SIWES Technical Report

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)
UNDERTAKEN AT
TRANS AMADI ELELENWON-WOJI ROAD PORT HARCOURT
BY
FRANCIS CHUKWUDI C.
13/32568/U/2
BEING A TECHNICAL REPORT
SUBMITED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI.
IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH) IN
ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
INDUSTRIAL BASED SUPERVISIOR: ENGR. BROWN GIBSON
INSTITUTION BASED SUPERVISOR: MAL. ALIYU USMAN BABAJI
APRIL 2018
CERTIFICATION
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT FRANCIS CHUKWUDI WITH REG. NO.
13/32568/U/2 ACTUALLY COMPLETED HIS SIX (6) MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
WITH REYONLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY NIG. LTD. (RCC) TRANS AMADI
ELELENWON-WOJI ROAD, PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE.
_______________________________ _______________________
INSTITUTION BASED SUPERVISOR DATE
_______________________________ _______________________
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DATE
_______________________________ _______________________
IT COORDINATOR DATE
13/32568/U/2 Page |2 SIWES REPORT

DEDICATION
THIS REPORT IS DEDICATED TO ALMIGHTY GOD WHOSE FOREMOST LOVE
AND MERCIES HAS GIVEN ME THE OPPURTUNITY TO UNDERGO THIS INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING IN REYNOLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My special thanks goes to the Management of RCC for affording me the opportunity to
undergo my IT in their organization, the Workshop Manager, Engr. Issac Nataleov the Lead
Electrical, Engr. Gibson Brown, who all made so much effort to see that I was given the right
exposure on Electrical facilities and engineering works needed as an industrial trainee.
This work would not have been a success if not for the following people: Mrs. Juliana,
Mrs. Cynthia Frank, the whole staff of Reynolds construction Company, Woji Yard, the lead
supervisor of Street lightning project, Asser Savior, who all offered me their priceless support and
advice in every area during my industrial training.
My Parents and Siblings thank you for your moral and financial support. I can’t wish for
better from you.
I am deeply indebted to God Almighty, giver of all wisdom, knowledge and
understanding, without whom I wouldn’t have achieved nothing at all.
Finally to my institution based supervisor MAL. ALIYU USMAN for his support and to
my friends and colleagues and lecturers, Thank you.

ABSTRACT
This Report is aimed at presenting key areas of experiences garnered during my six (6)
Months Indusrial Training under the STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME S.I.W.E.S undertaken at Reynolds Construction Company Nigeria limited.
It gives a brief introduction about (RCC) an indigenous construction company in Nigeria.
It gives a detailed representation of the Organizational Structure and interconnectivity of various
services and engineering departments.
Effort was made to explain the role of the Electrical Engineering Department, bearing in
mind the various electrical facilities and relevant engineering work details. Adequate coverage
has been given to the operations, maintenance and installations, training I received, as well as the
specific type of work I was engaged in.
This report justifies the relevance of the Scheme in providing and equipping students
with relevant engineering competence required to thrive in the real world.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 4
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures and Tables............................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 11
1.1 THE HISTORY OF SIWES ........................................................................................... 11
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES ............................................................................................. 12
1.3 MISSION AND VISION OF SIWES ............................................................................ 13
1.3.1 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO STUDENTS ............................... 13
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.0 OVERVIEW OF REYNOLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY ..................................... 15
2.1 SERVICES ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 ROADS ................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.2 WATER .................................................................................................................. 17

2.1.3 BUILDINGS ........................................................................................................... 17
2.2 RCC’s ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ................................................................ 18
2.3 RCC’s DEPARTMENTS ............................................................................................... 18
2.4 RCC’s EXPERIENCE.................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 23
3.0 Involvement, work done and Experiences Gained ............................................................ 23
3.1 Industrial Installations and Wiring ................................................................................. 23
3.1.1 Types of Wiring includes:- ..................................................................................... 24
3.2 Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries ........................................... 28
3.3 INSTALLATION OF STREET LIGHTS ...................................................................... 32
3.4 BATCHING PLANT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE ................................... 42
3.4.1 Operation / working of concrete batching plant ..................................................... 42
3.4.2 Components of concrete batch mix plant................................................................ 43
3.5 Design and Equipment Sizing ........................................................................................ 46
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 64
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ................................................................................. 64
4.1 Problems Encountered.................................................................................................... 64
4.2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................ 64
4.2.1 FOR PROSPECTIVE INTERNS ........................................................................... 64
4.2.2 FOR THE COMPANIES ........................................................................................ 65

4.2.3 FOR THE INSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 66
5.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 66
5.1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 66
5.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. 66
5.3 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 67
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 68

List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Organizational Structure................................................................................................ 21
Figure 2: LV Distribution Boards ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 3: Maintenance of a concrete Vibrator .............................................................................. 29
Figure 4: Compressor Stator after Recoiling ................................................................................ 30
Figure 5: Internal Composition of an electrical Hand drill ........................................................... 31
Figure 6: High Pressure Sodium Bulb .......................................................................................... 34
Figure 7: Internal Configuration of a sodium Blub Lamp fitting ................................................. 35
Figure 8: Circuit Diagram of Sodium lamp Fitting ...................................................................... 35
Figure 9: Street Light .................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 10: Connection of Lamp Fittings. ...................................................................................... 37
Figure 11: A single busbar scheme with fourteen feeder circuits and one bus section circuit
breaker designed for the substation............................................................................................... 38
Figure 12: Picture showing the Grounding of Substation Fence .................................................. 40
Figure 13: showing the termination of 100KVA Transformer ..................................................... 41
Figure 14: showing the termination of 250KVA Generator ......................................................... 41
Figure 15: The Control Panel of a Concrete Batching plant showing the contactors and AC Drive
and Push buttons for the belts and conveyors ............................................................................... 46
Figure 16: Load List and Single line diagram for R.A Club Kitchen ........................................... 49
Figure 17: Conductor Stranding.................................................................................................... 60
Figure 18: Cable Conductors ........................................................................................................ 61

