaline, 2-14, 2-17, 2-21, 2-22, 2-31, 3-17, 3-29.5- broached, 2-51. 2-52, 3-29, 3-39, A-4
19, 5-21, 5-28, 5-30, A-19 buffer, 2-20, 2-53, 3-17
alkaline-producing, 5-19, 5-28 buffering, 3-6, 3-17. A-21
alkalinity, 2-46 BWR, 1-1, 2-78. 2-88
alloy 600, 2-78
all-volatile treatment, 3-13 C
alternate amine, 2-65, 3-13. 3-34, 4-3, 4-12, 4-17, 4-
18., 5-27, 5-28, 5-29, 6-25 calcium, 2-50, 3-17, 6-7
alumina, A-I capsule. 2-18, 2-36
alumino, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-38, 7-32 carbohydrazide, 2-55, 2-57, 4-21,5-11, 6-9
alumino-silicate, 2-17. 2-18, 2-19. 2-38, 7-32 carbon, 2-2, 2-19, 2-30, 2-37. 2-41, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56,
alumino-silicates. 2-17, 2-18, 2-38. 7-32 2-58.2-61,2-65, 2-68, 2-72, 2-74.3-22, 3-24, 3-
aluminum, 2-17. 2-18, 2-50, 6-7, 6-26, 7-32 29. 3-32, 3-33, 3-35, 5-12, 5-19, 5-26, 6-11,6-23,
AminMod. 7-17 6-24. 7-6. 7-27, 7-28, A-19, A-20
ammonia, 2-2, 2-18, 2-44, 2-53, 2-54, 2-62. 2-63, 2- carbonate, 2-19, 2-28
64, 2-65, 2-74. 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-23, 4-16, 4-17, carbonates, 2-19
4-18, 4-21, 5-11, 5-18, 5-25, 5-27, 5-29, 5-30, 5- carryover, A-3, A-4, B-2, B-3. B-7
32, 6-7, 6-9, 6-13, 6-14, 6-24, 7-5, 7-34, A-20, A- catalyst-UV, 7-27
24, B-2, B-7 cathodic, 2-35, 3-32
ammonium, 3-18, 4-14, 7-21, A-14. A-20 cation conductivity, xi, 2-42. 3-14, 3-32. 5-23, 5-25,
anodic, 3-32 5-27, 5-28, 6-17, 6-19. 6-21, 6-22, 6-23, 6-25, 7-
antimony, 5-27 16. 7-21, 7-23. 7-26. 7-27, 7-28, B-7
aqueous, 7-18 cation exchange, 7-10
arsenic, 2-15, 7-32 cation-to-anion, 5-4. 6-4
at-temperature. 2-2, 2-4. 2-64, 4-7, 4-15, 4-18. 5-29. chemical cleaning. 2-13, 2-18, 2-47, 2-53, 2-54, 2-56.
7-34 2-57, 2-59, 3-11, 3-26, 3-27, 3-29, 3-32. 3-33. 3-
autoclave. 2-45, A-i. A-2 34. 3-35, 3-36, 3-39, 4-15, 4-23, 5-14, 6-14, 7-36,
autoclave-heated, A- I 7-37, A-23, A-24
AVT, 2-3, 2-5, 2-11,2-17, 2-23, 2-31, 2-36, 2-42, 2- chemical injection. 7-6, A-14
65, 2-75, 2-90, 3-13, 5-28, B-2, B-6
C-1
EPRI Proprietar, Lieensd Ala&-r&..!
Index
chemistry control program, ix, 3-13, 4-9, 4-15, 7-1, Dickinson, 5-34
A-17 dielectric, A-I
ChemWorks, vi, ix, xxii, 4-3, 4-17, 4-25, 7-1. 7-5, 7- diffusion, 2-8, 2-37, 2-46, 3-19. 3-30, A-3, A-4
17, 7-18, 7-24,A-14 dimethylamine, 2-72, 3-27
chloride, xi, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-16. 2-42, 2-44. 2-45, dispersant, x, xi, 2-18, 2-47, 2-58, 2-59. 2-61. 3-17,
2-53, 2-73. 2-74. 2-75, 3-4, 3-6, 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-34, 4-18, 5-10, 5-17, 5-25, 5-26, 5-29, 6-27
4-7, 4-13, 4-14, 4-23, 5-5, 5-8, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19, 5- dissolution, 2-6, 2-55, 3-16, 5-28, 6-25, 7-10
21, 5-23, 5-25, 5-27, 5-28. 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6-14, 6- DMA, 2-66, 2-72, 3-13, 3-27
17, 6-18.6-19, 6-21,6-22, 6-25, 7-5, 7-18, 7-23, 7- dodecylamine, 2-72
26, 7-27, A-5. A-14, A-15, A-16, A-19, A-20, A- downcomer, 5-18, 6-14
21, A-22, B-2, B-3. B-5, B-6, B-7 drilled hole. 2-41, 3-29, A-3, A-9
chlorination, 7-27
chloroethane, 7-27 E
chloromethane, 7-27
chromatographic, 7-27, 7-28 eccentric, A-9
chromatography, 7-27, 7-28 ECP, x, xvii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 2-1, 2-4, 2-22, 2-37, 2-
chrome, 2-68 40, 2-43, 2-58, 2-62, 2-64, 2-66, 2-68, 3-.1, 3-12. 3-
chromium, 2-4, 2-5, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17. 7-32 15, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-23. 3-24, 3-25, 3-26, 3-27,
cobalt, 5-27 4-16, 5-19, 5-21, 5-24, 5-26, 5-29.5-30, 6-18, 6-
cold shutdown, 3-30, 3-37, 5-7, 5-12, 6-5, 6-12, 8-2 22, 6-24, 6-27, A-2, A-15, A-24
component reliability, 4-2 ECT, 2-37, 3-35
concentration processes, vi, ix, 2-18, 3-2, 3-16, 7-1, eggcrate, 2-52, 7-29
B-4 elastomers, 3-14
condenser, 2-62, 2-63, 2-73, 2-74, 4-9, 4-13, 5-3, 5-8, electrochemical potential, 2-4, 2-49, 2-64, 2-68, 2-72,
5-15, 5-18, 5-26, 5-30, 5-32, 6-20, 6-21, 6-23, 6- 3-12, 3-15, 4-16.5-11, 6-24, 7-18, A-20, A-24
28, 7-3, 7-20, 7-26, A-16, A-17, A-21 electrode. 2-4, 2-37, 3-24
contaminant ingress, A-17, A-21 elevated hydrazine, 3-20, 3-22, 3-23, 4-16
control parameters, 1-1, 4-25, 5-4, 7-4 elevated pH, 2-17, 2-65, 5-11,5-12, 5-26, 6-10, 6-11
cooldown. 3-36, 5-19. 5-22, 6-6, 6-7, 6-20 equivalent conductance. 7-21
corrective actions, 1-5, 1-7, 3-19, 5-2, 5-6, 5-8. 5-18. erosion, A-19, B-2
5-21, 5-26, 5-31, 6-2. 6-13, 6-14, 6-19, 6-20, 6-23, ETA, 2-18, 2-63, 2-64, 2-65, 2-67, 2-72, 2-90, 3-6, 3-
6-26, 6-27, 7-23, A-16, A-17 13, 3-15, 4-18, 5-11, 6-9, 7-5, 7-26
corrosion product, xii, 2-13, 2-34, 2-47, 2-48, 2-49, ethanolamine, 4-18
2-50, 2-51, 2-53, 2-58, 2-61, 2-62, 2-64, 2-65, 2- ethylene, 7-5
66, 2-72, 2-73. 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-26,
3-33, 3-34, 3-35, 3-36, 3-37. 3-38, 4-3, 4-7, 4-13, F
4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-22, 5-14, 5-15, 5-19, 5-21,5-
24, 5-29, 5-30, 6-13, 6-17. 6-18, 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, fatigue, 2-52, 2-61, 2-73, 3-36
6-26, 6-27, 7-1. 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-11, 7-34, 7-36, 7- feedring, 2-51
37, A-19, A-24 feedtrain. 5-3, A-15
corrosion-induced, 4-1 feedwater, xi, 2-3, 2-14, 2-18, 2-19. 2-29, 2-37, 2-38,
2-46, 2-47. 2-51. 2-52, 2-53, 2-59, 2-62, 2-63, 2-
64, 2-65, 2-66, 2-67, 2-68, 2-72, 2-74, 2-75, 3-2, 3-
D 12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-20, 3-22, 3-23,
data collection, vi. ix, 1-1. 1-4 3-24, 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-41, 4-3, 4-16, 4-17, 4-22,
data evaluation, 1-5 5-3, 5-6, 5-10. 5-15, 5-18, 5-19, 5-21, 5-22, 5-23,
data management, 7-4, 7-5 5-24. 5-25, 5-26, 5-27, 5-29. 5-30, 5-32, 6-2, 6-4,
deaerator. 5-24, 6-22, 6-24 6-7, 6-10, 6-13, 6-14. 6-16, 6-17, 6-18, 6-20. 6-21,
deep-bed, 3-32 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 6-25. 6-26, 6-27, 6-28, 7-3. 7-7,
deleterious species, 3-35 7-8.7-11, 7-12, 7-14, 7-15, 7-16, 7-18, 7-31,7-32,
denting, 2-3, 2-19, 2-28, 2-29, 2-41, 2-42, 2-52, 2-53, 7-34, 7-35, 7-36, A-2, A-21, A-23, A-24, B-2. B-3,
3-28, 3-29, 3-31, 4-15, 4-24, 5-19, 5-21, 5-27, 5- B-6, B-7
28, 5-29, A-19, A-20 ferrous-copper, 2-65
deoxygenated, 5-14, 5-22, 6-13, 6-20 flow-accelerated corrosion, 2-1, 2-2, 2-61, 2-62, 3-
deposit management, 4-18, 4-21 13.6-17
diagnostic parameters, 4-2, 7-4 flow-occluded regions, 3-2, 3-11, 3-12, 3-33
dichloromethane. 7-27 fluoride, 2-16, 2-45, 5-28, 7-23
dichloropropane, 7-28 formate, 6-22, 6-25, 7-23, 7-28
C-2
T
E-FR4 iWortetary Lteensed matertai
Index
freespans, 2-53 7-10, 7-14, 7-31, 7-32, 7-34, 7-36, 7-37, A-19, A-
23, A-24
G iron transport. 2-66, 2-68, 2-73, 3-15, 3-29, 4-17, 4-
20, 4-22, 5-24, 5-27, 7-34, 7-36, 7-37
glycolate, 7-28 irradiation, 7-27, 7-28
ISCC, 2-21
H isothermal, 2-66
half-life, 2-58
K
heated crevice. 2-45, 3-17, A-I, A-I l
heat-transfer, 2-47, 2-52 kinetically limited, 3-3
heatup, 3-27, 3-29, 3-30, 3-33, 5-8. 5-12, 5-15, 5-16,
5-18, 5-19, 5-21, 6-6, 6-8, 6-12 L
hematite. 2-34. 2-50, 2-65, 2-68, 4-16, 5-28, 6-24
heterogeneous, 7-33 local cold work, 2-41
hideout return, xii, 2-18. 2-45, 2-74, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, low power soaks, 3-19, 3-20, 3-31
4-13, 4-14, 4-19, 4-23, 5-7. 5-19, 6-6, 6-7, 7-1,7- LPSCC, 2-8. 2-22, 2-36, 2-37. 3-23
16, 7-19, 7-29, 7-30. 7-31, A-5, A-14. A-15. A-20, LTMA. 2-30
A-21
high stress, 2-22, 2-25. 2-32. 2-36, 2-37 M
high temperature, 2-13, 2-15, 2-18, 2-19, 2-30, 2-32,
2-34, 2-44, 2-75, 5-13, 5-21,5-28, 6-12, 7-17, 7- magnesium. 2-50, 3-17, 6-7, 6-26
20, 7-27 magnetite, 2-29, 2-50, 2-51, 2-53, 2-56, 2-65, 2-66,
high volume bundle flushing, 3-39 2-69, 3-20, 3-23, 4-16, 5-19, 5-21,5-26. 5-28, 5-
homogeneous, 7-33 29, 6-24, 6-27, A-19, A-24
hot shutdown, 5-15 makeup water, 2-28, 2-29, 4-9, 5-8, 5-14. 5-22, 6-12,
hot soaks, 6-6, 6-7, A-21, A-22, A-23 613. 6-20, 6-25, 7-26. 7-27
hot standby. 3-30. 6-13, 6-14 manganese, 7-32
hydraulic cleaning, 3-39 microcoulometric, 7-27
hydrazine, x, xi. 2-4, 2-5, 2-14, 2-15, 2-22, 2-29, 2- mill-annealed, 2-1, 2-30
36, 2-37. 2-38, 2-44, 2-49, 2-50. 2-52, 2-54, 2-55, modes of corrosion, 2-4, 2-20, 2-30
2-57, 2-58. 2-62, 2-65, 2-66. 2-67, 2-68, 2-70. 3- moisture separator, 2-3, 2-63, 3-39, 5-3, 6-21, 6-22.
20, 3-22. 3-23, 3-24. 3-25, 3-27, 3-41, 4-13, 4-16, 6-23. 6-26, 6-28, 7-20. A-21
4-17, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 5-18, 5-19, molar ratio control, 3-4. 3-17. 3-18, A-14, A-15, A-
5-21, 5-22, 5-23, 5-24, 5-26, 5-29, 5-30, 5-32, 6-7, 20
6-9, 6-10, 6-11, 6-12, 6-13, 6-14, 6-15, 6-17, 6-18, molar ratio index, 3-17
6-20, 6-21, 6-22, 6-24. 6-28, 7-3, 7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 7- morpholine. 2-18, 2-63, 2-66, 3-13
11, 7-12, 7-21, 8-2, A-15, A-24 Mossbauer, 7-10
hydrogen, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-2 1. 2-22, 2-30, 2-35. MPA, 2-65, 3-13, 4-7
2-37, 2-42, 2-44, 2-46, 2-53. 2-69, 3-20, 3-23. 3- MRC, xix. 3-1, 3-4, 3-12, 3-17, 3-18, 4-12, 4-13
32, 5-29 6-14, 6-24, 7-21, A-24 MRI, 3-17, A-15
hydrogen-form, 6-14 MULTEQ, xxii, xxvi, xxx, 2-18, 2-19, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6.
hydroxide, 2-19. 2-28, 2-45, 2-75, 5-21. 5-29, A-21 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-17, 4-17, 7-17. 7-18, 7-19. 7-
20, 7-21, 7-23, 7-3 1. A-15. B-3, B-7
0
IGA growth rates, 2-25
IGC, 2-80 once-through steam generator (OTSG), vi, ix, 6-1
IGSCC. 2-2, 2-15, 2-38. 2-46, 2-75, 2-76. 2-78, 2-79. oxidant control, 5-18, 6-16
2-82, 3-16. 3-22, 3-23, 4-13. 4-24. 4-30, 5-26 oxide film, 2-1, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-8. 2-9, 2-13. 2-14. 2-
inhibit corrosion, 2-58 17, 2-21, 2-54, 5-9, 6-9
integrated exposure, vi, x, 3-11, 3-19, 4-14, 7-18, 7- oxygen scavenger, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56, 2-57. 5-9, 5-11,
28, A-i, A-3, A-4. A-5. A-7. A-14. A-15. A-16 5-12, 5-19, 5-29. 6-9. 6-10, 6-12
internal oxidation. 2-46, 2-85
iron, 2-4, 2-5, 2-49, 2-50, 2-51, 2-52, 2-59.2-66, 2- P
67, 2-68, 2-72, 2-73, 3-14, 3-15, 3-20. 3-27, 3-29,
passivation, 2-8
3-34, 3-35. 3-37, 3-41, 4-3, 4-16, 4-17, 4-20, 4-22,
5-24, 5-25, 5-27. 5-28. 5-29, 6-24, 6-26, 6-27, 7-8,
C-3
mr"
EAR!!"p.tearyLepte
E aff
Index
pH control, 2-49, 2-50. 2-65. 3-12. 3-13, 3-14, 4-3, 4- 21. 7-25, 7-27, A-5, A- 1l. A-16, A-19, A-20, A-
17, 4-18, 4-20, 4-25, 5-9, 5-27. 5-29, 5-30, 6-9, 6- 21, A-22. B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8
15, 6-22. 6-23, 6-24, 7-34, B-2, B-7 solubility, 2-52, 2-66, 2-75, 6-24, 6-25, B-3, B-7
phosphate, 2-3, 2-44, 2-53, 7-23, 7-27 source term, 1-5, 1-6, 3-17, 6-10, 7-1, 7-23, 7-26
pitting, 2-1, 2-3, 2-4, 2-8, 2-10, 2-11,2-13, 2-15.2- spectroscopy, 2-75
16, 2-28, 2-35, 2-43. 2-44, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56, 2-73, stainless steel, 2-15, 2-16, 2-37, 2-41, 2-55, 2-68, 3-
3-20, 3-33. 5-12, 5-14, 5-19, 5-20, 5-21, 5-28, 5- 24, 5-12, 5-20, 5-28, 6-12, A-I, A-15
29, 6-12, A-15, A-19 startup, x, xi, xii, 2-13, 2-38, 2-42, 2-51, 2-55, 2-58,
Plant Chemistry Simulator (PCS), 7-5, 7-20, 7-24, 7- 2-67, 2-73, 3-25, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 3-34, 3-35, 4-
34 17, 5-3.5-9, 5-11, 5-12, 5-15.5-18, 5-19, 5-21,5-
plant-specific optimization, v, vi, ix, 1-1 23, 6-6, 6-9, 6-12.6-13, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 7-
platinum, 3-24 8, 7-10, 7-16, 7-31, A-5, A-13, A-23
potassium, 6-7 status modes, 5-8
power operation, 2-38, 2-54. 2-58, 2-73, 3-2, 3-25, 3- steam generator, v, vi. vii, ix, x, xi, xii, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3,
28, 3-30, 3-31, 3-35. 4-7. 4-17, 5-3, 5-9, 5-11. 5- 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3. 2-7, 2-13, 2-14. 2-
12, 5-15, 5-18, 5-23, 6-2, 6-4, 6-5, 6-9, 6-12, 6-13, 17, 2-18. 2-20, 2-22, 2-25, 2-28, 2-34, 2-37, 2-38,
6-14, 6-17, 6-21, 7-31, A-24 2-41, 2-43, 2-44, 2-45, 2-46, 2-47, 2-49, 2-50, 2-
precoat, 6-28 51, 2-52, 2-53, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56, 2-57, 2-58. 2-61,
precursor, 3-33 2-62. 2-64, 2-65, 2-69, 2-72, 2-73, 2-74. 2-76, 2-
protective film, 2-13, 5-12, 6-12 77, 2-78, 3-1, 3-2. 3-4, 3-6, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14,
PWSCC, 2-3, 2-22, 2-30, 2-36, 2-41, 2-75, 2-84, 3-41 3-15, 3-16. 3-17, 3-18, 3-20, 3-22, 3-23, 3-25, 3-
26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30. 3-31, 3-32, 3-33, 3-34,
3-35, 3-36, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 4-1, 4-3, 4-8, 4-9, 4-
Q 11,4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-21,
QA/QC, 7-1, 7-4, 7-16 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-26, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3. 5-4, 5-6, 5-7,
5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11,5-12, 5-13, 5-14, 5-15, 5-18,
R 5-19, 5-21, 5-23, 5-24, 5-25, 5-26, 5-27, 5-28, 5-
29, 5-30, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3. 6-4, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-8, 6-9,
radiotracer, 2-51. 2-85, 3-19, 3-40 6-10, 6-11,6-12, 6-13, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 6-
Raman, 4-30, A-I, A-2 18, 6-19, 6-21, 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27,
RCS, xx, xxi, xxix, xxx, 5-10, 5-15, 5-16. 5-17, 6-6, 7-1.7-5, 7-7, 7-11, 7-12, 7-14, 7-15, 7-16, 7-18, 7-
6-10, 6-13, 6-15, 6-16, 6-19. 8-2 20, 7-21, 7-23, 7-24, 7-26, 7-27, 7-28, 7-29, 7-30,
recirculating steam generator, vi, ix, 2-2. 2-74, 3-28, 7-31, 7-32, 7-33. 7-34, 7-36, 7-37. 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, A-
3-37, 4-14, 4-18, 4-25, 4-26, 5-1, 6-2, 6-15, 6-18, 2. A-9, A-14, A-15, A-16, A-17, A-19, A-20, A-
7-1, 7-7, 8-2, A-4 21, A-23, A-24, B-3
redox, 2-66, 2-68, 3-41 stoichiometric, 3-6, 5-19
reduced sulfur, 2-1, 2-15, 2-18. 2-22, 2-29, 2-44, 2- stress corrosion, 2-1, 2-4, 2-8, 2-14, 2-15, 2-22, 2-36,
75, 2-76, 3-23. 3-27, 3-28, 4-16 5-28, 5-29, 6-18, 6-26, A-19
repassivation, 2-15 sulfate, xi, 2-10, 2-15. 2-16, 2-17, 2-22, 2-23, 2-29,
RSG, vi, ix. 2-18, 2-52, 3-6, 4-14, 5-1, 7-28, 7-29, B- 2-31, 2-38, 2-44, 2-45, 2-73, 2-74, 2-75, 3-4. 3-6,
2. B-6, B-7 3-18. 3-23, 3-28, 4-7, 4-17, 5-5, 5-8, 5-17, 5-18, 5-
23, 5-25, 5-27, 5-28, 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6-14, 6-18, 6-
S 21, 6-25, 6-26, 7-5, 7-18, 7-23, 7-26. 7-27, 7-28.
A-16. A-19, A-20, A-22. B-2, B-5, B-6, B-7
scale conditioning agents, 3-26, 3-37, 3-39
supercritical, 2-17, 2-45, 5-30
sensitized, 2-15. 2-17, 2-44. 2-75, 3-27, 3-28, 5-9, 5-
supersonic, B-4
13, 5-21, 5-28. 6-2, 6-12, 6-18, 6-26
silica, xii, 2-17, 2-20, 2-50, 2-51, 2-73, 3-17, 4-15, 5-
30, 6-7, 6-25, 6-26. A-21. B-7 T
sludge lancing, 2-18, 2-55, 2-59. 3-26, 3-27. 3-37, 3- tension, 2-45, A-9
38, 3-39, 5-10, 7-32, 7-36, A-23 thermal decomposition, 2-38, 6-14, B-2
sludge removal, 3-36, 3-37. 3-38, 3-39 thermal performance. 1-3, 2-46, 2-48, 2-49, 2-50, 2-
sodium, xii. 2-12, 2-14, 2-16, 2-19, 2-28, 2-29, 2-45. 51, 2-52, 2-59, 2-62. 3-12, 3-14, 3-39, 4-18, 4-21.
2-46, 2-52, 2-73, 2-74. 2-75, 3-4, 3-6, 3-14, 3-16, 6-26, 6-27, 7-32, 7-33
3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-23, 3-29, 3-32, 4-3, 4-7, thinning, 2-4, 2-52, 4-17
4-13, 4-15, 5-5, 5-8, 5-12, 5-17, 5-18, 5-21, 5-23, thiosulfate, 2-75
5-25, 5-28, 6-4, 6-6, 6-8. 6-12, 6-14, 6-17, 6-18, 6- titanium, x, 2-19, 2-52, 2-54, 3-32, 3-33. 4-15. 5-10,
21,6-22, 6-24, 6-25, 6-26, 7-5, 7-15.7-16.7-18.7- 5-17. 5-26, 7-32
C-4
EPRI Pmptietary Liceensed Afaftcrid
Index
top-of-tubesheet, 2-59, A-24 W

