UDC 666.97.017 : 620.
173
Predicting long-term creep and shrinkage
from short-term tests
J. J. Brooks and A. M. Neville
U N I V E R S I T Y O F L E E D S : D E P A R T M E N T O F C I V I LE N G I N E E R I N G
SYNOPSIS
On the basis of experimental resultsfrom creep and
shrinkage tests lasting five years and data from other
investigators, it is proposed that long-term deforma-
tions can be predictedwithin reasonablelimits of accu-
racy from values measured at28 days. The expressions
given are sensibly independent of a wide range of the
independent variables which affect creep and shrink-
age of concrete.
Introduction
In an earlier paper"), it was shown that creep and
shrinkage at one year can be predicted from values
measured at between 7 and 28 days by means of
linear and powerequations. For the errorcoefficient
(see equation 3 below) toless bethan 15%, a test at7 regression analysis was applied to therectified forms
days is required for basic creep and for shrinkage;
however, for total creep (i.e. creep under drying con-
ditions), a minimum test period of 28 days is neces-
sary. The prediction equations given in that paper'"
were determined from our experimental data and
verified by using t h e data of other investigators, the where cT = five-year specific creep;
equations being sensibly independent of mix propor-
tions, type of aggregate, size of specimen and age at
testing.
Five-year results from our tests are now available
and the present paper analyses these resultsfor creep
and shrinkage, togetherwith five-year data obtained
by other investigator^.'^-^' Equations are given by
which it is possible to predict creep and shrinkage at
any age up to 5 years from valuesdetermined experi-
mentally at 28 days, within the accuracies quoted.
Experimental details
The concretes used, their method of manufacture
and the measurement of creep and shrinkage are as
described previously.'') Creep was determined on 18
types of concrete stored in water at 22 2 3°C (basic
creep) and in air at 22 k 3°C and a relative humidity
of 60 k 10% (total creep); thevariations of tempera-
ture and humidity of the air were greater than the
values given earlier('),owing to malfunctioning of the
air-conditioning apparatus between 3 and 4 years
during the test programme. Shrinkagehwelling and
creep were treatedas additive, i.e.creep was defined
as the changein deformation since loading, corrected
for the shrinkage swelling
or of the unloaded compan-
ion specimen.
Analysis of test results
The five-year resultsof basic creep, total creep and
shrinkage aregiven in Figures1to 8. As previously"),
of the following equations:
a
c T = A c ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(la>
a'
ST = A 'St . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *(lb)
et = short-term specific creep;
ST = five-year shrinkage;
st = short-term shrinkage;
A,a, A ' and a' = constants.
For five-year creep, the value of a in equation l a
was approximately equal to unity, which confirmed
the previous finding'" that the relation between cT
and ct can be more conveniently expressedin linear
form, viz.
CT = x f y c t .............
For shrinkage, the value ofa' was always less than
unity and, for t S 28 days, five-year shrinkage is
strictly a power function of short-term shrinkage.
The results of regression analysis on equations 2
and l b indicated that, for our data, the five-year
51
Magazine of Concrete Research : Vol. 30, No. 103 :June 1978

T A B L E 1 : Details of creep and shrinkage data used in the present analysis.

Size of Vumber of sets of data used
Variable specimen Curing Test storage T
Source condition conditions
studied
(mm)
Rapid- Aggregate type, Water at 2 1 T ,
Present 76 dia. X 255 Water at
hardenil watedcement 14 air at 21°C 18
investigation cylinder 21°C
Portlanc ratio and 60% R.H.
-~
Aggregate/
cement ratio, 100 dia. X 200
waterlcement cylinder,
ratio, type -100 dia. X 355 Air at 21°C
and fineness of cylinder, Fog at and 50% R.H.,
Troxell Type I, cement, type of 150 dia. X 300 2 1"C, air at 21°C
28,90 20
et Type IV aggregate, age, cylinder, moist at and 70% R.H.,
level of stress, 200 dia. X 400 21°C fog a t 2 1 T ,
storage condi- cylinder, water at 21°C
tion, aggregate 250 dia. X 500
size, specimen cylinder
size
Water at
Water at 7, 21, ambient temp-
French
L'Hermite Age, level of 70 x 70 x 280 ambient 90, 180, erature, air 4
type at 50% R.H.
et 4001800 stress prism tempera- 365,
ture 730 and ambient
temperature
10G610 dia
Hanson and ASTM Fog at 50% R.H. 7
Specimen size x 457-1473 8
M a t t ~ c k ' ~ ' type 111 cylinder 21°C at 21°C

values of basic creep and of shrinkage can be pre- sizes of specimen and test ages, the error coefficient
is
dicted from seven-day values but, for total creep, greater than15% for estimating five-yearbasic creep
a short-term test of 28 days is required in order for the and five-year totalcreep from28-day values. Strictly,
error coefficient to beless than 15%, the errorcoeffi- therefore,ashort-term test having adurationin
cient being defined as follows: excess of 28 days is required. For shrinkage, the error
coefficient is less than 15% for a 28-day test.
In order
M = - V Z @ T ' - c T ) 2 x 100 . . . . .(3) to achieve an errorcoefficient of less than 15%, Fig-
CT n ure 12 shows that a short-term testof approximately
where 40 days is required for both basic creep and total
-
cT = mean value of five-year creep (or shrinkage); creep. However, the increased cost arising from the
cT' = estimatedvalue of five-yearcreep(or additional time required for testing has to be con-
shrinkage); sidered against a marginally improved accuracy of
cT = actual value of five-year creep (or shrinkage); prediction.
n = number of observations.
To verify the proposed method, thefive-year data T A B LE 2 : Relationships between five-year and
short-term deformations.