13/32568/U/2 P a g e | 10 SIWES REPORT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) for the 2016/2017 academic session
kicked off in the month of August 2017 and was to be concluded six months later, January 2018.
The Industrial Attachment program is solely aimed at improving the working skills of students in
tertiary institutions as well as effecting learning, participation and observation of the actual
implementation of theories put into practice in various fields with respect to programs and
courses being studied in school. This scheme serves as an opportunity for students to grasp very
useful practical knowledge which not only makes them employable but also aids in the perfect
understanding of theories and operations in their different majors. The program is of very high
importance considering the lack of adequate practical materials for learning in most Nigerian
tertiary institutions and is self proven as it has been part and parcel of the country’s system of
education for over 25 years.
1.1 THE HISTORY OF SIWES
SIWES was set up by the Federal Government of Nigeria to close the gap between
theoretical laws taught in the classroom and actual practice for students in tertiary institutions. It
was first kicked off and funded by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) between 1973 and 1974.
Since its introduction by the ITF in 1973 the Scheme has gone through series of reforms. Its
management has changed hands from the ITF in 1978 to various regulatory agencies such as
National Universities Commission (NUC) and National board for Technical Education (NBTE)

in 1979, National Commission for college of Education (NCCE) and now back to the ITF again
in 1985.These are the major stakeholders in (SIWES). Consequently, SIWES Program was
introduced into the curriculum of tertiary institutions in the country as far back as 1974 with 748
students from 11 institutions of higher learning and the scheme has over the years contributed
immensely to the personal development and motivation of students to be able to understand the
important connection between the taught and learnt content of their academic programs and what
knowledge and skill will be expected of them on professional practice after graduation.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
The Industrial training funds policy document no. 1 of 1973, which established SIWES outline
the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:
1. Provide an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and
experience during their course of study.
2. Prepare students for industrial work situation that they are likely to meet after graduation.
3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make the transition from school to the world of work carrier and enhances students contacts
for later job placements.
5. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work
situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.

1.3 MISSION AND VISION OF SIWES
RCC is charged with the responsibility of promoting and encouraging the acquisition of skill,
commerce and industry, with the view to generating a pool of trained indigenous manpower
sufficient to meet the need of the economy. It is aimed at developing the human resources of the
nation. It builds the nation’s work force to promote the economy of a nation.
The vision of SIWES is to prepare students to contribute to the productivity of their nation.
Students’ Industrial Work-Experience Scheme has the potential of increasing the scope and
variety of technical skills in the common pool or general stock available for the industrial
development of Nigeria. Therefore, harnessing the potentials of SIWES for Industrial,
technological and Economic development however demands that the three major SIWES
stakeholders or actors (students, institutions and employers) be empowered to fully
participate and cooperate with one another in implanting the scheme. While such
cooperation requires that, the three actors share the same information on all basic aspects of
SIWES.
1.3.1 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO STUDENTS
The major benefits accruing to students who participate conscientiously in industrial training are
the skills and competencies they acquire. This is because the knowledge and skill acquired
through training by students are internalized, and it becomes relevant, during job performances
or functions. Several other benefits include:
1. Opportunity for students to blend theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom with
practical hand-on application of knowledge required to perform work in industry.

2. Exposes students to the working environment, i.e. to enable them see how their professions
are organized in practice.
3. Prepares students to contribute to the productivity of their employers and nation’s economy.
4. Provision of an enabling environment where students can develop and enhance personal
attributes such as critical thinking, creativity, initiative, resourcefulness leadership, time
management, presentation of skills and interpersonal skills.
5. Prepares students for employment and makes transition from school to the work environment
easier after graduation.
6. Enables Students Bridge the gap between the acquired skills in the institutions and the
relevant production skill required in the work organization.
7. Enhances students’ contact with potential employers while on training.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 OVERVIEW OF REYNOLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
Reynolds Construction Company (Nigeria) Limited is a subsidiary of SBI International Holdings
AG (SBI), whose headquarters is in Switzerland. SBI is a transnational construction and
development group, with subsidiaries in several countries of the world. The Group's projects
span the globe with concentration of activities in Africa, Central America and Europe.
SBI's first foray into Nigeria was in 1956 when it established a construction company called
Nigersol Construction Company Limited together with some Nigerian investors.
Among the projects executed by the company is the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife
(formerly University of Ife) which the company designed and constructed. The University
remains the most beautiful university campus in Nigeria up till date.
SBI then established business relationship with the defunct Western Region Government in the
late 50s. This relationship led to the incorporation of Nigerian Water Resources Development
Limited (NWRD) as a joint venture company in 1959. This specialist company executed
majority of the water projects in Southern Nigeria, particularly in the defunct Western and Mid-
Western regions.

Within a very short time, the Company carved a niche for herself and became a household name
in Nigeria; especially in the Western part of the country where majority of her numerous road
and building projects are located.
Prior to the incorporation of SolelBoneh (Nigeria) Limited, another subsidiary of SBI based in
New York, USA called Reynolds Construction Company –New York (as part of an international
consortium, called Reynolds Brezina & Brown or simply RBB) participated in and won an
international bid in 1968 to construct a $32 million Calabar – Ikom Road, financed by USAID in
the then Eastern Nigeria. Being an off-shore company, Reynolds Construction Company-New
York, applied for and secured a Special Approval of the Nigerian Government on 18 November
1968 to operate in Nigeria as a Foreign Company for the purpose of the Project.
As a result of flurry of business enquiries received and interest shown in her works, Reynolds
Construction Company (Nigeria) Limited was incorporated as a local company in September
1969. It took off with projects in Eastern part of the Company and later expanded all over the
country.
RCC is the flagship of Nigerian operations of SBI. Other member companies of the Group in
Nigeria are Solel Boneh (Nigeria) Limited and Nigerian Construction & Water Resources
Development Limited.
SBI international Holdings (AG) has its Headquarters in Switzerland and other main regions of
activity are:
• West Africa - Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Uganda.

• Central America – Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica.
• Central Europe – Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Croatia.
• Others - United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Curacao (Netherlands Antilles), the Netherlands
and Switzerland.
2.1 SERVICES
2.1.1 ROADS
Road construction is an increasingly significant area of RCC's operations. The Company's many
achievements in the sector in recent years have added flavour to its reputation, both nationally
and internationally. Some of its completed projects include thousands of kilometres of urban and
rural roads and highways, as well as bridges and runways for major airports.
2.1.2 WATER
RCC has over the years, garnered extensive and intensive expertise in hydrotechnical
development and construction.
The company has accumulated vast experience in irrigation, land preservation, drainage, flood
control, borehole sinking, water supply and sewage disposal.
It brings its rich technical expertise to bear on the building of hydrotechnical structures, dams,
weirs, reservoirs, elevated water tanks, main pipe lines and distribution networks, as well as
drainage and sewage systems, treatment plants and pumping installations.
2.1.3 BUILDINGS
RCC undertakes the construction of buildings of all types – commercial, residential, industrial,
schools, hospitals, HOTELS, embassies, offices, etc.

The Company has a record of completing numerous building projects across the Country,
including many complex, high tech and breath-taking buildings. Some of the buildings were
turn-key projects, involving feasibility studies, preliminary and detailed design, construction,
procurement (both locally and from overseas), equipment installation, etc.
2.2 RCC’s ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
All of RCC’s activities on a particular Project are undertaken by specific departments which can
be divided into two major categories which are;
 Services:-
This compromises of non-technical departments.
 Operations:-
Compromises of technical departments.
Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of the organizational structure of RCC.
2.3 RCC’s DEPARTMENTS
The various departments in RCC and their functions with respect to project executions are:-
NON TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS
 Administration and Personal:
Harnesses human and material resources and set out ways of utilizing them in order to
maximize profit.