toxicity, 3-13
tube scales, 2-48, 2-49 water chemistry, v, vi, ix, 1-1, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2- 1,
tube surfaces. 2-4, 2-14, 2-45, 2-46, 2-50, 3-2, 3-12, 2-2. 2-3, 2-42, 2-43. 2-44, 2-46, 2-47, 2-53, 2-61.
3-23, 3-34. 5-21, 5-29, 6-12, 6-18, 7-32 2-62, 2-66, 2-73, 2-74, 2-76, 3-2, 3-4, 3-11, 3-12,
tube-ring, A- I 3-16, 3-17, 3-35, 4-1.4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-8, 4-9, 4-11,
tubesheet, 2-3, 2-17. 2-28,2-30, 2-34, 2-41,2-53, 2- 4-12, 4-15, 4-18, 4-25, 5-7. 5-15, 5-27, 5-28, 6-1,
75. 3-6, 3-12, 3-26, 3-33, 3-35, 3-36, 3-37, 3-38, 3- 6-2, 7-1, 7-37, A-I, A- 1l, B-I, B-2, B-3, B-8
39, 5-9, 6-7, 6-14, 6-16, 6-18, 7-15. A-3, A-23 wet layup, x, xi, xii, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56, 2-57. 2-58. 2-
tubing alloys, 2-1. 2-5, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-28, 72, 5-8, 5-9.5-10, 5-11,6-6, 6-7,6-8, 6-9, 6-10, 8-
2-32, 2-54, 5-12. 6-11 2
Z
U
zeta, 2-47, 2-50, 2-51
ultrasonic energy cleaning, 3-37, 3-38
zinc. 2-19, 7-32
V
volatility, 2-19, 2-37, 2-38, 3-13, 3-29, 4-15, 5-30, 6-
14, 6-21, 6-25, A-3, A-4, A-15, B-3
C-5
E-PRI Pzop.ietar, k~eettsed Afk---h-'
D
TRANSLATED TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF
WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC.
(EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW,
NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM:
(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH
RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM
DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, OR (11)THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY
OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (111) THAT THIS
DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE, (IV) THAT ANY
TRANSLATION FROM THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ORIGINAL OF THIS DOCUMENT IS WITHOUT ERROR;
OR
(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER

(INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS
BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR
USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR
ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT.
THE TRANSLATION OF THIS DOCUMENT FROM THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ORIGINAL HAS BEEN
PREPARED WITH LIMITED BUDGETARY RESOURCES BY OR ON BEHALF OF EPRI. IT IS PROVIDED
FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY AND EPRI DISCLAIMS ALL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS
ACCURACY. THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ORIGINAL SHOULD BE CONSULTED TO CROSS-CHECK
TERMS AND STATEMENTS IN THE TRANSLATION.
ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
D-1
EPRI ProprietaryLicensed MAiterial
Translated Table of Contents
mNt
1016555
, 2009t*2
D-2
EPRI Poopietary Lieetsd AM~ftci.a
Ii-ý1M~ F-5d(,'PWR 4ý,,V®G*N~ttj aFTYR;ý*PLt 0 MDE

*MJXFY-J ( PWR ) 0®$4Lt ZG)AttI_;ANT,=;7A IP *0)* L*70 )
1-b. O*W1-
rPWZ6 7rtG*%t
Qoo TgL-U \,DL4,