 Business Development:-
Sourcing for business via bids or otherwise to ensure company growth.
 Finance and Accounts:-
Treasury management, billings, accounting and financial management.
 Cost Control
Carries out the task of cutting short cost during project execution
 Wages
Carries out the task of paying workers salaries, wages, Pensions, IOUs and other benefits.
 Sick Bay
Treats minor injuries gotten by workers while working in the site.
 Security
 Store Keeper
Keeps stocks of machineries and parts of all equipments used for repairs of companies
vehicles and properties.
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS
 PROJECT consisting of;
 Engineering :-
It is the heart of RCC. Preparation of engineering design and studies.
 Project controls:-
Project planning and scheduling, cost estimating, cost engineering and information
technology.

 Projects:-
Co-ordinates the engineering activities being undertaken during any project including
arranging for site visits, liaison with the customers to inform them of progress of their
projects. Management of all capital projects.
 Construction:-
Management of all construction activities on site.
 Training:-
Organize staff development programs like on the job training, short term courses and
safety seminars. Basically ensures employee development.

Figure 1: Organizational Structure.
2.4 RCC’s EXPERIENCE
Since its inception, RCC has executed more than 100 projects of varying magnitude and cost
implications. Among these projects are:

 Loko-Oweto Bridge and Approach Roads. C/6108
 Dualization of East West Road. Section III, Contract Bo.5882
 Construction Of National Library Headquarters Building At Abuja
 Dualization of Slaughter/Trans Amadi/Rumuobiakani Road
 CBN Prototype State Branch Awka.
 Dualization of Garrison/Slaughter/Transamadi/Woji Road and construction of Bridges –
which I met on Ground.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Involvement, work done and Experiences Gained
It was truly a great experience working for six months at RCC. The system permitted me to
alternate between different engineering working departments after some weeks. This has greatly
improved my general perception of what Engineering and quite particularly Electrical
Engineering is all about. I worked through five sub-divisions making up the Department of
Works and Maintenance as well as the Department of Projects and construction as stated:-
 Industrial Installations and Wiring.
 Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries.
 Installations of Street Lights and their Sub Stations.
 Operations and Maintenance of Batching Plant
 Design and Equipments Sizing.
In as much as each and every division entails the application of general engineering principles
and operations they also have in some occasions differences and specially modified applications
of known stipulated engineering principles and operations, of course this comes with due respect
to dependent factors such as materials being worked on, location, accessibility, system,
environment et cetera. My involvement and participation are detailed below.
3.1 Industrial Installations and Wiring
This is the networking system or arrangement of cables for the free flow of current in a circuit.

3.1.1 Types of Wiring includes:-
1. Conduit Wiring:- this is the process where electric cables are arranged systematically in a
wall through the use of PVC pipe in order to transfer energy from one point to another in
a circuit.
2. Cleat Wiring:- this is a system of wiring done in an industry with the help of a cleat chip
made of different types of groove.
INTEGRITY TEST: this is the process of testing completed electrical installations to verify that
the system will operate efficiently and safely. The tests are extensive, as defined in the institution
of electrical engineers regulations. They can only be carried out by a competent person, i.e. a
qualified electrician or electrical engineer.
THE FOLLOWING TESTS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE PROCESSINGS:
1. DEAD TEST:- this is the process of testing completed installations without power
supply. The aim is to test the continuity to ensure integrity of the live, neutral and the
earth conductors without bridging (short Circuit). Testing the insulation to ensure that
there is a high resistance between live and neutral and earth conductors. Testing polarity
to ensure all switches and breakers are connected to phase, live conductors.
2. LIVE TEST:- this is the process of testing completed installation with power supply. The
aim is to know the load that is connected to each circuit, each phase and entire 415v that
is supplied. During this test for earth loop to know the effectiveness of the installation
earthing system.
Integrity Tests is undertaking by visual inspection and the use of a multipurpose meter
(multimeter) or an instrument specifically for recording resistance i.e. an ohmmeter or megger.

While installing industrial wiring system the following are to be taken to heart;
 Rules and statutory regulations
Range of low-voltage extends from 0 V to 1000 V in a.c. and from 0 V to 1500 V in d.c.
One of the first decisions is the selection of type of current between the alternative
current which corresponds to the most common type of current throughout the world and
the direct current. Then the engineers have to select the most appropriate rated voltage
230V within these ranges of voltages. When connected to a LV public network, the type
of current and the rated voltage are already selected and imposed by the Utility.
Compliance with national regulations is then the second priority of the engineers of
electrical installation. Regulations may be based on national or international standards
such as the IEC 60364 series or the National
Electric Code (NEC), and the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
codes. Selection of equipment complying with national or international product standards
and appropriate verification of the completed installation is a powerful means for
providing a safe installation with the expected quality. Defining and complying with the
verification and testing of the electrical installation at its completion as well as periodic
time will guarantee the safety and the quality of this installation all along its life cycle.
Conformity of equipment according to the appropriate product standards used within the
installation is also of prime importance for the level of safety and quality. Environmental
conditions will become more and more stringent and will need to be considered at the
design stage of the installation. This may include national or regional regulations
considering the material used in the equipment as well as the dismantling of the
installation at its end of life.

 Installed power loads:-
A review of all applications needing to be supplied with electricity is to be done. Any
possible extensions or modifications during the whole life of the electrical installation are
to be considered. Such a review aimed to estimate the current flowing in each circuit of
the installation and the power supplies needed. The total current or power demand can be
calculated from the data relative to the location and power of each load, together with the
knowledge of the operating modes (steady state demand, starting conditions, non
simultaneous operation, etc.) Estimation of the maximum power demand may use various
factors depending on the type of application; type of equipment and type of circuits used
within the electrical installation. From these data, the power required from the supply
source and (where appropriate) the number of sources necessary for an adequate supply
to the installation is readily obtained. Local information regarding tariff structures is also
required to allow the best choice of connection arrangement to the power-supply
network, e.g. at medium voltage or low voltage level.
 MV and LV Architecture
Determination of the most suitable architecture of the MV/LV main distribution and LV
power distribution level is often the result of optimization and compromise. Neutral
earthing arrangements are chosen according to local regulations, constraints related to the
power-supply, and to the type of loads. The distribution equipment (panel boards,
switchgears, circuit connections ...) are determined from industrial layout and from the
location and grouping of loads. The type of premises and allocation can influence their
immunity to external disturbances.

Figure 2: LV Distribution Boards
 Sizing and protection of conductors
Selection of cross-sectional-areas of cables or isolated conductors for line conductors is
certainly one of the most important tasks of the design process of an electrical installation
as this greatly influences the selection of over current protective devices, the voltage drop
along these conductors and the estimation of the prospective short-circuit currents: the
maximum value relates to the over current protection and the minimum value relates to
the fault protection by automatic disconnection of supply. This has to be done for each
circuit of the installation.

 Software Design
At RCC AutoCad and ECODIAL Software is used as a tool for electrical installation
wiring design, for ease and time saving, instead of using the manual method of hand
calculation
The following features are included in the software:
Construction of one-line diagrams
Calculation of short-circuit currents according to several operating modes (normal,
back-up, load shedding)
Calculation of voltage drops
Optimization of cable sizes
Required ratings and settings of switchgear and fuse gear
Discrimination of protective devices
Optimization of switchgear using cascading
Verification of the protection of people and circuits
Comprehensive print-out of the foregoing calculated design data.
3.2 Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries
During my training at RCC, I was involved in many routine checks, maintenance and service
calls.
Some of the Work Maintenance I was involved in was:
 ELECTRIC CONCRETE VIBRATORS
A concrete vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is often
generated by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft. Concrete

vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess water are
released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork. Improper consolidation
of concrete can cause product defects, compromise the concrete strength, and produce
surface blemishes such as bug holes and honeycombing. An internal concrete vibrator is a
steel cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat, with a hose or electrical cord
attached to one end. The vibrator head is immersed in the wet concrete.
Figure 3: Maintenance of a concrete Vibrator
 COMPRESSOR STATOR RECOIL
Batching Plants uses air compressors, compressors generate heat. All compressors are
designed to tolerate normal thermal gains from compression, motor windings, friction,
and normal super-heat. All this heat can be measured on a running system simply by
taking the discharge line temperature about six inches or less from the compressor. If a
discharge line temperature exceeds 250°F, the temperature inside the compressor at the
discharge valve or valves is 300°F or more. At that high a temperature, oil and some
refrigerants begin to break down. Carbon and sludge will form. Corrective action needs

to be taken or the Compressor will fail or burn out after which the coils inside the
compressor assembly would have to be rewound for it to function properly again.
Electrical failures are also a major cause of compressor failure or burn out. Three- phase
motor compressors can suffer from voltage and current imbalance. Imbalance causes
overheating. Single phasing, where one leg of the three phases is lost is the ultimate
imbalance. Failure is rapid. There are many inexpensive devices that detect phase loss,
imbalance, too high or too low a voltage, and quickly take the compressor off line before
it can be badly damaged. The picture below (PLATE 7) is that of a stator from a Batching
plant hermetic compressor that had to be recoiled after a lighting strike caused an
electrical surge that badly damaged the stator windings.
Figure 4: Compressor Stator after Recoiling
 HAMMER DRILL:-
A hammer drill is a rotary drill with a hammering action. The hammering action provides
a short, rapid hammer thrust to pulverize relatively brittle material and provide quicker

drilling with less effort. These tools are usually electrically powered, and increasingly
powered by batteries.
Figure 5: Internal Composition of an electrical Hand drill
The picture above shows the various mechanisms inside of the hammer drill. In the center
is the motor inside of the motor housing. In front of the motor is a cooling fan attached to
the motor shaft. A bearing in front of the motor shaft supports the fan. A rear bearing is
housed in black at the right side of the motor.
During prolong use the commutator brush begins to wear off due to the friction during
turning of the rotor, this causes fault in the drill. They are then brought to the electrical
department for trouble shooting.

3.3 INSTALLATION OF STREET LIGHTS
STREET LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting is a vital rule to describe the importance of major and minor roads, which constitute the
lifelines of communication in the motorized world today. For these roads, to fulfill their function
properly, they must be made as safe as technological and economic resources will permit. And
one of the most effective instruments in the constant striving to create saver roads is light.
Lighting for guidance, lighting to reveal all the features of roads and point of hazards.
Spacing from Lumen Method
For day-to-day installation design, spacing shall be determined from the following lumen
method.
F×U×N×M = E×A
Where,
F is the total luminous flux of the lamp as quoted by the manufacturer (in lm).
U is the utilization factor which takes into account the efficiency of the light and the light losses
as quoted by the manufacturer.
N is the total number of lamps
M is the maintenance factor which is the product of the lamp flux maintenance factor and the
luminaries maintenance factor. Values for the latter are given in table 1.
E is the maintained average illuminance on street (in lx)
A is the surface area of street to be illuminated (in m2)

Note:
1. An average utilization factor (U) could be 0.35 to 0.5.
2. The utilization factor and maintenance factor shall be obtained from the manufacturer’s
supplied photometric data.
Types of Street Light Lamp:
 Street lighting Lamps normally used three types High intensity discharge (HID) lamps,
High pressure sodium vapor (HPSV), Metal halide (MH), or Mercury vapor (MV).
 However Mainly Lamps for Street lighting can be divided into three main categories (1)
incandescent lamps and (2) luminescent gaseous discharge lamps. (3) LED
 The lamps used in street lighting today are mostly High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
that include high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, high pressure mercury and metal
halide lamps.
HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS:
High-Pressure discharges are more compact and have higher electrical loads; therefore, they
require quartz arc tubes to withstand the pressure and temperature. The reactive nature of sodium
requires the arc tube to be manufactured from translucent polycrystalline alumina. The outer
glass bulb contains a vacuum to prevent arcing and oxidation. They offer better efficacy (100
lumens/watt) and excellent lumen maintenance.
The lamp warm-up time for HPS lamps is between 3 and 4 minutes, and full light output is
reached in approximately 10 minutes. Because the operating pressure of a high pressure sodium
lamp is lower than that of a mercury lamp, the restrike time is shorter, between 0.5 and 1 minute.

Ninety percent of full light output is reached in 3 to 4 minutes. HPS lamps can be equipped with
a special feature called “Instant Restrike” for convenience (or for use as emergency lighting)
when uninterrupted illumination is required. With this feature, some light is available
immediately. Light output reaches 30% of full output after 1/2 minute. Full light output is
achieved in about 3 minutes.
Figure 6: High Pressure Sodium Bulb
The High Pressure Sodium Vapor Bulbs were used at this Street light road Construction. During
my time at RCC I was involved extensively in the Installation and mounting of 250 watts High
Pressure Sodium Bulbs Street lights on the road site. I was involved in the installations of over
500 Street lights, the process involved in this installations are:

Figure 7: Internal Configuration of a sodium Blub Lamp fitting
Figure 8: Circuit Diagram of Sodium lamp Fitting
 Digging of Trenches
This trenches are were the cables are laid and has to be to a depth of 450mm or 500mm to
avoid resurfacing and vandalization according to IEC regulations.
 The casting of pole base are done by the Civil laborers but supervised by electrical
engineers due to the fact that the pole bases contains PVC Trunks were the underground

cables passes through, so care is taken when casting the bases and creating elbows for the
Trunks for easy passage of cables.
 The underground cables are now passed through the already laid PVC Trunks; these
cables are now made to form a loop at each concrete cast base that is to hold the street
lights.
 The poles are lifted into position using cranes over the installed bases ensuring that the
base plates are resting on all four washers. 2.
 Washers are installed, and locked with Hex Nuts while plumbing and leveling the pole
and tightening all anchors.
 Using man-lift, the electrical engineers are lifted into the air of the 8m tall pole to install
the top cap now carrying the Bulb fitting and its wires, which are passed in the pole, the
top cap are screwed into place.
 Terminating of the lights begin at this point, the wires in the pole from the overhead
fittings are then connected with the first length of the underground cable to the second
cable that is to go to the next pole forming a loop, using Contactors and Circuit breakers,
so as to give the street light an internal switch.
This same process is also carried out on the bridges but with a more challenging experience
due to the sharp and irregular edges of the PVC Conduits while passing the underground
Cable.