: **~
7ii
-El AW1ZL
oZ jt~~ -iGfhZ4 PWV
7. I' 7
D-3
• •
E-PRI i-z pmtezy Licneeite 3fafemai
PWR~)*ý-*7JtO*% Malt-PWRZY~a,
®{®)
Z*, 9R- 0)
X if:I 0) 7f,(ff *1, R 7-t V-t M( NEI) 9
7 - 0 6 LNEIO0 3 - 0 8 (ZA-f=-TlbAX- 65 0
*~~~~~U 7.DC4 II0®f1~®S~~~
A5, 6ttl-tiii#1WRAx72±f RSRS))-ALJitf(OTS±TG )®
ChemWorks T2 ) ~ .
D-4
EPRI ProprietaryLieeptsed fateria!
V VoUtL-3L
~8~ t*<CIE21 A L,-C 07. *v:D
A~t NEIO0 3 -0 8 8 lJi:NEI 9 7 - 0 6L R4 9 f9 ,6, *
EPRIO)-Vt3-
T')~
35*L -bý tt ff, 0L C 0lttff e 0)Cý,-3
PWR
-J~m ~Pl'~iV)2c
D-5
EPRI ProprietaryLiee;swd MAlterial
1 a= tt W ..................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 F t L_. 0. ....................................................................................................................................
. 1-1
1.2 . .. . . . ..............................................................................................................................
. . . 1-3
1.3 9- ,1 , V T CZ MV-b - V ^Z......
8 * A........................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.1 ..............................................................................................................................................
.. 1-4
1.4 ID1, L 0 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.5 - ,•Aý
............................................................................................................................................. 1-7
1.6 ............................................................................................................................... 1-8
2 *,W•WX 6 R0 1 4' O .......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 . .............................................................................................................................................
.. 2-1
2.2 P -X............................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.3 "4- nl JiJ ................................................................................. 2-3
2.3.1 ........................................................................................ 2-3
2.3.2 ' { pH . ...............................................................................................................................
. . 2-4
2.3.3 R 1A),-,*_ZV ........................................................ 2-8
2.3.4 4• W• •,W ................................................................................................................... 2-14
2.3.4.1 JR ; v .......................................................................................................... 2-14
2.3.4.2 35 G < U 1* .............................................................................................. .... 2-17
2.3.4.3 M <U ,,Jf.......................................................................................................... 2-19
2.3.5 -=6 ,600, 800, 690(ZWCJ ,t.. *-;
XE•-E[4 ............................................................. 2-20
2.3.6 SCCL IGAA J -R* ................................................................................................................ 2-23
2.4 , t -• ..................................................................................................... 2-27
2.4.1 t t C f 1 .......................................................................................... 2-27
2.4.2 c.................................................. 2-28
2.4.3 ±-- tL, (I-- = k 9 ,4L'i-_ ) L...n
U'..... 1A,................................................................. 2-34
2.4.4 T L, M i t ) WEI• IL 0l Q I .................................................................................. 2-36
2.4.5 , I•nsL - ,M nI ............................................................................... 2-40
D-6
EPRI Proppdctaiy Liccntscd Mfaterial
2.4.6 f ......................................................................................................................................... 2-40

2.4.7 M WN ........................................................................................................................... 2-42
2.4.8 • lt ..................................................................................................................................... 2-42
2.4.9 5-,•-ý¶,• t IF ]$ ,_,L
..................................................................................................... 2-43
2.4.10 V rT¶RI ............................................................................................................................ 2-44
2.4.11 1 L..................................................................... 2-50
2.4.12 -t±.K_• U 4
•3® C - ' Z $ S IR ........................................................... 2-51
2.4.13 5............................................................... 2-55
2.5 t...................................................................................... 2-57
2.5.1 WR± W '' ,t _ '- 0") -- kl' W& L t ( FAC ) ......................... 2-57
2.5.1.1 - t FACG V V -- ;ý, ,, pH ) %W
n •1•
R1% ...................................................... 2-57
2.5.1.2 -- -*,,rpHTV "7 °IQ-- ""0)i ,, .......................................................................... 2-59
2.5.1.3 FACr-R V" J A 4NRV
^< I I,.................................................................................... 2-60
2.5.1.3.1 pHT ®FACtZ -,tD .................................................................................. 2-61
2.5.1.3.2 IRA Z A® FACC)( T.
4' O- .......................................................................... 2-61
2.5.1.3.3 L"FCC /0) ®FAC Z, V- 5!. W ....................................................................... 2-63
2.5.1.4 7i........................................................... 2-66
2.5.2 BOP ®)(V tZP,-Il-, "< I ..................................................................................
U-V 2-66
2.5.3 . L- ' .................................................................................... 2-67
2.5.4 : -- .............................................................................................................................. 2-67
2.5.4.1 :ýz-- S IR...................................................................... 2-67
2.5.4.2 OTSG,*,•,,"L 8 ,-C E->I-- J-(1\-I T r!7S' - > 0)-%, r .................................. 2-68
2.5.5 ............................................................................................................ 2-68
2.6 •U
, t
'-IE ( OTSG ) ......................................................................................................... 2-68
2.7 - ............................................................................................................................. 2-70
3 *,•, 3M .................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 JIA ............................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 2 8 7' t 7, ) & AIJ .................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.1 -- .......................................... .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . 3-2
3.2.2 RSG®©7 1-O

- I :IThZ.1E-............................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 3-10
3.3 ' pH ECP.............................................................................. 3-11
3.3.1 pH$qlJ, ............................................................................................................................. 3-11
3.3.1.1 It.--ItnX ..-z> t® GA
A 1t , 9, ...................................................................... 3-12
D-7
EPRI Proprietary reeas-ed Matoerial
3.3.1.2 A
f 7
T >ft A, ) 1-- Y) 0) V "® * 14, ....................................................... 3-12
3.3.2 I L U t T z >'7
ft ip H, *ibp HLV
N ........................................................ 3-13
3.3.3 ECP$q4M 1..............................................................
................................................ 3-14
3.4
,) I t$ - 7.,
L. .................................................................................................................. 3-14
3.4.1 ALARAh 4- ...................................................................................................................... 3-14
3.4.2 L $ ( - ................................................................................... 3-15
3 .4 .2 .1 ........................................................................................... 3 -16
3.4.2.2 )t........................................................... 3-16
3.4.3 ifW4•J A. S ....................................................................................................................... 3-17
3.4.3.1 IIW5 O 1..
0© JJ4. RJf ........................................................................................ 3-18
3.4.3.2 ,, ttf A Stt-413 , 4A
I, -VIS V -< -8 ............................................................ 3-18
3.5 lJ................................................................ 3-18

3.5.1 39LR ............................................................................................................ 3-18
3.5.1.1 A L" $ > ) - R,lAtJI
........................................................................................ 3-20
3.5.1.2 A L K7 .4 )>*4N#*4A
SCV 7 W PRV <8" I ................................................ 3-21
3 .5 .2 I............................................................................... 3 -2 1
3.5.3 R E® L0A J® $ U J ..................................................................................................... 3-23
3 .6 'J.......................................................................................... 3 -2 3
3 .6 .1 M ..................................................................................................................................... 3 -2 3
3 .6 .1.1 ........................................................................................... 3-2 4
3.6.1.2 , J 1J...................................................................... 3-24
3 .6 .2 IJ ..................................................................................................................................... 3 -24
3 .6 .2 .1 ' L........................................................................................... 3-24
3.6.2.2 JIR t M ®f t 'ý8 oil': ...................................................................... 3-25
3.6.3 'i................................................................................... 3-25
3.6.3.1 • .'_,...'Th1-• 5j tw R................
.L.............1.....U 3-25
3.6.3.2 ,L - , ,', If, '...................... 3-26
3 .7 .......................................................................................... 3 -26
3.7.1 * !7FR ,, ( BAT ) ......................................................................................................... 3-26
3.7.1.1 7° >> , ')[I-, 'yt7 L ý J ) - P UL .................................................. 3-27
3.7.1.2 2 R PI, I-L ,< 7*10) [-, ) 'Y 7*, AXR ............................................................ 3-27
3.7.1.3 L - > " 1 ................................. 3-28
D-8
EPRI ProprietaryLiceensed Mofteial
3.7.1.4 BAT ®)*)JY I,•JJ'

i ................................................................................................... 3-28
3.7.1.5 BAT i...................................................................... 3-28
3.7.2 ,N A I M PI 0) ±.k. ............................................................................................................ 3-29
3.7.2.1 I ................................................................................... :3-30
3.7.2.2 I....................................................... 3-30
3.8 _..................................................................................................... 3-30
3.8.1 A ± 0 3 ,
)O• O$~ ..................................................................................................... 3-31
3.8.2 ................................................................................................. 3-31
3.8.3 ,, ............................................................................................. 3-31
3.8.3.1 IL n, A li- ........................................................................................................ 3-31
3.8.3.1.1 I.............................................................................. 3-32
3.8.3.1.2 I L* ,0 SI R ....................................................................... 3-33
3.8.3.1.3 , .................................................................................. 3-33
3.8.3.2 9t& I± 2; 5Y & ' -,. ........................................................................................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.1 Il ............................................................ 3-34
3.8.3.2.2 ,$- .......................................... 3-34

3.8.3.2.3 7, 5'Y• ( ' ) ................................................................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.4 A >
1 W ®')$,-7,, ' ®) l . ....................................................................... 3-35
3.8.3.2.5 •............................... .• .................................... 3-35
3.8.3.3 T•! / ¶ > K) U,
7,,5 i'VY , [ •A ......................................................................... 3-35
3.8.3.3.1 ) 7....................................................................... 3-35
3.8.3.3.2 ± J3*,,'
% > , .> .............................................................................. 3-36
3.9 0 4- ZIR ............................................................................................................................. 3-36
4 714/MI-, U 0) MILO 0)t O#5 ...........................................................................................
*)-if 4-1
4.1 t•IL I (CZJf7-, NEI®)[ 4 - Otnl * -I[: .................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 I ............................................................................. 4-2
4.1.2 I A-Ut- t6*l, .............................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2 .-.............................................................................................................................................
.. 4-2
4.3 Ad ,* W If ) ................................................................................................... 4-4
4.3.1 f OE I ti G)® . ....................................................................................................... 4-4
4.3.2 f ts75 ,,l tA5 --•,......... 4-4
4.3.3 U) ,, t/ IA't
n, ' P1
o)r-
M mfi .............................................................................. 4-7
4.3.3.1 S A 0 M ............................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.3.2 ,* S M®©, i,,4t .................................................................................................... 4-8
D-9
EPMI ProorietaryLicensed MacHfia
4.3.3.3 S ©Et .................................................................................................... 4-8

4.3.3.4 4 Ap 1M
5 / , 1, t A,%pl
.................................................................................... 4-10
4.3.4 C * O,$J'6 0"O • f• ................................................................................................ 4-11
4.3.4.1 - JR• (-' 8 * ........................................................................................ 4-11
4.3.4.2 ALARAI'* .............................................................................................. ..... 4-11
4.3.4.3 RSG -)L ,L$J!•0JR ( MRC ) ...................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.4.4 RSG 4(,
RV2['9 In,',17 t (IE ) ............................................................................ 4-13
4.3.4.5 ,v•A* X t ]
M*. P*JO5) ,,.t................................................................................ 4-13
4.3.4.6 ,,--J ''
.1--ISIM I& &_,A- 7ML .................................................. 4-14
4.3.4.6.1 il F ................................................................................................ 4-14
4.3.4.6.2 L ............................... .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .4-15
4.3.4.7 --•. 0t pH$ 4 ................................................................................................. 4-15

4.3.4.8 , o fl•,4420" A ........................................................................................ 4-16
4.3.4.9 /\-f T') " - - ................................................................................ 4-17
4.4 11 ............................................................................ 4-22
4.4.1 NEI 03-08 -NEI 97-060) . I Y ' 1)7, . ........................................................................ 4-22
4.5 2#0
4 l ............................................................................................................................. 4-27
5 ........
••............................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 f-X ............................................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 - ................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.1 .....................
........... ............................ 5-2
5.2.2 1L P V) (tW(
LPV
t ) L rP , M ( MPV)................................
) ..................... 5-2
5.3 f L,,,N)U0, )Z ..................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.3.1 ,IT L, , l1 ........................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3.1.1 r f lnl jR, ................................................................................. 5-5
5.3.2 4TEL,, X ,2 ........................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.2.1 r`0 l60 j ...................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.3 TR LN),3 ........................................................................................................................... 5-7
5.3.3.1 r Jo)f ...................................................................................... 5-7
5.4 A .T
. ......................................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5 AW L M-nI hi t_ ....................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5.1 /TA 1) /* U491 .................................................................................................. 5-8
5.5.1.1 tt ........................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5.1.2 S .......................................................................................................................... 5-9
D-1O
,PRIl Proprietary Licensed Mfacria!
5.5.1.3 5-1 IYIE.................................................................... 5-12
5.5.1.3.1 M t .................................................................................................... 5-12
5.5.1.3.2 . 4 ) --. / I t ....................................................................... 5-13
5.5.1.4 T ARt9f9,-lt' t ...................................................................................................... 5-13

5.5.2 IiMA / A Z TiE ( RCS >2000 F, <M PV, -I JPL1;1b, ) ........................................................ 5-14
5.5.2.1 t -tf ........................................................................................................................ 5-14

5.5.2.2 S I ....................................................................................................................... 5-14
5.5.2.3 Jlý5,X -- $z .IM )IE tI ....................................................................................... 5-19
5.5.2.4 A T MASt tt - MJDn/ EI .................................................................................... 5-20
5.5.3 L )4J3NE ........................................................................................................................... 5-22
5.5.3.1 tifl'- ........................................................................................................................ 5-22

5.5.3.2 M ........................................................................................................................ 5-22
5.5.3.3 J X - :Y:L i ) It€1 ........................................................................................ 5-25
5.5.3.4 E ffl T f - ........................................................................................ 5-29
5.6 0 4 3M ............................................................................................................................. 5-31
6 ................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1 J-R ............................................................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 $• J, U II f 5 X -- :z
/A ........................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.1 t L\............................................................... 6-3

6.3 FT L,, JUo tI .. ................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.3.1 I L )I,1........................................................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.1.1 j..... ....... . ...................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.2 fTIt L,/N )L 2 ........................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.2.1 r'-AS _ -© f ...................................................................................... 6-5

6.3.3 t LT )L 3 ........................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.3.1 r- f t~ j R© q ...................................................................................... 6-5
6.4 3E E .- .................................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5 M t ........................................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.1 tIP / m** /--9 .................................................................................................................. 6-6
6.5.2 ;fl, i E / *. P ) ....................................................................................................... 6-7
6.5.2.1 tt .......................................................................................................................... 6-7
6.5.2.2 - ................................................................................................................... 6-8
6.5.2.3 T X -- : L )1 ' t ........................................................................................ 6-10
6.5.2.3.1 , 5i: t- a .................................................................................................... 6-10
D-11
6.5.2.3.2 MW 0)"ý),®
-- 7, 1I x= ....................................................................... 6-11
6.5.2.4 A EtI ................................................................................................................. 6-11
6.5.3 <15%®) t)-7- 'HJ/T, 3-523 9, A--J-PW
( RCS >200 0 F, J -7-J• lt, <15% ) ................................................................................. 6-12
6.5.3.1 / -1t•
A ff"1-
0 ............................................................................................... 6-12
6.5 .3 .2 /t ............................................................................................... 6 -16
6.5.3.2.1 0 Y ............................................................................................................... 6-16
6.5.3.2.2 & xft*.•
.-...... o) ., .................................................................................. 6-17
6 .5 .3 .3 W E .................................................................................................................
I. 6-17
6.5.4 343 fC( O --
7-L.. >.15% ) ............................................................................................ 6-19
6 .5 .4 1 1 1 ............................................................................................... 6 -19
6.5.42 -- E............................................................................................ 6-22
6.5.4.24 R ,S t-- 4 C ............................................................................... 6-25
6 .6 I- .............................................................................................................................
E 6 -2 6
7 6-.-6 : W ,. 10, ............................................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 -M ............................................................................................................................................ 7 -1
7.2 )-- . ..... ..................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.1 5 -- $ V X ......................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.2 -.... 1................................................. 7-3
7 .2 .3 ®-:-- ®
......................................................................................................................... 7 -3
7.2.4 --,........ ................................................ 7-4
7.3 ý z#1) >
* ',.QZJ-D .. a.................................................................................. 7-5
7.3.1 -t>' 4 XV: X tM IR'- ................................................................................................... 7-5
7.3.2 J4 ,-kt A ......................................................................................................................... 7-7

7.3.2.1 #" > ).... ............................................................................................... ... 7-7
7 .3 .3 >
.................................................................................................................................. 7-10
7.3.43Z -DU\ - ) V V "<i M ................................................................. 7-11
7.3.5 M t(" 7tV 1 )> Y " ......................................................................................... 7-13

7.3.6
0 , 0OTSG ( N••i
•RE I ti ) t,, U,\ T, t -1U"A
r', L" N It -b R--•"n I Q
71)> t" {' t -t•t - .................................................................................................... 7-14

7 .4 -' - ................................................................................................................... 7 -15
7.4 .1 J ,. .................................................................................................................................. 7-15
7.4.2 EPRI& )7 ["-' T
"r) ChemW orks TM ................................................................................ 7-16
7.4.2.1 ChemW orks Tools TM ................................................................................................. 7-17
D-12
EPRI ProprietaryLiccitsed Materiial
7.4.2.2 MULTEQ .................................................................................................................... 7-17

7.4.2.3 Hideout Return Calculator ( /\-( F )) -- ................................ 7-17
7.4.2.4 Plant Chem istry Sim ulator ( -kt.':t L,-- ) .......................................
-5> 7-18
7.4.2.5 CIRCE ........................................................................................................................ 7-18
7.4.2.6 Polisher Performance Calculator ( ` ltW- ) ................... 7-19
7.4.3 I t- t -A-•
-1";RT-f--1 ±' .............................................................................................. 7-19
7.4.4 ........................................................................................................ 7-20
7.4.4.1 -7 -.................................................................................................. 7-20
7.4.4.2 o )............................................ 7-22
7.4.4.3 •• ( ) ..........
. .$j. . .. .............................. 7-24
7.4.4.5 ............................................................................................... 7-27
7.4.4.6 ' t............................................................................................... 7-27
7.5 .............................................................................................. 7-29
7.5.1 pH 1J6•t J * tP-A4 / * , ............................................................................................. 7-29
7.5.2 Q, I2In M* AA MP .............................................................................................. 7-30
7.6 4• f,
AO W-V-, .............................................................................................................................. 7-32
7.6.1 ( 4-1"
-, - - . ) ........................................................................ 7-32
7.6.2 ) ) ( J) ...................................................................................... 7-32
7.6.3 ,A4-J0 ")* A ............................................................................................................ 7-32
7.6.4 ............................................................................................................ 7-33
7.6.5 *.. A S. 0).1.. ..................................................................................................... 7-33
7.6.6 J H L7®
/ 7 1,'
w 't ........................................................................................ 7-33
7.6.7 Ti tl•_®r't-L
0) 41j' I_ ................................................................................................. 7-33
7.6.8 \'1" f<7 ) b') • -- > .................................................-........................................... 7-33
7.7 #04 MFl .............................................. ;.............................................................................. 7-34
83 l f .,,
Jk$ M. ................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1 J.L..................................................................................................................................
l-Z .......... 8-1
8.2 3 A , N O NA , M ................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2.1 N A ............................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2.2 # ............................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2.3 M R -WA ............................................................................................................................. 8-2
A A t 1• .lj:I ..................................................................................................................... .... A-1
A.1 .-............................................................................................................................................... A-1
A.2 9,6t i• . 4) t, - ............................................................................................................. A-1
D-13
&MRI ProprietaryLiceased Maffteral
A .3 ................................................................................................................ A -4
A.3.1 -)tA ( ppb* R ) .......................................................................................................... A-4
A.3.2 51 B (ff"fi M) ....................................................................................................... A-7
A.3.3 SA C ( CREV-SIM ) ........................................................................................................ A-13
A.4 , f-,9lMAO,
B tf V7-5M k > , 0)M ............. I. ..... ........................... .......... A-13
A.4.1 1 ,M M E,, A ...................................... A-13
A .4 .2 0 2 ................................................................................................................ A-15
A.4.3 01 ,.3...........................
.. .. .... .. .. .. ................ A-15
A .5 *- V ................................................................................................................................. A -2 3
B PW R "- .," ..................................................................... B-1
B .1 ............................................................................................................................................ B -1
B.2 P W Rl................................................................. B-1

B .2 .1 P .................................................................................................................................. B -1
B .2 .2 4 * ........................................................................................................................... B -2
B .2 .3 M.. .................................................................................................................................. B -2
B.2.4 -7 ....................................................................................... B-3
B .2 .5 f.................................................................................................. B-6
B.2.5.1 PW R ttFMV•At•Vfl &, -, -- ............................................................. B-7
B.2.5.2 t ®
)0) .................................................................................................................. B-8
B.3 I V... ..................................................................................................................................
B -10
D-14
E-PRI Proprietary Lieeptsed Maerial
02-1 288 0° tt5--'Y ), - i.k,*,,)W--pH91

( 10-30 M R-2 0") M ) [5] ............................................................................................................ 2-5
02-2 2880 CZ,. £(, 'ý, E-- - k*,*0)21--pH-
( 10-3 0 ®9 i' l ) [5] ............................................................................................................ 2-6
R2-3 288OCtJZ3~t 7.- A-*,®-GMf3 -pHR1
( 10-3 O9 O)A N ) [5] ............................................................................................................ 2-7
92-4 7,ý5ý 4 1 / IJ'Y
( [910][ 10-16 EZ . < ) .............................................................................................................. 2-9
M12-5 300°C-•O J ( =--Tit )--_G)
-(F!!=-600©5lILA,* ( [10](ai< ) .................................... 2-10
[]2-6 • •'•- ®t•
600MAL-600SRO)® 5 I'.4
I A,• [10] ....................................................... 2-11
-12-7 aU1IDJ Rý® =A 800 NGO) 15I •_.A : [11] ............................................................. 2-12
E'2-8 ! r0P ?i1t©Ll --'Y lAP-® 600MA [10] .................................................................. 2-13
102-9 A'-600WC I >1VOTb•-T-/• IU•AR 0- I$ 2 "-DO)Fb •&L• [19] 2-
16
192-10 - "46009 -= -- I<F ( T-300 0C) ( StaehleO) [57]t'-A 5 < ) .................................... 2-20
12-11 =600MA, 600TT, 690TT R :-I<-HR
( 300°C-C(/)CERT:-iW ,.-.•. < ) ([6541J )............................
) ......................................... 2-23
012-12 IGAK : -* vs. 315°C TO600MAOpH ( [74]L7•I 5< )....................................................... 2-25
[92-13 SCCP - vs. 315°C C®D 600MAO)pH ( [74] (T.V < ).....................................................
-:K 2-26
02-14 "6 00TT AI -6 600MA©=MV4 ..U < IME
6 [94]'T # Rt~L t.........
. . .•.. < ................................................................................... 2-31
02-15 ••'690TT $4 600MA,.-< 1
C•
-[99] • ti It -- :r (ZA.. < ................................................................................... 2-32
02-16 -•"800NG V -6 00MAO)--,j• •,.-:1t.AIZ < &- lP
. .-.f- & t f T.<
*- -V {cw[102]T -- zL ................................................................................. 2-33
N12-17 600MA.600TT0)® ,3 vs.
[MlM/ A, 315°C®10%NaOHE.L *1.1C*m ( 108(Z,-i< ) ......................................... 2-35
012-18
$F4 7"304;k3->L,,,0)A ft, 0,R*4100, 200, 250, 288 0 C(,:' -!,'I< ,)-;> O)
PI O L ,"T [1 15] ......................................................................................................................... 2-38
D-15
EAR! ProprietaryLicensed
.. ferid-I
E12-19 L 5 >tL G$O&-•t690 ECP ( IEt *ttpHT) -NOW [114] ...................... 2-39
02-20 2 280°C-CpH . XOR f j,, A L - 1"405;,- 5 L,, M,, L, "-C'-.I
[1 18] ........................................................................................................................................... 2-4 1
R-2-21 A 1-D>k'
1)*t-Y ,lT.
r- 8 IE 0,•)RIth' 130)aAtt [136] .................................... 2-46
2-22 L) [136] .................................................................. 2-46
EI2-23 gB i
L.,1010U t® * , 0-#
A©iO)tW [173, 185]53' 0©5--z .................................. 2-53
R12-24 ANO 2QTV - McGuire 2 ®m9T MAcJ)$W,
htt - 5 [150] ........................................ 2-56
02-25 -"1706 (90 / 10Q_-Z 'Y• -J)1)Ti/IP*4JO-- &M4$,
IR A [ft 2 ppbO)* * [195] ................................................................................................... 2-58
2 [201] ............... 2-59
1I2-27
•FAC3t (L.."5•-,> •,Z•FAJ) "T ( pHC*25 0 Cr9.0
), -CU180'CL 235 0 Gc( 8t. 7Q,- 7-f...3T--Clt, L.- -' ,. [208]2-64
12-28 L I<5$t-' ( 17-131
ppb) ®)R UX,®),tR®")FAC5t, NH3, 25°C-CpH=9, MW(t*2350 C
.L [224] ........ 2-65
012-29
NZ 4A-FACW,_ ( L Ft : > L FtiU*0 *1, FACI tCM41;5i 1t " ) M•jL 1:7 >f,
*SNWE4 ( 0.009% Cr ) •180°CC, T>TZ--T ( pH25°C=9.0 ) fCW,\ L-0.5
ppb Pl,,AT t *L,,H7 Q -- (C
fl [208] .................................................................................. 2-65
0I3-1 1 m iI© VZ
t 0 -C,
.- U I -. vs. $U W, [2] ................................................................... 3-3
W3-2 V M4t ,47'-]-_ #t*nL4]70)4< ........................................ 3-3
[I3-3 2.9ROl N & U., Vnr,
pH (MULTEQP'- a2>4.0, -- z-2,\-- 25.0, •t-.'2>:Z[=
270 0C, P 1O, PR 't # , A IW A ) ................................................................................ 3-4
lI3-4 ®,C &O ,LUT
Vt•er. pH"Na=3XCI
®®3•. 'A,,, -- ( MULTEQ/\'--9 >4.0, "T--••-,J--, 2>5.0, 2Y'-.' 2>:fl1 =
270°C , N 1O , )ME t 9 4ý ) ................................................................................................. 3-6
03-5)RO, ®Ot LUTOfLr)- pHLNa=CI
® 0'):ALI-• ( MULTEQJX--Q 2>4.0, "T-K-ZP•--.••- 2>5.0, :t7$-,' 2 >:M =
270 C , P , ) ..................................................................................................... . . 3-7

[N3-6 20-W 0®R "LU-rT nr8©
$ pHL.CI=3XNa
®#a0*'A,,,, -• ( MULTEQ/'(---$ 2>4.0, 7-~-• ,'j--$,T- 2>5.0, tt'-, 2 >:f =
270°C , L J.......
t. ) .................................................................................................. 3-8
&13-7 ®0)M•& uz"E© -nr'.'
pH . 0,0')A%..±M,'- ( MULTEQ/--- 2>4.0, - -7,\-- 2>5.0, 2tt'
2> :j = 270°C, P 1., )tig , XX ,-A ) ............................................................. 3-9
3-8 "__> -)L--,--2•-, ,- _-C _ FWL_. [<5>(ppb) / CPD 02
(ppb) ®P _t UZ [24] ......................................................................................................... 3-19
R3-9
ZtO- >C-- t1*,-(kL t" _-W{ J(% ), FWLI<5" )>(ppb)/CP
D 0 2 (ppb) ®•L• b.L [25] ..................................................................................................... 3-19
D-16
E-PRI Proprietay LicenpsedMaterial
913-10
MIK•-_I r -Y ')> t-3 75 7 T 000) JM ( %) FWL F[/5$ (ppb) / CP
D 0 2 (ppb)O M t U.,t- [26] ..................................................................................................... 3-20
1i3-11 ECP, 20%•r',a'•llm h ",•AIloy 600•() .•-*-tIL [29] ............................... 3-23
M7-1 'J >') . '................................................... 7-12
............................................ 7 -12
•7-3 l - t~i- > / t ", .k-> ,. ...................... 7-13
[R 7-4 t > 7 ) , 4. . ....................................................................................................... 7-13
R 7-5 1\- ' ................................................. 7-25
IIA-1
[2] .................................................................................................................................................... A -2
A [1] ............................. A -3
A- $-F
-- ................... A-4
A- 4 , ,. 7 - +I E t.............................. A-6
R A-5 fAli0'C T i > F- U Aýi , " [-,W...................................
.............................. A-6
RA-6 +l " V A U, I-- IUOAR O, • 4-D 3 -D0)-f- -7,, ..................................... A-7
[A-7
' ......................................................................................................................................... A-8
.A-8 , ........................................................................................ A-9
INA-9 X- 'u t rAoMI
A......
CL , Irr - L. ) R 9 .................................................................. A-9
I1A-1 0
....
.................................................................................................... . . A-11
(IA-11 0) ."V
t'a0C{VmL-- -; 7L,
'a1VVY t-,--
F4 tV>7* ..................................... A-11
I•I-12•,©•+Jd'
2JL t,"gb"••[• • '[ ©•jJ, }•© ,•GL'L,•.... A-1 2
OB-1
Mollier0g•, xTG -",•Z '•E ,' I-I"J ,,- ""\,( •
v [9]L [10](, E -C< ) ............................................................................................. ........ B-4
M1B-2 LP $ -- E > 0) f' - t ©l
0) ,1 .................................................................................................. B-5
RB-3 IL 8 *Y)t
, -T t}0©t9#t
% ,l ( LP = fWE,
IP = cPEE, HP = X ,q:, r1
n - E> 0)___ */©) ............................................................................. B-9
D-17
A 2-1 *m 600, 690, 800 ®t*HM 01b