Figure 9: Street Light
Figure 10: Connection of Lamp Fittings.
3.3.1 CONSTRUCTION OF LOW VOLTAGE SUBSTATION
The construction of Substation for the powering of the installed Street lights comes next.

Steps for the Construction of the Substation:
1. Selection of a substation switching system: single bus, ring bus, breaker-and-a-half,
etc. based on reliability requirements.
Figure 11: A single busbar scheme with fourteen feeder circuits and one bus section circuit breaker designed for the
substation.
2. Preparation of a key plan which should show the location of all components of a
substation and their interconnections, as well as steel structures, control house, fire walls,
fence and property line.
3. Civil and structural design which includes:
 Pile design
 Foundations
 Steel Structures
4. Grounding: MV switchgear and MV cables are to have separate main earthing bar
connected to framework or earth bar of each item by insulated conductor and the earth-
electrode by 2 insulated earthing conductors, one at each end of bar, via testing joints.
Earthing conductor is to be minimum 150 mm2. LV switchgear is to have separate main
earthing bar connected to framework or earth bar of each item by insulated conductor.

Main LV switchgear panel is connected to main LV Earth bar in electrical room which in
turn connected at two ends by 2 insulated earthing conductors through testing joints to two
earth pits. Earthing conductor size is to be minimum 150 mm2.
Transformer body earthing terminal is to be connected to MV main earthing bar by insulated
copper earthing conductor not less than 20 mm2 per 100 KVA of transformer rating, with a
minimum of 35 mm2.
Transformer neutral (star point) is to be connected by insulated earthing conductor (colour
black) directly to independent earthing electrode. Neutral earthing conductor is to be sized
for maximum earth fault current for 5 seconds with final conductor temperature not
exceeding 160 0C or sized not less than 30 mm2 per 100 KVA of transformer rating, and with
a minimum of 50 mm2.
Lightning arresters are to be directly connected to the earth electrode, following the shortest
path. Each lightning arrester is to be connected at a dedicated earth rod.
5. Electrical layout design
 Positioning of equipment.
 Bus design.
 Design of manhole and conduit system.
 Design of auxiliary A.C. power system.
 Installation of Transformers, Generators and Electrical Panel. After the designs
the Transformer used was a 100KVA 3 phase Step-down Transformer and a
250KVA diesel powered Generator.

Figure 12: Picture showing the Grounding of Substation Fence

Figure 13: showing the termination of 100KVA Transformer
Figure 14: showing the termination of 250KVA Generator

3.4 BATCHING PLANT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
3.4.1 Operation / working of concrete batching plant
Working principle of concrete batching plant is dependent on five primary functions as below:
 Aggregate feeding – Aggregates and sand have to be fed into the individual feeder bins.
 Powder feeding – Powder here refers to cement, fly ash and additives. These are
important components for binding of material.
 Water – Water will help cement bind evenly with aggregates. Specific quantity of water
is must for any ready mix.
 Storage and conveyance – Storage and conveyance here refer to storage of cement, fly
ash, etc. They have to hold up quantity in bulk and transfer small quantity by screw
conveyor to the weighing hoppers.
 Control system – Control system is very critical for any advanced machine. It makes
operation fast and accurate.
Concrete batching plant process flow will start from the feeding of aggregates into individual
bins. Size wise aggregates have to be fed into individual bins. These aggregates will be weighed
individually as per the design set in the control panel. After weighing they will be transferred to
the mixing unit. Above the mixing unit there are weigh hoppers for cement, additive and water.
The job of the weigh hopper is to weigh and then transfer the contents into the mixing unit
below. Cement is transferred to the weigh hopper by means of screw conveyor. Water is pumped

up into the weigh hopper. After mixing for a specific time as set in the mixing unit, the mixer
will discharge the contents into transit mixer or a concrete pump.
All the above processes are carried out carefully and systematically. Each process is carried out
for a specific time frame. The time frame starting from the weighing of aggregates to the
discharge of the ready mix material is known as a batch time.
3.4.2 Components of concrete batch mix plant
A concrete batch mix plant has a number of parts and accessories that combine and work
together to produce quality concrete. Some of the major components are as below:
 Aggregate feeders – Feeding unit is one of the important components. There are bins
located side by side to facilitate feeding of coarse aggregates and sand. The different
numbers of bins are there which will hold different sized aggregates / sand into different
compartment. The reason behind putting each material (size wise) into separate bins is
that each material will be weighed separately as per designated mix ratio.
 Aggregate weigh conveyor – Weigh conveyor usually sits below the aggregate feeders.
It is suspended and hanging on load cells. It is to weigh aggregates one by one and then
transfer the same to charging conveyor of skip. Aggregates are discharged to the weigh
conveyor by opening and closing of pneumatic cylinders.
 Charging conveyor / Skip – Charging conveyor or a skip is to carry the weighed
aggregates to the mixing unit.

 Cement weigh scale – Cement weigh scale will hold the cement in small quantity that is
transferred from the cement silo / hopper via a screw conveyor. Its task is to weigh the
aggregates prior to dispatch into the mixing unit.
 Water weigh scale – Water weigh scale receives water from water pump. It will hold
water and weigh the water as per the recipe set in the control panel and then add the same
into the mixing unit.
 Additive weigh scales – Additive weigh scales are also suspended on load cells and they
will weigh the additive material prior to dispatch into the mixer.
 Cement silo / hopper with screw conveyor – Cement silo is to hold large volumes of
cement that comes in bulk trucks. It is usually provided with safety accessories. A screw
conveyor of suitable diameter and length is at the bottom enabling transfer of cement into
the cement weigh hopper. Many small capacity machines are equipped with a cement
hopper. The opening of the hopper is big and it facilitates adding of cement that comes in
bags. Bags have to be placed on top of the hopper and once they are torn, cement will fall
into the hopper. Cement hoppers are also provided with screw conveyor for transfer of
cement into the weigh hopper. Usually a weigh hopper has 2 openings on top for inlet of
2 screw conveyors.
 Mixing unit – This is the most critical part and heart of the concrete batch mixing plant.
The job of the mixer is to receive all the ingredients and mix them thoroughly for a fixed
time. Then it will discharge the contents into a transit mixer or a concrete pump.
 Air compressor – Air compressor is one of the important components here. It is used to
control all the pneumatic operations of the concrete batch mixer like opening and closing

of cylinders that control the feeder gates, opening and closing of butterfly valves fitted
with weigh hoppers, opening and closing of the mixing unit gate, etc.
 Control panel – Control panel will control the working of the machine. Latest machines
are equipped with PLC panel for ease of usage. It is also possible to save and print mix
material recipes in the latest equipment. Control panel assist in fast and accurate
measurements of the ingredients. With growing demand for high quality and accurate
concrete it becomes important to produce quality material without any wastage. This is
where control panel helps to control all components of the batching plant.
At my Time at RCC I was opportune to operate this Batching Plant Machine and learn about the
Maintenance Schedule of its Electrical/Electronics Components.

Figure 15: The Control Panel of a Concrete Batching plant showing the contactors and AC Drive and Push buttons for
the belts and conveyors
3.5 Design and Equipment Sizing
1. Computation of load list:
This is one of the starting points for the electrical department activities. For any given
project, it is important to know the specific number of electrical loads on site. This is to
ensure the adequate sizing of power sources, cables, distribution boards e.t.c. I learnt how

to compute a load list, which is usually a Microsoft Excel document showing all intended
loads, their tag numbers, current, voltage and power ratings, efficiencies, power factors,
and service duty.
2. Generation of single line diagrams:
There were many instances where I was required to develop one or single line diagrams.
The electrical load list came in very handy in such cases.
A single line diagram is a schematic drawing that uses graphical symbols and standard
nomenclature to illustrate the overall configuration of an electrical system. The single
line diagram shows diagrammatically the conceptual/detailed design for power
generation and distribution on a site, interconnections between various loads, generation
philosophies, load layouts, busbars and their respective voltage levels, system protection
devices, amongst others. These are well shown on the single line diagrams with standard
electrical symbols. I received extensive training on the use of autoCAD, which is the
software used by the electrical department to draw one line diagrams. The figure below
shows a single line diagram I drew with the aid of AutoCAD for the R.A Club Kitchen,
whose load summary is shown in figure 7.
3. Equipment sizing and Cable sizing:
Areas covered here include Generator sizing, Transformer sizing, circuit breaker sizing,
and cable sizing calculations. I also learnt about the relevant standards and
codes as regards equipment sizing and cable selection, such as the National
Electric code (NEC), and the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
codes.

As part of my training, I was given an assignment on equipment and cable sizing for the
R.A Club kitchen equipment project. The calculations I carried out are shown below:

Figure 16: Load List and Single line diagram for R.A Club Kitchen

CALCULATIONS
SIZING OF EQUIPMENT IN THE CLUB KITCHEN PROJECT
FORMULA USED:
GEN. SIZING:
RUNNING LOAD (RL) = TOTAL CONTINOUS LOAD + 30% INTERMITTENT
LOAD.
PEAK LOAD (PL) = RUNNING LOAD + 20% STANDBY LOAD.
TRANSFORMER SIZE ≥1.25× PEAK LOAD.
ASSUMPTION: USING N+! PHILOSOPHY.
TRANSFORMER SIZING ≅ GENERATOR SIZING.
GENERATOR SIZING (USING N+1 PHILOSOPHY)
RL = 30691.65 + (0.3 × 1524.18) = 31148.90 KVA
PL = 31148.90 + 70.60 = 31219.56 KVA
FUTURE EXPANSION = 25%
PL = 1.25 × 3.1219.56 = 39024.45 KVA
FOR N+1 GEN; WHERE N=2

PL/2 = 19512.25 KVA
GENERATOR SIZE = 3 Nos. 20MVA GENERATOR.
TRANSFORMER SIZING:
T1 (11/33KV)
RL = 30,000 KVA
PL = 30,000 KVA × 1.25 = 37,500KVA
T1 SIZE = 37.5 MVA
T2 (11/6.6 KV)
RL = 414KVA
PL = 414 × 1.25 = 517.5 KVA
T2 SIZE = 750KVA.
T3 SIZE (11/0.4KV)
RL = 336.25 + 16.5 = 352.75 KVA
PL = 352.75 × 1.25 = 440.94 KVA
T3 SIZE = 500 KVA.

T4 SIZE (11/0.4KV)
RL = 336.25 + 16.5 = 352.75 KVA
PL = 352.75 × 1.25 = 440.94 KVA
T4 SIZE = 500 KVA.
T5 SIZE (11/0.4KV)
RL = 355.4 + 26.75 = 282.15 KVA
PL = 382.15 + 70.60 = 452.75 KVA
T5 SIZE = 750 KVA.
T6 SIZE (11/0.4KV)
RL = 355.4 + 26.75 = 282.15 KVA
PL = 382.15 + 70.60 = 452.75 KVA
452.75 × 1.25 = 565.94 KVA
T6 SIZE = 750 KVA.
CABLE SIZING:

FORMULA USED
𝑃
𝐼= 𝐴𝑀𝑃 + 25% I (FUTURE EXPANSION)
√3×11𝐾𝑉
GENERATOR CABLE SIZING:
20𝑀𝑉𝐴
I= = 1049.73 × 1.25 = 1312.15A
√3×11𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 1200A
TRANSFORMER CABLE SIZING:
T1:
37.5𝑀𝑉𝐴
PRIMARY: 𝐼 = = 656.08𝐴 × 1.25 = 2450.3𝐴
√3×33𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 2000A
CABLE SIZE:
37.5𝑀𝑉𝐴
SECONDARY: 𝐼 = = 656.08𝐴 × 1.25 = 820.10𝐴
√3×33𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 700A
CABLE SIZE:
T2:

750𝐾𝑉𝐴
PRIMARY: 𝐼 = = 39.36𝐴 × 1.25 = 49.20𝐴
√3×11𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 40A
CABLE SIZE:
750𝐾𝑉𝐴
SECONDARY: 𝐼 = = 65.61𝐴 × 1.25 = 82.01𝐴
√3×6.6𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 70A
CABLE SIZE:
T3:
500𝐾𝑉𝐴
PRIMARY: 𝐼 = = 26.24𝐴 × 1.25 = 32.80𝐴
√3×11𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 30A
CABLE SIZE:
500𝐾𝑉𝐴
SECONDARY: 𝐼 = = 721.69𝐴 × 1.25 = 902.11𝐴
√3×0.4𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 800A
CABLE SIZE:
T4
500𝐾𝑉𝐴
PRIMARY: 𝐼 = = 26.24𝐴 × 1.25 = 32.8𝐴
√3×11𝐾𝑉