Jl, * [77] ..................................................................... 2-30
A 3-1 ............................................................ 3-5
A 4-1 X- ( ) .................................................................................. 4-5
4-2 • • -f L >, ( ) ................................................................ 4-6
A 4-3 4 A%'c,/
4 t-<8 *,, .................................................................................................... 4-7
A 4-4 ± -W
AOR' n. '130
/ *:, 0) IN -ftd -A
it ............................... .......................................................... 4-9
-A4-5 W ./ . . ........................................................................................................ 4-9
A4-6 4 IMJIZ / Ar, fi.• 1- *k 7È J..UA-
Z L, DM' I, , ...................... 4-10
A 4-7 Z- 0" Z UkN(
, " 4,-
JJM TW{
f' ) .................................................................................... 4-18
A4-8 Jffti *.k•*% IL © ®t,®-
0") 7 Q -1-- 1 -b . ................................................................. 4-24
A4-9 RSG) 1 0)7°> " 01-.*Wl• -- f'y -, 001 ...................................................... 4-26
*OTSG Z'> h ( $ i ) ®)0150)>k•4, 'yvi,ý/Y--Y ....... 4-26
A 5-1 * S3k UIW ( RCS <200°F ) ) ............................................................ 5-10
A 5-2 i}.0 ) t• 0Th • Ut0
E t -1-Mtf.............................................................................................. 5-13
A5-3 .1•IxN•®:
A 5SJ.Uk-f,&
D .•Jk ( RCS >200°F - <MPV
X --T )H ) l () ......................................................... 5-15
A5-4 Nr-_3/tl t=n•t / E•.LEE (RCS >200°F - <MPV
7- 4 ) -) l ......................................................................................... 5-17
A 5-5 N Dl./ L lb G i tH t F .............................................................................................. 5-20
V5-6 N, 3. i_0© tW (>MPVJ,-74-JfftI ) ) ........................................ 5-23
A5-7 N .•I Ott .N_ ( >MPV J-7-P )
'i) -) .......................... 5-24
-A5-8 ( >LPV ,.........
...... . ...................................................................... 5-25
- 5-9 W k
•tiEL 6 0 E4 #WHt~f ........................................................................................... 5-30
0
*6-1 tM. PRW ( RCS <200 F) 4txK '-IM=t0)+ L>,*),.............................................................. 6-9
* 6-2 ••........................................... ......... ............................................. 6-10
A6-3 ;JT` - / *,JU1V) R•'• 0) I,E( < 200°F ) ............................................... ...... 6-12
rK6-4 ZEX '-I=fRCS>200°F;53 -T ( <15% P.--)f+ ° ....... 6-14
D-18
E-P-RI Proprietary Lic ed MAterial

.6-5 'JRCS > 200°Ft;6 J tPW• ( <15% F-.Tt ) O1 --9 )>It>1)L
....................................................................................................................................................... 6 -1 5
0
A6-6 RCS > 200 Fti I J-7-I .)Jt
, ( <15% FT-t
A )C M-T 4II ..................................... 6-18
A6-7 ffi M _E > 15% T ýJ-ý ft))0 't• > 7°)L ........................................ 6-20
t RO
A6-8 11M •fJ-E h( >15% W-- 5j ) ®1.* i)L, ....................... 6-21
A6-9 t *.(KR>15%
,fYoiEIE 4 , ) I . 7)L, ...................... 6-21
A 6-10 f ( > 15% LK-- ) r0 ) ,UIEtF ................................................................... 6-25
A 7 -1 ......................................................................................... 7 -2
A 7 -2 I............................................................................................. 7-2
A7-3 6 ft/sec c+>7,°*)5 4> tt ) kg/m>7-)lE
( kg/min ) ....................... 7-8
A7-4 t+>i*)LZVfI kg/minG - iOt©+t>7*A5i-4>
>A (ft/sec) .......................................... 7-8
A7-5 t '>)LM,'P_tff1 kg/min L°®®tO i)L > ®- 0) L,-f /)LXR ( f%4U, ) ................. 7-9
A 7-6 , • t6 f-t">•')O
4 > (Z6 ................................................................. 7-11
A 7-7 EPRIW /"7 2Ir!7 Chem W orks TM ....................................................................................... 7-16
A 7-8 4 T O_ ................................................... 7-19
.A-'--'-•7-9 PWR--•Z*14
..........-
L b MJ n 7.. -. 0.) WA- ..................................................... 7-21
A 7-10 7,--L M .. w .--I. )
• -A ................................................................................................ 7-22
V 7 -1 1 ........................................................................................ 7 -2 9
A 7-12 A - ) - ( M " +7 "D
M
1, 't- .................................................................................. 7-30
A 7-13 ....................................................................... 7-3 1
A B-1 I.................................................................................... B-6
D-19
ibw
irpriefary tteeirsed 2matcnat
TranslatedTable of Contents
-7MI MI7E!
1016555
.. >..17,k-', 2009-• 2-N
D-20
E-PRI Ap;nt~iery Lieense>d mfetr:.ia
-Y -p 0Lj- Oý
ý-pkj g 741 m -aF rz RH oil Rl -l- Oý IJI H IRl A1 7 F,,,, al a m 71 -
C= 0 CD 7 1.91 LI -Fr-l 1, t=
IC :L1 0 7,k
;Ej 1:3 7 C>It4 0 Rl- 0 I:k[ A I:L Eg L=J
A Ia[ MI:=
-1 C) CD
2 it =01-71 -Orl to H0 19-1 0 17 HxcJ tI 0

EM L- CS -- r
RIJTM IQ d:1 1101 tl-71 -rloH
HRI
AH -91!=2' xcJ -Y-7
EP R I-6L-= r 1N 041 [[[ E[ Oj 711 RI 0 1j* Lj-;I I- -I?---ý;I' IN ýE -7rr-7 1'-C-11
-CD EP
1Er- -11-1
1:110 0,) 1:1 - 0 1N ILI PWR 01AINIff A/ 4'tX19Rj ýj 9 ];Ej 4
0 0[ EI M raý
q 1 1L4 Xj Xj -10_y
M IE[ 0 F -LI 0 1.!== 7-1 7-1 0 ýAý 711
U _g! P- ýa 0 04
:j? 04 =[ o
-1 Oil
-1;E! 041,ký t :E'-P-4 I 1AI 5 0 1 AI-acH> CH 11 wW[;EJ- -U,97[Oil
7HXcj -I.X[ %ý ,ýS: oj[:[.ý= 7-,Oil 7,ý =pa
0 -T- A/I L- 14, -90
:E _Oil
;Ej
Xl;ý]Rl Ocg'&ý -ýmoj=[04*. 2004ý--I 12-9 7H x(J Til 6Eý 0 1 t 7 ý F-I 0 1ML
;EIRJýJk[aj ILJEýWHo CD 7 -q[
E] -U4 xFxM 1R-1 C>
X197HXAOI 7 04 X4
04 04 01 EF14 AA
PWR P1-t1-Vff--r*"- oJr-1101.9.=0[71
c"Ni
1JR4ý1,k[ jl'm7[, tH-c7l ==,kl::LE9 EFOM AI- -tAT[P-4

ILF Oj 711 ;EJ- 7 -T-- -7 Aj jEI PrI IL= 0 1t 741
gc,ýX[, ?jtJ-EJ-E q1 EPRIXI-?,AýR :9 ?- L- CD -r-
01j*
q:,--' -I=rI-A-IIOil RF=101 0AAI0i
LIP-4=[OIE[.
AX
-no OJEIýIF [ý:101E]Oil :::,7d=[04,0
_p
rltjll -t= JýP-411,47[
I 2ý-PWR
D-21
1EPDI Pf--^ i.t. ry
L•-,iee.... .- Al•--eria
l•A-H•
=.F[0[0tl 0 o1Fa
xTlo j =_
l, =; °l51` 4k9 l0C[-
X~~ll~j~oq=° 011F-d wFul, 7H0g L-Il•--•o EIg-0oNE 3
08°1--•=I
=e oIF MI• r'o1 C>•k=--M---
_I o0×==' l- 71. 7oI
°2 F.~• -~ E - Cl xFkIH
0•1- 71:k • 0l r-
F1H Rl x9-_= 1-
(S-1P)-I
_-=__@ W74 C>EM A',
-7 .•k. I
•oo1•-•
1•I••-•••1 °-I•H ol•'•-I NE 97-06a NEI 03
•712cý 1tlxoriol F-HE F

(O S : ne-throgh st4eam generaZ-7
71"Cn171 11--E•7 JEIý01 o
L'.F ko01 ,,-7',Y• o _A7140ill 714,kllt

..,-EL.
71`.-lu ý -x - HF•
FH•-F•F ýc
L7011
=L7117 ° ',-OIE-ol9-[.,• F•E _lolEE
Z-II ~@ VrI.•xo"•
r--IlOE-I-- AFA,--- ILLH• •• •• • °•E R hm ok
D-22
•.
EPRI !"priefary Lieemsed Matermf
a 7,I8'FE NEI 03-08 R[- NEI 97-060iI ij' V-: L shall -'-4: Ir-_ t4
0 A A-!-= NX-14 1r- E> kltc>H=[71 -Ol'L WfLd2I O~i7[ L[1-211[)E1.

* r-- BIL PWR mcI7-1-aIF ¶E1 A[4&tOl CI[
E -J7[7[ L[2[OAE:[.
EPRI XLJ J
PWIOIN;ilg RleXI19 t1-47H1 XrII oKýE A2OI

M1dA7 &[L-2.
?LFP. 1Ii-
-7 CDLC> mc
PWR0 t~llf:ýOr[ -L :
ULj43 mA :
C)~- 0 L - ? , J[X -
'W /2;ji F7[1-'-k&F~f12 !=[",k,0:A-'14 jA-CDp11m ii[07L
D-23
EPRI Prcprictar Liccupted MAltcia f
1 AMý EI.-!l2I1............................................................................................................................... 1-1

1. i...................................................... ................................................................ 1 -
1.2 1 ........
1..F E !1 1I . ............. .................................. ........................ 1-3
1.35 `--, 11 -0
-El t 1 N -g........................................................................................................ 1-4
1.3 .1 u¶-: ............................................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.4 ,,9 5o Ii.
.................................................................................................................................. 1-6
. .
.1 .5 . ............................................................................................................................................... 1-7
S.
. . .......................................................................................................................................... 1-8
2 1 IIF-I
-- * t h-l-o
J
A1012 -?-I ..
742--1. a-7 ...................................................................................... 2-1
2. W.. ............................................................................................................
"- ................................ 2 -3
2 .A 3E ................................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3 m 7 [ 43
-OA tt1
I oI
0±o- 1 .t................................................................................
a_ 1-_ 2-3
2 .3 .41 ._ L 0I1-0-4 ................................................................................................................ 2-3
2.3.2 41l- pH (Pourbaix) Ir ......................................................................................................... 2-4

2.3.3 01-01. tHS '.. .i...l o. ............................................................................ 2-8
2 .3 .4 M • - ol 1
.............................................................................................................. 2 -14
2.3.4.1 6 0 80 6• --l ................................................................................................ 2-14
2.3.4.2 -O HT
IGA -*' ............................................................. ............ 2-17
2.4ý @ o.q 1 91"
2.3.4.3 - ..................................................................................................... 2-19
2.3.5
1 600, 800 93,1 690o i0 ± .. nl.l . ..--. Or ............................................................... 2-20
2.3.6 SCC -[ IGA A -O ...........................................................................................................
I 2-23
2 .4 `-•
.3 - -. [
.................................................................................................. 2-27
2.4.1 rF-I-° I 7ýCýI-7-E O11A+91 4 -'rc ............................................................................................ 2-27
2.4.4 VO W (.....I...... I . .................................................... 2-28
2.4.3 Or=-T,_ _ &l-&tl) ;EJ- 1.*.1

rrohL-=_, •E-S,
O ............................................................................... 2-34
2.4.5 2 O- ( 1) 1'1-•• -....... ................................................................... 2-36

DT2
4- .......................................................................................
D-24
EPR.I Prpi~fr
V ieYt;red lfatcria
2 .4 .6 ( E Xl-=; ) ................................................................................................................... 2 -4 0
2 .4 .7 'F=[
dR ............................................................................................................................. 2-4 2
2 .4 .8 FLI (4 - ) ....................................................................................................................... 2 -4 2
2.4.9 £2o,= I 7 124 LII- -FY
...................................................................................................... 2-43
2 .4 .10 £2 0,9 XI1 ........................................................................................................................... 2-44
2.4.11 X-IIXM
II l-A@
O.II-Žt! ,'2•l P[ ............................................................................................ 2-50
2.4.12 -•71¼J710 -&I- olo'l.J011 I,I =ll-9 .................................................... ..... 2-51
2.4.13 - :7I1t 7 12 °, E-2_JIS 1X -I SI.
__ ........................................................................ 2-55
2.5 12R5 -ý I 7 17 10I

.II F -1E
1F449,
- .................................................................................................. 2-57
2.5.1 ` :1fk:21I f jHOP! •
Ultl- o_1
0 -I
q .- -o .- •l(FAC) ..................... 2-57
r-W-7[
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2 [- I -NFAC
9YI
pH
F OilIO014t-!=-
l I0IjFAl,/,E pHŽI1. '0 ...................................................
.. . .. . .. . .. 25
2-57
2.5.1.23 AIoI
11),1
GJ pHT . .. ol................................
........................................ .2-59
2 .5.1.3 FA C I-H
O............................................................................................................
t7P I 2 -60
2.5.1.3.1 FACO l ll- pHT ............................................................................... 2-61
2.5.1.3.2 FA COil l6 04l ....................................................................... 2-61
2.5.1.4 0R4OII±
.3 . . FIA½§Il I. C- Y ...............................................................
o~j-lW.............26 2-63
2.5.1.4 m 1 k 12°=I S£el 01-6
L 1--I A ..................................... ...... 2-66
2.5.2 BO P(E l 1 1) tl-lll°=P
1 S7_ 2E,,A[1t.... ..................................................................... 2-66
2.5.3 I E•JIN-
•OlTS 0A I J-110-11 ......................................................................................
2ll••- 2-67
2 .5 .4 F--I I
..................................................................................................................................... 2 -6 7
2.5.4.T1 H---
I 01 EF I ... P- )AF ........................................................................................ 2-67
2.5.4.20 . .TSG .'.£1. E.UJ.
I.--o.1.-Iol . .. ........................................................ 2-68
2 .5.530 l X l L-- 7 --l EV 7 I ....................................................................................................... 2-68
1
2.6 _ r-i -` 7 1E 7 1(O T S G s) ........................................................................................................ 2-68
.
23 = ......................................................................................................................................
[7 2-7 0
3 .2l--.
- R S'I
*-I MI Ej).................................................................................................................. 3-1
3 .1 Al F................................................................................................................................................ 3 -1
3 .2 0 41[l............................................................................................................................ 3 -2
3.2.13 71 o=,A Ro1 o

VlIoilol t .......................................................... ... 3-2
3.2.2 RS GsR I I -- IE41), -=1r
1011 l- .--1 -9- ..................................................................................... 3-5
3 .2 .3 -7 L...................................................................................................................................... 3 -10
3.3 =- -. F§ [
-t•71 [7I 1 pH 1ECP I -S1
............................................................. 3-11
3 .3 .1 p HX 110
1................................................................................................................................ 3 -1 1
3.3.1.1 c oI ................................................................................ 3-12
D-25
E-PRI "Prctictary
Licenpsed Ammtcia!
3.3.1.2 1 El 0o[- 2--I1 I. • 2l EIA[S- ................................................................................. 3-12

3.3.2 01 --o1 9tM 4 =10-i11
- lit ' ,=,pH 7MIO-I .................................................................. 3-13
3 .3 .3 E C P x410 -1............................................................................................................................. 3-14
3.4 7c>mýA 'r'=:O
I~4 AOIA1I MREA
4ý IThj4
MS --
ýr * alt7R t1k ~ S 7418--r *RF
-I-I t
SO LI ............................................................................................. 3 -14
3 .4 .1 A LA RA . 1A-......................................................................................................................... 3-14
3.4.2 - 1H:I (X I =-f-
1 0-Uo1 I( 1 EH 0 lO ))............................................................................
OIO 3-15
3.4.2.1 l9I Allo-
H IO Y71- T t . '21 ......................................................................................... 3-16
3.4.2.2 mH I I1AI kI§-'I
tI -8 si
l J•2-[ •.......................................................................... 3-16
3 .4 .3 T-12 I N C .......................................................................................................................... 3-17
3.4.3.1 T-I -1P N oI1 ! N J=1
-t '1-
i ..................................................................................... 3-18
3.4.3.2 X NI2 2 - A t tl• I S1 1- 2,]NAl-4 ..................................................................... 3-18
3.5 77-.+-
I1 • Ho7P l 1,',-I --I EC P X41Io1 ...................................................................................... 3-18
3 .5 .1 .N iE . .............................................................................................. 3-18
3.5.1.1 . ................................................................ 3-20
3.5.1.2 OK 1-L I t0I.EBP--E ?l f ý A Iigt[7IorSt 2...AI ......................... 3-21
3.5.2 'i&E[-,Ll
;k7 o1II? Ikl . 04,.-I........................ .... ......... 3-21
3.5.3 AS 1I o................. ......................................... 3-21
3 .5 .3 6L -Xil MIoI ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3
3.6 7 1 ] . . . 7].-1
. . .x . ].............................................................................................................. 3-23
3 .6 .1 ' ......................................................................................................................................... 3 -23
3 .6 .1 .1 [ - ......................................................................................... 3 -2 4
3 .6 .1.2 ......................................................................................... 3 -24
3 .6 .2 -- P-1..................................................................................................................................... 3 -2 4
3.6. =
3.6.2.2 -7BI 1a1-1-917 Sit'N2 l-LE1 ...~~.........
............................................................................
............... 3-24
32
3.6.2.2471 F-- -I [l 1-
MISŽ
A [ -S ...................................................................................... 3-25
3.6.3 g71
L - 2 ]... 1.- f-. 211..1.
- ........................................................................... 3-25
3.6.3.1 t1[-l-
.. WgJl I t ... ........................... 3-25
3.6.3.2 Al-W? 7R -2-..f ?-±_J
- a
t-E._I- iI9. *IS..I-.. ....................... 3-26
-
3.7 " ' = 41M-3.7.1 -.- f M 1- col
MI1•0f . 7 ............................................................................................. 3-26
3 .7 .1 ' .•-LM-E---............................................................................................................................. 3-2 6
3.7.1.1 -"Ia,-- L- 4 •C:,•
X - 1• WA.=,,=
................................................................ 3-27
ATYl-.S_ X1, 2B
3.7.1,2 W4 A LI ?1 o•
0 1l IJ r'H.l ..................................... 3-27
3.7.1,3D--26--4 0 'Il% oH 10i1 l-o= ,- 'A....................................... 3
3 .7 .1,4 BAT ;']- _ r=
024]
................................................................................................. 3-28
D-26
E-PRh ProprietaryLieecased Mctcrida
3.7.1.5 BAT , f7 , ,- ........................................

-•AI i................................... 3-28
3.7 .2 - I MI I .............................................................................................................. 3 -2 9
It '2 ......................................................................................
3.7.2.1 ![&--1 -IIT11 7[1-½P tF: 3-30
38 72m2 9ýk&
3.7.2.2 P@TIIL-it21 . . . . . . . . . . . . .33-300
t.......................................................................
-lg Q$IiMI§j
3.8 .71 7N . l I ................. ...................................................................... ....... 3-30
3.8.21 7Ì--A WI - M'lo0I .......................................................................................................... 3-31
3.8.2 7 %[ 7 0 0 1 - 1-...................................................................................................... 3-3 1
3.8.3 7. I'N1 j ....
° 1 ................................................................................
...... ...... 3-31
3 .8 .3 .1 .14"1 S-1I................................................................................................................
I 3-3 1
3.8.3.1.12j.+rx-44 l,11101 5 =t-- I .................................. .. ............ 3-33
3.8.3.1. •1 - .................... ................. ................ 3-33
3.8.3.1.2 l -- ` -IILI 17..
- k..
.. ...................................................................... 3-33
3.8.3.2 .1 =`.I
t x'--1
-- 7-I-I-........................................................................................
`l JXIFl 3-34
3.8.3.2: 0.
3.8.3.2.1 I'EŽ
I cI.II
_ -F2t7 I•I.......1 X. .7 d. Si ~. . . . . . . . . 3-34
E21 .................................................... 3-34
3.8.3.2.2 Th EI- 1•i4-rL ....
TXl•1lTh-I-l °lr 1-..... ....................................... 3-34
3 .8 .3 .2 .3 W FIM
l , x-f
I ...................................................................................................... 3-34
3.E.I-[-
3.8.3.2.4 -H X17- 1)-I1• ............................................................................... 3-35
3.83. . 1 ........................................................................................... 3-35
3.8.3.3.1 ,•
_#_ ] O'JIL--I~ l. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 33
3.8.3.3 L. Xl I7 .. . .11-71...
-..I...F_-.- .................................................................................. 3-35
3. 8 .:3..3.1 .. ';')
o' p - Io;......l -ý,'M" -,r"MI .................................................................................... 3-35
3.813.3.2 J4--'-r [ %[1lk ....................................................................................... 3-36
4 U'IF 1ŽL4 HI .
I .1._21 ............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.12 W. F XII010-1 E¢! NEI P[14 711:2-4 ................................................................. 4-1
4 .1.1 3,-2N1 17 . _ l 1 21
I-011
....................................................................................................... 4-2
4 .1.2 1 71[ l............................................................................................................................
c--YI 4-2
4 .2 Aý-E ............................................................................................................................................... 4 -2
4.3 ;EJ-` 4 7419-- 1-• 74:41• o -- . j ._.. ......................................................................................... -4-•4
4.3.1 .!.-IN 7i-g-1• O-I- F7,--144.91 ............................................................................................ 4-4
4.3.3•.1+-_ £ . . . . . . ... I ..-1 ..... E.. ....................... 4-4

4.3.3 .121='[/?=[-- - 3 9 - 1- X-4I - ............................................. ......... 4-7
4 .3 .3.1 LJo• 9 o•1...................................................................................................................... 4-7
4 .3 .3 .32 ' .- -- .................................................................................................................. 4 -8

4.3,. 3-................................................................................................................... 4-8
D-27
EPEM ProprietaryLicensed AMoeriol
4.3.3.4 4 -i/T Y[ 'J ........................................................................................ 4-10
4.3.4 9 t1tix- TdI01 OI I 397 ................................................................................................... 4-11

4.3.4.1 ±P-1F k,,
• ......................................................................................................... 4-11
4.3.4.2 ALARA § 4 ............................................................................................................... 4-11
4.3.4.3 RSGsOiI E-H t 1I XilO I(M RC) ..................................................................................
l-2 4-12
4.3.4.4 RSGsOII C-111 1 5Ul-A
-R o(IE) .................................................................................... 4-13
4.3.4.5 *.,L- k 7-
:---I -Ilo12l.1 - o ...............................................................................
0 11X 4-13
4.3.4.6 -2I1'll-I 71
71L Ml_-_1=
-1
-I s-[............................................................................. 4-14
4.3.4.6.1 0ot I- 5 I= E[ŽI
l ............................................................................ 4-14
4.3.4.6.2 AItiLI XRI
-Y-2 Xtl11
...................................................................................... 4-15
4.3.4.7 0l -k[Al pH XjO- .................................................................................................... 4-15
4.3.4.8 1Im 7 1 ! - 1............................................................................................. 4-16
4.3.4.9 ...u - lg 7[ .................................................................................................. 4-17
4.4 01: 9-1 -4 -1
l9 •- I• ..........................................................................................
A 4-22
4.4.1 NEI 03-08&FNEI 97-06 x ?=JR ............................................................................................. 4-22
4.5 ...................................................................................................................................... 4-27
5 XH=`-1_ 9-71%t- 71 7119 # * i xlj .................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 .
,F.. ............................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 M•lo 9'd IF '~i
- ......................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.1 Shall 7 AI2UEOlj EH F4 I ........................................................................................ 5-2
5.2.2 X a L&-.E!(LPV) q1 • 1 & 9.- (MPV) .............................................................................. 5-2
5.3 1-- C 2-..............................................................................................................................
.- 5-4
5.3.1 XI t 1 ............................................................................................................................. 5-5
5.3.1.1 Shall" P-7 R? ................................................................................................. 5-5
5.3.2 •tI 4• ...................... ................... 5-6
5.23. -7-z kI =K2 ...................................................................................................... ........... 5-
5.3.2.1 Shall" R -7
21 ..................................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.3 - 3 ............................................................................................................................. 5-7
5.3.3.1 Shall" R 7 1............................................................................................. 5-7
5.4 A11J I ....................................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.5 oJ xl- 71- ;iEl
0, 0 m
00[,0j ................................................................................................. 5-8
5.5.1 M$E. xl/a ,4E0I 'l1I ........................................................................................................... 5-8

5.5.1.1 XI N .............................................................................................................................. 5-8
5.5.1.2 E l ..............................................................................................................................
I 5-9
5.5.1.3 R 5-1 --1 Y- I ýj1O CH 7,o o k - 3'C..................................................................... 5-12
D-28
EPRI Proprietary =iccnscd Akttcidl
5.5.1.3.1 M 1 i1....................................................................................................... 5-12

5.5.1.3.2 9 -/d7I ,17I ........................................................................................... 5-13
5.5.1.4 A I Jý7 1XI ........................................................................................................... 5-13
0
5.5.2 7[0j/1- 7XI (RCS >200 F, <MPV XLf V ) ............................................................. 5-14
5.5.2.1 XIN ............................................................................................................................ 5-14
5.5.2.2 ! ol............................................................................................................................ 5-14
5.5.2.3 -4'- 94 19
R1 'J > , ........................................................................................... 5-19
5.5.2.4 AI ,j 3z I XlI --7V[ / AI ................................................................. 5-20
5.5.3 iEi • .......................................................................................................................... 5-22
5.5.3.1 X14 ............................................................................................................................ 5-22
5.5.3.2 ol0
............................................................................................................................ 5-22
5.5.3.3 - W U RI ......................................................................................... .5-25
5.5.3.4 AIE ; XIN- F4 !J ........................................................................................ 5-29
5.6 i ....................................................................................................................................... 5 -3 1
6E N -a t •17I 71I 1I ` tXI
F'2 ............................................................................................... 6-1
6 .1 k . ............................................................................................................................................... 6 -1
6.2 X1101 q1:LE[ ........................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.1 Shall AIRdjO l CEHI 9 A1.91P• ....................................................................................... 6-3
6.3.. .1. C§. .............................................................................................................................. 6-3
6.3.1 T I 1 ............................................................................................................................. 6-4
6.3.1.1 Shall" 2,°,- -? 1..................................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.2 it-I1 =;22 ............................................................................................................................. 6-5
6.3.2.1 Shall" 2 :? ...................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.3 •-•1 =-'-3 ............................................................................................................................ 6-5
6.3.3.1 " Shall" 2.4 .................................................................................................... 6-5
6 .4 = :E ....................................................................................................................................... 6 -6
6.5 XIN ............................................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.1 - /¶@,•o1./,
-,_ *N....................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.2 X-I - / Xl":-5
I 1 01OJ ...........................................................................................................
"II/--64 6-7
6.5.2.1 XI .............................................................................................................................. 6-7
6.5.2.2 t o ............... ................................................................................................................ 6-8
6.5.2.3 -- r' q_ co' j ...........................................................................................