CB SIZE: 30A
CABLE SIZE:
500𝐾𝑉𝐴
SECONDARY: 𝐼 = = 656.08𝐴 × 1.25 = 902.11𝐴
√3×0.4𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 800A
CABLE SIZE:
T5 = T6
750𝐾𝑉𝐴
PRIMARY: 𝐼 = = 39.37𝐴 × 1.25 = 49.21𝐴
√3×11𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 40A
CABLE SIZE:
750𝐾𝑉𝐴
SECONDARY: 𝐼 = = 1366.63𝐴 × 1.25 = 902.11𝐴
√3×0.4𝐾𝑉
CB SIZE: 1600A
These current values are also used for sizing the transformer and generator CBs.
CABLE AND AIRCUIT BREAKER SIZING FOR LOADS
FORMULA USED:
𝑃
𝐼=
√3 × 33𝐾𝑉

Type of cable: PVC insulated, armoured, installed in air.
BUS A:
Four starter motors
7500𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝐼= = 131.2𝐴 × 1.25 = 164𝐴
√3 × 33𝐾𝑉
CB = 150A
CABLE SIZE: 70mm2
BUS B:
Generator starter motor
690𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝐼= = 60.4𝐴 × 1.25 = 75.5𝐴
√3 × 6.6𝐾𝑉
CB = 70A
CABLE SIZE = 35mm2
BUS C:
Causeway lighting

𝐼 = 18.4𝐴 × 1.25 = 22.55𝐴
CB = 20A
CABLE SIZE = 2.5mm2
HVAC Supply
𝐼 = 27.06𝐴 × 1.25 = 33.83𝐴
CB = 30A
CABLE SIZE = 6 mm2
Office and Amenities
𝐼 = 126.3𝐴 × 1.25 = 157.88𝐴
CB = 150A
CABLE SIZE = 70 mm2
4. Electrical Layout drawings (Earthing, Cable, and Lighting layout):
An electrical layout drawing gives a plan view of an area (e.g. a flow station), and shows
by means of appropriate sign conventions, such features as the earthing grid
(earthing layout), electrical cable route (cable routing layout), location of lighting towers

/ fixtures (lighting layout) etc. I was trained on how to draw layout drawings using
autoCAD. I learnt about the various factors to be considered before layout
drawings/designs are produced.
5. Hazardous Area classification/drawings:
I was also trained on how to produce hazardous area drawings using autoCAD. A
hazardous area is a three-dimensional space in which a flammable atmosphere may be
expected to be present at such frequencies as requires special precautions for the
construction and use of all electrical apparatus. The purpose of these drawings is to
provide assistance in selecting the correct certified equipment for hazardous zones (as
will be clearly noted on the drawing).
6. Supplementary drawings (Cable schedules, Distribution board schedules,
Schematics and Interconnection drawings, Installation details, Specifications):
These drawings are also produced at later electrical design stages for a project. I was also
opportune to see how these drawings were produced and their relevance to the project.
7. Cable Selection:
 Conductor: The conductor, usually copper, provides a low impedance path for
the flow of electric current. Some important considerations are size (current
carrying capacity), flexibility (soft or annealed and stranding) and cost.
 Solid Conductor: A solid conductor is a single conductor of solid circular
construction. Solid conductors come in a wide range of sizes. Due to the lack of
flexibility, solid conductors are more common in sizes below No. 0 AWG for
aerial line applications, and below No. 8 AWG in insulated conductor applications.

 Stranded Conductor: A stranded conductor is composed of a multiple wires
grouped together to form a single conductor. Stranded conductors are typically
used where improved flexibility is desired for handling and installation.
 Concentric Stranding: Stranded conductors are usually arranged in concentric
layers around a central core. Figure13, detail A, shows different concentric
stranded conductors with a progressively larger number of wires. Typically each
concentric layer is spun in opposite directions, and may be referred to as having a
reverse lay progression. Depending upon the application and need for conductor
flexibility concentric stranded conductors are available in a variety of ASTM
Classes: A, AA, B, C and D.
 Bunched Stranding: A bunched conductor consists of a group of wires all
twisted together in the same direction without regard to physical location, to form
a single conductor. Like concentric stranded conductors, bunched conductors are
available in a variety of ASTM Classes: I, J, K, L, M, O, P and Q.
 Rope-Lay Stranding: A rope-lay stranded conductor is a concentric stranded
conductor where the strands (sub-strands) that makeup the various layers are
them-selves stranded. Each sub-strand May in-turn be configured in a concentric
or bunched manner. Rope-lay stranded conductors are available in a variety of
ASTM Classes: G, H, I, K, and M. Figure13, detail B, shows an assortment of rope-
lay strand configurations. Figures 13 and 14 illustrate various
conductor configurations.
 Insulation: The insulation provides isolation of the conductor from other
conductors and from ground. The thickness of the insulation (usually specified in

mils) is determined by the voltage rating of the cable. Important considerations
for determining the type of insulation include flexibility, chemical and
flame resistance, system grounding method, type of installation, and cost.
Commonly used insulating materials are EPR (ethylene propylene rubber), XLPE
(cross-linked polyethylene), PVC (polyvinylchloride) and PE (polyethylene).
Figure 17: Conductor Stranding

Figure 18: Cable Conductors

The training I received involved the use of the following computer aided
design/application software:
 AutoCAD
 Chalmlite (software for lighting design and calculations).
AutoCAD
It is a computer aided drawing software. It is used by the electrical group to draw single line
diagrams, electrical layout drawings, hazardous area drawings, distribution board schedules,
schematics and interconnection diagrams, power layouts etc. The AutoCAD design package
is a general purpose software. It is an extremely powerful tool. The speed and ease at which a
drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer offers a phenomenal advantage over
hand preparation. There is virtually no limit to the kind of drawings that can be prepared
using the software. AutoCAD provides a set of entities for use in constructing a drawing. An
entity is a drawing element such as a line, circle, or text string annotations. The effect of
every change appears immediately, thus enabling the designer to take immediate decisions
concerning size, aesthetics and taste of the designer. Other AutoCAD functions allow
modifications of the drawing in a variety of ways e.g. erasing or moving entities or copying
them from repeated patterns. The view of the drawing displayed on the screen can be
changed, or information about the drawing can be displayed. The use of layers and assigning

colors to the different layers enhances the appearance of the end product and aids in detecting
errors in the drawing that would otherwise have gone undetected. The final drawing can then
be plotted with a pen plotter or printer plotter. The importance of this software can be more
appreciated in that is saves time and cost in the production of drawings, by providing the
engineer with a mature tool to work, thus, ensuring a more professional and accurate output.
The activities of the electrical group to which to which I was attached, involved the extensive
use of autoCAD

CHAPTER FOUR
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
4.1 Problems Encountered
 Unavailability of Project design and Analysis of already started projects
 Absence of Electrical site Engineer hence difficulty in getting relevant answers to
questions I asked.
 Unavailability of companies own Computer system and software for design practice.
 Lack of proper communication between me and the company/project development team.
 Absence of industry based supervisor for instructions when I run into difficulties trying to
solve problems.
 Lack of proper orientation to the staff about my being in the company for SIWES, as
some staff sends me on unnecessary errands.
 Compatibility issues of software version and O/S.
4.2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
4.2.1 FOR PROSPECTIVE INTERNS
1. Prospective interns should begin early in search for companies where they can secure IT
placement. This will help them get a place in time.
2. Prospective Interns should no secure placement based on amount the company will pay.
But should secure placement based on the wealth of experience to be gained.