0-)-04o 6-10
6.5.2.3.1 - I71 g7I1 ..................................................................................................... 6-10

6.5.2.3.2 g- Ž-4/e2 I ½7j I ............................................................................................ 6-11
D-29
EPRI Proprietary Lkcanvcd Matcrial
6.5.2.4 AlI I .................................................................................................................... 6-11

6.5.3 X[-i , kIj, AI, ErHI 0
-1OI <15% 011 A l-. W II
(RCS >2001E-F, <15% X1- 9 2 ) ............................................................................ 6-12
6.5.3.1 I'lJ/7 Ij*A < ............................................................................................ 6-12
6.5.3.2 Y t2I1 'Jrc- . M .................................................................................................... 6-16
6.5.3.2.1 ................................................................................................................... 6-16
6.5.3.2.2 --271%1 71 ' 741125---............................................................................. 6-17
6.5.3.3 Aklx j ............................................................................................... .... 6-17
6.5.4 V 4 i (15%i ) ............................................................................................... 6-19
6.5.4.1 TIN /71e-i-44 × -o A '5o
- ................................................................................... 6-19
6.5.4.2 . S-4--ol9
. =o - .................................................................................................... 6-22
6.5.4.3 AIJ ý 1IXIl - i I........................................................................................ 6-25
6.6 - ...................................................................................................................................... 6-26
E f:__
7 r-I 1O , I .................................................................................................................
7[ 3 '!1*- 7-1
7.1 A ................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
7.2 -1EIOl1
E ' U j 1= ...................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.1 r1- OIE-41
--• • ............................................................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.2 at -17 .._ oI F-A1OIE-IA j
E14 -l7[
j PH =E 7-1 ............................................................. 7-3
7.2.3 r-IOIE - 1E
............................................................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.4 014• 2*,It x-1 Ml 004iQSIt QC 27P[,
4 1 .......................................................... 7-4
7.3 A W 2-s N Al- ............................................................................................................................ 7-5
7.3.1 °• 2E--jA[-I
-41 of .................................................................................................................... 7-5
7.3.2 7 4 ............................................................................................................................ 7-7
7.3.2.1 A .......................................................................................................................... 7-7
7.3.3 L-t. ..................................................................................................................................... 7-10
7.3.4 t M A•,1-J -II¶,
' 1A[PJIkI
.................................................................................................. 7-11
7.3. rl M--
-' P-,
a . 7-13
7.3.5 HI ..............................................................................................................
7.3.6I AIl-c5 AlI10
7 .3.6 S........•CH[LI L-E 21&
OTSGsOil 1?£ .1 F... .....
At iJ£191
. .Ho[
......... ..................77-144
... ..................
7.4 .4101E 4 7 1 -T ......................................................................................................................... 7-15
7.4.1 RI
F ..................................................................................................................................... 7-15
7.4.2 EPRI ChemW orksTM ......................................................................................... 7-16
7.4.2.1 ChemW orks Tools TM................................................................................................. 7-17
7.4.2.2 MULTEQ .................................................................................................................... 7-17

7.4.2.3 Z ', f" 71-I& 71 ....................................................................................................... 7-17
D-30
EPRI ProprictazyLieecnsed MAt~erial
7.4.2.4 A
Al-•l[ oIE -I ............................................................................................. 7-18
7.4.2.5 CIRCE ........................................................................................................................ 7-18
7.4.2.6 ZEIA1 A-J AIIL l .................................................................................................... 7-19
7.4.3 § 012 ;gJ 7.E 74_•lI .......................................................................................................... 7-19
7.4.4 -§71 18 71 = • 7[ ........................................................................................................... 7-20
7.4.4.1 tA W -J
J-[ý uJ 7[-......................................................................................................... 7-20
7.4.4.2 & Tr71IE "- E-I-- I-+--t 7•00I1
.......................................................................... 7-22
5
7.4.4.3 -
n---P4 ,9:7[ (XN=` l- --
5` l19 ý9 l011 rlHI ) ................................................. !....... 7-24
7.4 .465 NIJ I- W-41 7 ............................................................................................... 7-27
7.4.4.6
7X.5l7 - , l ........................................................................................... 7-27
7.5 .2 RlLl •-
•-• 0•1dk C1,.................................................................................. 7-29
7.5.1 pIH 7-10-1 j L 9 . .........
- .................................................... 7-29
7.5.2 x-4--
OJ• A-- .........................................................................................................
Jc.-iff -41-A0L"[ 7-30
7.6 71•i 71-..................................................................................................................................... 7-32
7.6. 4W-10-1 ( 0 -1
-1A o=4]...)............................................................................................ 7-32
7.6.2 2 -5 ,/ t ,.. ............................................................................ ............. 7-32
7.6.3 I I X ,l- ................................................................................................................. 7-32
7.6.4 7 I>71
9 .................................................................................................................. 7-33
7.6.5 AeJL-- / -= E ................................................................................................................. 7-33

7.6.6 .II.Xi17.1..XiI./I ).J 18= ..................................................................................................... 7-33
7.6.7 ..I A .... ..................................................................................................... 7-33
A
7.6.8 - c..
o. ............................................................................................................................. 7-33
7.7 V#,............................................................ 7-34
8 .2.1-,
SHALL 53 "4 -2
, . .1_.
.................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1 Sa
................................................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2 . , S¶ha II . ,i . ................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2.1 :W ' *L . ............................................................................................................................... 8-1
. _. ..............................................................................................................................
8.2.2 Shall V 8-1
8.2.3 -- ,N
-1 1.__
............................................................................................................................... 8-2
A NX - ,_. ........................................................................................... 6............................................ A-1
A. 1 Ad F.......................................... .................................................................................................... A-1
A.2 N i 7I'4
P
1m3s2ý.1 1ii 14 -71 .......................................................................... A-i
A.3 f ... .......................................................................................................... A-4
A.3.1 lct A (ppb*days) ........................................................................................................ A-4
D-31
EPRI ProprietaryLi.ensed
.Aterpial
A.3.2 w4 BB..............................................
(n 0 L _4-_ o0I).............................................. A-7
A.3.3 Hod C (CREV-SIM ) ...................................................................................................... A-13
A.4 N x--44 Fs 9 .-
1-- 011 ............................................................................................................... A-13
A.4.1 111 h--OTl: -ZHIS j-110-1-2 lo

- °lI -15
,-,- t t: IIt.Iol )l-.§.........
.... ...... A-13
A.4.2 I--O4 - O i 2 ................................................................................................................ A-15
A.4.3 --15'-L %aOTOil13 ................................................................................................................ A-15
A.5 7 =-V .................................................................................................................................... A-23

B PW R .- 71 1M¶ 2 E1A- .................................................................................................................. B-I
B.1 A IE..............................................................................................................................................
. B-1
B.2 PW R M•71 51. ,'11EJA-g............................................................................................................ B-1
B.2.1 A-Ik. ...................................................................................................................................... B-1
B.2.2 -n2 ...................................................................................................................................... B-2
B.2.3 t- . ......................................................................................................................................
. B-2
B.2.4 El--I LH 4;j J ................................................................................................................. B-3
B.2.5 >71 [It, x I ...................................................................................................................... B-6
B.2.5.1 PWR ........................................................................ B-7
B.2.5.2 rH -iI VJ .................................................................................................................... B-8

B.3 t .................................................................................................................................... B-10
D-32
T
E-PRI ererip;;cy Ltetteda feMatcr
=9~ 2-1 288°CO41M£1 L-IM--ff Al--:olEM EM{ °I-'-pH (Pourbaix) -I:

(10-3 I -- F 21 )[5] .............................................. ............ .......... ............ 2-5
,=2-2 288°COA1)`-1 afl--f AIAJo41i -lH I-I-pH (Pourbaix) SE
--
(10-3£91 1 - F-1I9 1 6E ) [5] .........................................................................
t H-cQ_. 2-6
=9 2-3 2880CO1)`-I1 •-k AIýOl-ol r-H E l-'-pH (Pourbaix) £
(10-3O I [51 ............................................................................................... 2 -7
2-4 - C> -I oI U --I - L'1
27 £
a l = 9 10-160o -1 g ir1) ............................................................................................................
([91M 2-9
n9 2-5 300 0 C r--- - 171I ==O7!A1.9
1t 600]--I -- I ([10] O1
i -1 -V1)
.......................... ... 2-10
= 2-6 k -7 cOiIA19] t for 600MAR[ 600SROi1 -lS =-= l 010]
................................. 2-11
M.. 2-7 04,=tOoAIR-I V RIM
800NG 21=I 5 1.............
>N 71-)[11] ............. ............. 2-12
Jý 2-8 7C> I -- 4• [t•L AE0II10£I t 600MA RI [10] .................................... 2-13
='9 2-9 27HRI r-- °k-I- 7-1IJ tm600 C-Fo1' E ,IP _ - L4E22E
_;iOIE
m•0I1),-£1 1 [19] 2-16
=- 2-10 %== 600 N O.E :1(T-300oC) (StaehleO-1A-I W41I, [57]) ............................................... 2-20
=9 2-11 T 600MA, 600TT q 690TT .1
o] 0F•EE
(3000Co01 -1£12 CERT A11o901 = 71) ([65]) .............................................................................. 2-23
0
Mg1 2-12 t R
600MA£1 IGA a rlH 315 Co.1M£1 pH ([74] ]]l)-IA t-*r4) ....................... 2-25
= 9 2-13 SCC r-lH315°C0i1M £1 pH ([74] o01 -t l) ........................................................ 2-26
=iN 2-14 , [94]O 1 -I• rIlOIE-I£1 SE.600TT Fl- S 600MA£1 cT- t AlJOI1
= 7-1 S 7HL- , -1........................................................................................................................... 2 -3 1
Jg 2-15 ; ,=a L [99]OiA -f !F EI1OIE-£12] 690TT Fl- T 600MA£1 7'oQ W AljOIl
E 71 1- 7kl7 _P 2 ........................................................................................................................... 2-32
-.. 2-16 ; ,'= [l02]011,k-I 1_
rIlOIE-I£1
: ! 800NG ElH T 600MA£I 'o W!JlN-IoII
• 7-IsiK HI-- ,_0 -1........................................................................................................................... 2-33
-=L9 2-17 315°oCIIMk 10% NaOH Ol .mtl t 600MA Q-li i 600TTO-I 7-?. _._lr-H E o AIR._
I r-LC
; °-9-(10 8 OIIA-I W - 1I)
...................................................................................................................... 2 -3 5
=9 2-18 100, 200, 25013, 2880"C 12Ž£ -o.1Q£ 00191 --- £II-E•-- 1 E I 304
• 1A 7[-'II• [115] ................................................................................................
-I •] 71- 2-38
-=. 2-19 t 690 ECP (pHT 4•J)OiI0-1 O • L l••l[_:E Ir-H _l£ •g [114] ......................... 2-39
D-33
EPDDIP-----.'t --- t ."y
...... e .A II e--'-!
ig 2-20 280'C OIA- EIl_7C>2 405 -ý °,II 2-1""

E! ,U t-07R nI~lt pH 9-4- °1°1
00[ 4 [118]
....................................................................................................................................................... 2-4 1
=9 2-21 3-4 oV . W o1 •0a

I7•1- I I7•l-lm
O II R1:4 [1361 ............................................... 2-46
= 9 2-22 ="" l _tol -- 4 Ul-EAmI
-- AI[1 36] ........................................................................... 2-46
-79 2-23Rl1.t kAF17lF IXI ot• 1010 - I-, j [173, 1851
:9_+_1l1- 01
-I ............... 2-53
=9 2-24 ANO-2 R[ McGuire 2 =',LTll AloE 2•o-9l • X11-I _[-81150] ................... 2-56
, 2-25 20 ppb2l >5E_.•_.I 707T V 706 (90/10, "E-I/ L-I)2-•E I2.I -- -'-I' -j
4 195] .... ......................... .................................................. .......... .. 2-58
=9 2-26 ola0I OFOIX-I °-M---E-.-I2J -EIiOlA--
OI
•0"I' j I O£:lli'ie-- pH .91 0,49 [201] ........... 2-59
= 2-27 cL[- O.ol tl=_Fl-E
] c ._+_ 71-•! 9.RL-IOI(pH25°C=9.0)m 41C=Fo[1 180°C W235 0C -IIf
Moio1-I 24 l FAC -.
',jrE (tI.E.2WMi[-ý-7• i._7I -_ FAC HI) [208] ........................ 2-64
.. lI 2-28 NH3 , 9o1 pH25°C, , 235°C-T-- -- L-- 5 R•o ,I t1l=2-- J `•_:E(17-131 ppb) RI
9i'--Af -I 2._ FAC -- -[E[224] ................................................................................ ..... 2-65
_-.I 2-29 0.5 ppb 0I4t- -P,--I-!•T_+__ 7K] 9[2UlIOI(pH25°C=9.0Ym )4 tF80= 1800C EFr R-'O],0"I
r-2-rEt
_ EL-17B , I(0.009% C r) R -crrH--1 FAGC -.. _ (tI1sLP- E F..7. wA- o7F.t FAC
-^ Ul) EH tI--E PE!F- [208] ............................................................................... 2-65
='9 3-1 1 mril -= I2-I N - °-I ,- ?I C-H
£U o-_ [2] .................................. ........... 3-3
=li 3-2 Mot+• 2o P X :II•J--• 4R,9I 1 -I -11..[4]
.................................... 3-3
=9 3-3 ` _'5-54
-I4 1-I E'V pH (MULTEQ Hf1J 4.0, A10o1•i1o-' H-If 5.0, -I: •-- =
270 , _ - -' -- , 1 )............................................................................................... 3 -4
2-lI 3-4 Na=3XCI2.I :L4-' - 2_1_- H1 "•oo
g •_s .ol j pH (MULTEQ 4.0, 41oI-Ilo0l--
5.0, 5 : T=270 °C , ',J -l, Z-E- W xI1) .......................................................................................... 3-6
-i- 3-5 Na=CI 0l -? 4-- 2-1 hIt A -1-=1 -•-Io.l pH (MULTEQ 4.0, F-Io0lE-1-EloE10
5.0, E ) : T=270°C , ;AX-4, `4 WEr i) ......-.................................................................................... 3-7
Ji
-. 3-6 CI=3XNa °-1I t- 2J,4 HI--. , 9'•--A•--I R pH (MULTEQ 4.0,
E 0 5.0, : T=270 , ............................................................... 3-8
=9 3-7 :-Qo°I
o 7=-c, 221j EI Ej z, f41-•,-I o pH (MULTEQ 4.0, r1o0IE-IlIV--
0 G o .•, k,0
5.0, ki-: T=270°C, -- xl, 7 l 1-)...................................................... .......... 3-9
2=lI 3-8 FW "I--.E-FEI (ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb)°.I •+-A St. Lucie 20-IIA--°1 WI ýN7I1 71 ECP
S[24] ..................................................................................................... 3-19
2 3-9 FW tI--IEPE (ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb)°l ![_"r- 71%-t171 1[-'7ILH X[ .• ,-0-° -I 1
.lU
I = -. [2 5 ] ..................................................................................................................................... 3 -19
=9 3-10 FW t1_IPF[i (ppb)/CPD 02 (ppb)°I mn-71W4§71 off'I71LH 1 °--
:UF2L.
. . .
[2 6 ] ..................................................................................................................................... 3-2 0
=9 3- 11 ECP, 20% '_?I7-F_! T 6002.1 o . •- [29] ................................. 3-23
= iI 7-1 & A4- q P &l = -7 -9 F H kzlO ol 1..................................................................... 7-12
= 9: 7-2 L *ff A W= ! --- ' U0 1.91 011 ........................................................ 7-12
9-l7-3 z 1F' = -L1-• F R I-01 Xil E -- - 9 - °i ul~l ...................................... 7-13
= 'N 7-4 ' E V,I-7 lU
o 11i ......................................................................................................... 7-13
D-34
it• ltTilrlby rll T• l lA • q
9 7-5 9 -J1
JA mmP4% 7F- [ i[1] ........................................................................................ 7-25
0 0 l
flN A-1 £2-1IaIEOll 0"1-I 7-
0 a I -T-1 XIX0ff Oi7b= ]_A E d
7H2.711 [2 ] .................................................................................................................................... A-2
=9 A-2 L_
0-1#ol OilN1IU mht
2•- 1 g ----i- '-I L[--E&A21 o0 [1] ............ ........ A-3
=Ò 0911o
_I '--"1
= 9 A-3 7_.E_ N f
r1*- N '-4llF Sl-71 -?-ItH Al [-'.a
L-=- r-1A,1E .................... A-4
= 9 A-4 Al1 Al1 2-_011
-1 kýI t O Eht t
EH-ol L0 IE "I-I .......................... A-6
= 9 A-5 TI, • ,° __ -r--IC7 1= % -- .................................................................. A-6
= 9 A-6 . z.71 og` °1 A-ILI --