4.2.2 FOR THE COMPANIES
1. RCC should try to increase stipends of students on training in their organization to help
them ease the burden of transportation and feeding.
2. RCC should assign more than one supervisor to students so that in absence of one
supervisor the other can take his place.
3. The company should endeavor to provide materials on theorietical aspects or manuals for
students to study so as to understand fully the work that is being done.
4. Constant supervision should be made available for students so as to minimize errors and
mistakes.
5. Companies should communicate to staff on the roles of It Students which Is to learn and
not to be sent on menial errands
4.2.3 FOR THE INSTITUTION
1.0 The school should assist students in getting IT placement.
2.0 The institution should endeavor to communicate to the companies on the roles and
responsibilities of the IT students

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
The purpose of this SIWES program is to bridge the gap between classroom and the industries so
that student will be well prepared for the task ahead after their schooling. So these 6 months
SIWES program has exposed me to real electrical Installation works, it has also helped in
bridging the gap between the classroom and real life practical engineering situations. This
industrial training has really given me an insight to the task that lies ahead of me in my chosen
career “Electrical/Electronic Engineering” So this Industrial Training Report has been aimed to
picture the various task that is being carried out in the industry in the field
of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, the skill acquired and the challenges on the aspect of
Innovation and Creation in order to make the world a comfortable place.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
 I will recommend that more Electrical engineering students be posted to the organization
for their SWEP and SIWES.
 The ITF should ensure frequent visit of supervisiors to the companies where students are
posted so as to ensure students are serious during the duration of their Industrial Training.
 Students should ensure to be posted in tome so as to get enough knowledge of what they
should learn at their respective workplace

 The main essence of the scheme should be made known to the companies, so that
students are not assigned to tasks that are not of benefit to his/her career development.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The SIWES has positively contributed to my training as a future Electrical/Electronics Engineer.
At the SIWES workplace (i.e. NETCO), I was able to reconcile theoretical principles learnt in
school with real Electrical/Electronic engineering design practice. I also learnt various software
applications relating to my discipline such as AutoCAD, Microsoft EXCEL, Microsoft
Word, etc.
Furthermore, I received extensive training on electrical design fundamentals which included the
following: Development of load and single line diagrams, Design of electrical layout drawings
(cable, earthing and lighting layout
drawings), Hazardous area classification drawings, Equipment sizing, cable and circuit breaker
sizing, preparation of material take-off and bill of quantities, lighting design/calculations, and
schematic/interconnection drawings.
I also learnt about the proper Maintenance of electrical power tools, participated in the
Installation of over 500 Street lights and their fittings also in the construction of LOW
VOLTAGE Substation for the powering of this Street Lights.
SIWES gave me the opportunity to learn about good work ethics, good interpersonal and
communication skills.

REFERENCE
1. Reynolds Construction Company (RCC) Electrical Training Manual, Vol.1 & 2, (1998)
2. Robert, M.T (1989) AutoCAD Desktop Companion, Sybex/Tech Asian Editions,
Singapore, Tech Publication, Pp 5-7
3. Chevron Training Manual (1996), Vol 1&2.
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A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

TRANS AMADI ELELENWON-WOJI ROAD PORT HARCOURT

BEING A TECHNICAL REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH) IN

ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

INDUSTRIAL BASED SUPERVISIOR: ENGR. BROWN GIBSON

INSTITUTION BASED SUPERVISOR: MAL. ALIYU USMAN BABAJI

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT FRANCIS CHUKWUDI WITH REG. NO.

13/32568/U/2 ACTUALLY COMPLETED HIS SIX (6) MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

WITH REYONLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY NIG. LTD. (RCC) TRANS AMADI

ELELENWON-WOJI ROAD, PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE.

INSTITUTION BASED SUPERVISOR DATE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DATE

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THIS REPORT IS DEDICATED TO ALMIGHTY GOD WHOSE FOREMOST LOVE

AND MERCIES HAS GIVEN ME THE OPPURTUNITY TO UNDERGO THIS INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING IN REYNOLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY.

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exposure on Electrical facilities and engineering works needed as an industrial trainee.

advice in every area during my industrial training.

better from you.

I am deeply indebted to God Almighty, giver of all wisdom, knowledge and

understanding, without whom I wouldn’t have achieved nothing at all.

my friends and colleagues and lecturers, Thank you.

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Months Indusrial Training under the STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME S.I.W.E.S undertaken at Reynolds Construction Company Nigeria limited.

It gives a brief introduction about (RCC) an indigenous construction company in Nigeria.

It gives a detailed representation of the Organizational Structure and interconnectivity of various

services and engineering departments.

specific type of work I was engaged in.

with relevant engineering competence required to thrive in the real world.

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List of Figures and Tables............................................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 11

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 11

1.1 THE HISTORY OF SIWES ........................................................................................... 11

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES ............................................................................................. 12

1.3 MISSION AND VISION OF SIWES ............................................................................ 13

1.3.1 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING TO STUDENTS ............................... 13

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 15

2.0 OVERVIEW OF REYNOLDS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY ..................................... 15

2.1 SERVICES ..................................................................................................................... 17

2.1.1 ROADS ................................................................................................................... 17

2.1.2 WATER .................................................................................................................. 17

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2.2 RCC’s ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ................................................................ 18

2.3 RCC’s DEPARTMENTS ............................................................................................... 18

2.4 RCC’s EXPERIENCE.................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 23

3.0 Involvement, work done and Experiences Gained ............................................................ 23

3.1 Industrial Installations and Wiring ................................................................................. 23

3.1.1 Types of Wiring includes:- ..................................................................................... 24

3.2 Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries ........................................... 28

3.3 INSTALLATION OF STREET LIGHTS ...................................................................... 32

3.4 BATCHING PLANT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE ................................... 42

3.4.1 Operation / working of concrete batching plant ..................................................... 42

3.4.2 Components of concrete batch mix plant................................................................ 43

3.5 Design and Equipment Sizing ........................................................................................ 46

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 64