E• L x1 N n 1 OI - ) 7 1`•- --r-............................................. A-7
= R A-7 E1- 711ol -tA ,l ,=-il U Fo- 4 01 -lc--> U t Ai-Xl rIIS- CH '0-"ý.j-OF-I
I ............................................................................................................................................ A-8
= %A-8 =E 7 7 1tI Et> 1 ............................................................................................... A-9
=-1. A-9 F Ox4 C.H
0I O -0il[H4 x All EF:l ..................... A-9
A -1 1
......................................................................................................................................
-- 9l A-1i1 : EM -E £2_A2II&o1F l A [ A1 - >,1-- ..................................................
R=i- Al-a= A-il
~l A I
= 9 A-12 )kl -Cc;>
A
,1-- HI OJI#Fr--a -tO=-7--z -- N xl C1
-i "ý r'H
P-710 -1l t• Ar'ltX--4 ; EIJ z I-n MR . R o I Oi1
...................................................................................................................................................... A -1 2
2.1 B-1 M71I2- OTSG E--JI k Fx?]OAlA,-I2l Ll-_E *tII3- _.M•.o1-+--- Mollier £r ( ,-12ti[9]91-
[1 ]Oil = .2- ) ..................................................................................................................................... B -4
SB-2 LP E 1 I ... ... . . . ........................................................................... B-5

IP B-3 21-A, HP.l= ,-X 2lq
71 E-7IOI
iltCHIE .. .C.7l .. ..(LP = X-1%, . .
IP = 9-?F t HP =- 11, - !12BIJ. Ed L t -'fZ)
'.T .................................................... B-9
D-35
imir-ict ir-mprierarytýteeptqeq isfatemat
2-1 t ==600, 690 O 80021 C-H--1 -A]

L---1Yd [77] ................................................................ 2-30
A 3-1 0- 0-,
99 2 (1ýOl).. 1-71
. . .... - . . J- g .................................................................... 3-5
S4-2
4 -1 . -2 1 51
E ))
0 1 ....................................................................................................... 4-5
,R4-2 -W/2lH L)r, !,(011) ....................................................................... 4-6
R 4- 43, t /0 AiE!j
-'j/A I ........................................................................................................... 4-7
-1 4-54 -- / ,A
IL R . --- ................................................................................................ 4-9
S4 -750r15 - I. l ...................................................................................................................
I 4 -9
.. • 4-6 1-- -• _qa=, E---M•- x -ln~• • s)11 ,l--• l.,-,.o_ -I oC)o '--I ................... 4-10
R 4-7 0 14 21-
11 A-t•
H0l-1 -W 1-Oil ........................................................................................................ 4-18
J 4-8 ' .U• 21 , -*,-I'-1 m .................................................................................................. 4-24

JE 4-9 RSGsOlI EM
•1El• _Ž__ 4-41R 01 041l.............................
9121F-4 .................................. 4-26
R 4-10 OTSG ! (S P )o F -(gal a q M1
a _
R 1....................... 4-26
R 5-1 6' Ell 01O0, (RCS E0 200 0F)9 71gcl H- ........................................................................ 5-10
5 2..........................................
-1 5-2 . 6 RI kOI 0 rl ý l; TIN .................................... 5-13
R P5-3
T CD
-•71k971 WFId/I (RCS >200'F
El. L..XI. . . .
<MPV f4X[f94) =' ( .... .1. .71 . ........................................................ 5-15
-, 5-4 xH=--• 71VI971 7[oU/,•X7 E- l XIlW (RCS >200°FLN XI
_ _r ) 1.
5.A....................................... - Ef ..................................................... . . 5-17
R 5-5 I A,l kl; l = ................................................................................................... 5-2 0
R 5-8
5-6 Xlf-, `7IttI9l1-JP 1 j (MPV .• -LkP -
g4e-i) =7lý g -..................................................
.......... 5-23
52
,.5-97 l 71g--o .E ..-.
(MPV -- ..... ...- ....................................... 5-24
R 5-8 ýE-J (>LPV 7`14l itF-41)_
ia5•
_ 4`1 E-k=• ............................................................................. 5-25
R 5-9 Sot - -cl:E
i E" j :j- t I1
T,1 l ............................................................................................. 5-30
.R 6-1 g 4 Ell01o= (RCS 0 2000 F) m-7l .7 1 . .................................................................. .6-9
6-2 L r -1 7 1%[A 7 1"• -- ...................................................................................................... 6-10
R-6-3 TE-• ;J71/,-4 N1ol0l - (< 200 0 F) -ccl-:: ,L .. _l ....................................... ...... 6-12
R 6-4 15% hl1- f-4ZI- ' •= -O- k- _ 'o17-4171-7xl RCS > 2000F91
tAXf -W -Z571t971 6-14
D-36
bt-ffff-rop~efd-y ;efs %aetf
, 6-5 15% nl3 LVT 1 MxoI>71 &A1=IA@ @r °17417;[xl RCS > 200°F°9I R_%1 M71I 16-
15
,=,6-6 15% OIEr "Ix. •~o•1,II •:~e o=171Vx RCS > 200°F •£P0 AIlx •1................ 6-18
,=6-7 •_F •71I#•I ,i •- (1E15% •x~e •) •--••.................................... 6-20
S6-8 E• •7•# • - (E-15% x........-. •................................ 6-21
61 ................................. 6-21
,=,7-17 E 19 01£5 •(01> %o1-o kl-....................................7-2
6- 7 1 [k1 1 I
'a'EI I o l................................................
-n1- Eml. 7-2
R 7-8 1 kgI ME,
71 -O- P-4
711 Ej
(E15% f4 T•11ol
ET•l
2.4....................7-9
. 7- C> -I = l. _fEa . .-1 Z--1....................

(g ................... 7-21
EPRI
,M,7-7 1 mo ] 15%
(E-1lo E .. . ................... 7-1
,=F 7-9 PWR

kg/ AI~E~JO~I1~°t .................. 7-21
Mdw.='....I--(.--...........
R - 1-,--,J
.167-10 *P1fj ýc 1WJ-
(> o15%I -
7t-1...474
-.... 7 7........... ...................................................................................
........................................ 7-22
7-22
7 -1 -I I -.
E.. ..........................
............................7-29
7-13 • 1 • 7 1-f Tr • -1r & r-1 l -I0 1... .......................................................................

) 7-31
-61!
7=
.~7-12• • 04.._01
Dru o1f RI
±O -o
r'2i L 9 FA-
--E 1" :£!.9o741 0 1. ......................................... 7-30
I• ..................................................................................
[• [.'.ME1-4Ok'±1l"- 7 -11
R 7-13
1 110-1t4 _..7. --iOiE-1 l EIIOIEI Oil................. ............ .................. 7-31
SBD • - -I ......... .................................................... 7-
D-37
Export Control Restrictions The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Access to and use of EPRI Intellectual Property is granted with the
The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI, www.epri.com)
specific understanding and requirement that responsibility for ensur-
conducts research and development relating to the generation,
ing full compliance with all applicable U.S. and foreign export laws
delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An
and regulations is being undertaken by you and your company. This
independent, nonprofit organization, EPRI brings together its scientists
includes an obligation to ensure that any individual receiving access
and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help
hereunder who is not a U.S. citizen or permanent U.S. resident is
address challenges inelectricity, including reliability, efficiency, health,
permitted access under applicable U.S. and foreign export laws and
safety and the environment. EPRI also provides technology, policy and
regulations. In the event you are uncertain whether you or your com-
economic analyses to drive long-range research and development
pany may lawfully obtain access to this EPRI Intellectual Property, you
planning, and supports research in emerging technologies. EPRI's
acknowledge that it is your obligation to consult with your company's
members represent more than 90 percent of the electricity generated
legal counsel to determine whether this access is lawful. Although
and delivered in the United States, and international participation
EPRI may make available on a case-by-case basis an informal as-
extends to 40 countries. EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are
sessment of the applicable U.S. export classification for specific EPRI
located in Palo Alto, Calif.; Charlotte, N.C.; Knoxville, Tenn.; and
Intellectual Property, you and your company acknowledge that this
Lenox, Mass.
assessment is solely for informational purposes and not for reliance
purposes. You and your company acknowledge that it is still the ob-
ligation of you and your company to make your own assessment Together.. Shaping the Future of Electricity
of the applicable U.S. export classification and ensure compliance
accordingly. You and your company understand and acknowledge
your obligations to make a prompt report to EPRI and the appropriate
authorities regarding any access to or use of EPRI Intellectual Prop-
erty hereunder that may be in violation of applicable U.S. or foreign
export laws or regulations.
Program:
Nuclear Power
©2009 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights reserved. Electric Power
Research Institute, EPRI,
and TOGETHER... SHAPING THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY are
registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
(9 Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America
1016555
Electric Power Research Institute

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338 ° PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 USA
800.313.3774 • 650.855.2121 • askepri@epri.com • www.epri.com

Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines-Revision 7

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary Water Chemistry Guidelines-Revision 7

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

.. .

Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary

Final Report, February 2009

EPRI Project Manager

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I)

(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER

ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

This report was drafted by

AmerenUE Duke Energy

American Electric Power Electricitd de France

AREVA NP, Inc. Entergy

Arizona Public Service Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

Babcock & Wilcox EPRI Consultant

British Energy Exelon

COG First Energy

Constellation Energy Florida Power & Light

Dominion Generation Laborelec

Nuclear Management Company Southern California Edison

NWT Southern Nuclear Operating Company

Omaha Public Power District STPNOC

Pacific Gas & Electric Tennessee Valley Authority

Progress Energy WCNOC

PSEG Nuclear Westinghouse Electric Company LLC

P.-O. Andersson, S. Larsson

This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.

Pressurized Water Reactor Secondary Water Chemistr, Guidelines-Revision 7. EPRI, Palo

Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information

Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information

* Appendices A and B were reviewed and updated as appropriate.

Preparation of these guidelines required significant involvement of industry personnel to provide

Gail Gary AmerenUE

1 INTRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................. 1-1

2 TECHNICAL BASIS FOR W ATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL ................................................ 2-1

3 W ATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL STRATEGIES .................................................................. 3-1

4 METHODOLOGY FOR PLANT-SPECIFIC OPTIMIZATION ................................................. 4-1

5 WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES RECIRCULATING STEAM GENERATORS ............... 5-1

6 WATER CHEMISTRY GUIDELINES ONCE-THROUGH STEAM GENERATORS ............... 6-1

7 DATA: COLLECTION, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT .............................................. 7-1

8 MANDATORY, SHALL AND RECOMMENDED ELEMENTS ............................................... 8-1

B PWR STEAM CHEMISTRY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................ B-1

D TRANSLATED TABLE O F CONTENTS .......................................................................... D-1

H * 13 (Japanese) ................................................................................................................ D-2

- (Korean) ................................................................................................ D-18

Figure 2-1 Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram for Nickel-Water System at 2880C

1.1 Introduction and Objectives

Introduction and Management Responsibilities

Introduction and ManagementResponsibilities

A temporary non-compliance to a shall monitoring frequency requirement, such as a temporary

1.2 Water Chemistry Management Philosophy

Introductionand Management Responsibilities

1.3 Generic Management Considerations

Introduction and Management Responsibilities

- Surveillance and review functions

Introduction and ManagementResponsibilities

1.4 Training and Qualification

Introduction and Management Responsibilities

* Adequate resources of staff, equipment, funds, and organization to implement an effective

Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information

Technical Basisfor Water Chemistry Control

Content deleted - EPRI Proprietary Information

Technical Basisfor Water Chemistrn Control