:I
of other investigator^(^-^) wereincludedwith our
data in the regressionanalysis of equations 2 andl b . Expression
Table 1 summarizes the detailsof the tests usedin the Number Duration of for five-year Error
analysis. Because values of creep and shrinkage at Deform- of short-term deformation coefficient,
earlyages arenotavailable in somepapersand ation sets of test (creep: ' M
data (days) per Nimm' (%)
because in some others there was difficulty in extract- shrinkage: X
ing data, the minimum short-termtest duration used L
was 28 days. Figures 9 to 11 show the relationships 28 6.58f2.21~2, 15.4

t
Basic creep 1 33
between five-year and 28-day and between five-year 365 0.42+1.38~,,, 9.8
andone-yeardeformations;theequationsforthe 28 23.03+2.13~2, 16.8
Total creep 58
regression lines of Figures 9 to 11 are given in Table 365
~

9.50+1.12~,,, 5.0
2, together with the error coefficients. It can be seen
28 52.55s,0i4' 13.7
that, when creep and shrinkage data areincluded in Shrinkage 49
365 3.54s:g 5.9
the analysis, which covers a range of concrete types,
52
 Predicting long-term creep and shrinkage @om short-term tests

General expressions for long-term the Ross and Meyers equations reliably to predict
deformations five-year creep, the data were re-analysed with the
Previously('), equations were presented for estim- purpose of obtaining general expressions for relating
ating long-term deformations in excess of one year. long-termdeformationsto 28-daydeformations.
Those equations were derived by using experimen- From equations 2 and l b ,
tally determined relationships between deformations Ct =p + qc2e . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4)
at one year and at 100 days together with either
Ross's hyperbolicequation"' or Meyers' power St = B'S28 b' . . . . . . ... . . . .. 4 5 )
curve.(6) Using those equationsto estimate the aver-
age five-year deformations,we find that theRoss and where ct and st are the specific creep
per
the Meyers equations both underestimate five-year Nlmm*) and shrinkage( low6)respectively, for
basic creep. Also, the Ross equation slightly under- values o f t 2 28 days;
estimatesfive-yeartotalcreep, whilst the Meyers p , q, B ' and b' are functions of time t .
equation overestimates five-year total creep. Both For creep, the value of p is always small and not
types of equation satisfactorily estimate the average significantly different from zero and, with only a small
five-year shrinkage. increase in the error coefficient, equation 4 can be
Since itis ofinterest to knowhow creep and shrink- re-written as
age develop with time, and because of the failure of Ct = qc28 . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. 46)

2500
Bastc Total Water/ Applied lnltial
creep creep cement stress elastlc
ratlo (N/mmz) strain
x 106

e C 0.80 44 27 1

A n 0.67 59 282

m 0 0.58 9.3 363

2000
+ 0 0 54 99 352
@M0
00
v V 0.50 11 1 3 73
0 oo
e0
0
0
0
1500 0
U
0
C 0
D 0
X
n
W
W
n
0

0
1000

500

0
2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2(
TIME S I N C E LOADING-days (lcg scale)

Figure l : Basic creep and total creep of concrete made with North Notts. aggregate.

53
 Magazine of Concrete Research : Vol. 30, No. 103 :June 1978

2000
lnitlalApplled
Basic Water/ Total
elastlccreep
stresscementcreep
ratlo (N/mmz) strain
x 106

4 60
0 4.4 0 80

m
1500
6

0
X

1000
U1
U
V

500

T I M E S I N C E LOADING-days (log scale)

Figure 2: Basic creep and total creep of concrete made with Stourton aggregate.

1000 l
InitialApplied
Water/ Total Baslc
creep creep cemeni elasticstress
ratio (Nimmz) stram
x 106

e3 9 6 05 . 4 0.76

10
A n 0 .46824 7-9
0
X m 0 0 .35959 7-4
500 -
W v3 7 7 V7 . 0 0.45
U
V

Figure 3: Basic creep and total creep of concrete made with Aglite aggregate.

54
 Predicting long-term creep and shrinkage fiom short-term tests
150C
Water/ Total lnltialApphed
creep cement elasttcstress
ratto (N/mm*) strain
x 106

0 0.86 5 3 452

0 0-75 7.8 442

A 0.63 9.0 477

loo(
0 0.55 9.4 408
0
0
X O f 9
a A 0Ooooo
W
W
U
'A
0 AAA
" A 0 0 AA

50C

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000

T I M E S I N C E LOADING-days (logscale)

Figure 4: Basic creep and total creep of concrete made with Lytag aggregate.

Water/
cement
ratio

0 0.80

A 0-67

0 0.58

0 0.54

V 0.50

cl
0
0
U
0
B
8
201IO
TIME-days (log scale)

Figure 5: Shrinkage of concrete made with North Notts. aggregate.

55
Magazine of Concrete Research : Vol. 30, No. 103 :June 1978

1500

1000

500

Figure 6: Shrinkage ofconcrete made with Stourton aggregate.

1 2 5 10 20 50 500 100 200 1000 2000

TIME-days (log scale)

Figure 7: Shrinkage of concrete made with Aglite aggregate.

The coefficients B', b' and q were determined by basic creep:

regression analysis for several valuesoft, by using the
creep and shrinkage data of Table 1. Subsequently, -C t_ - 0.50t0.Z1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(7)
C28
the coefficients were subjected to furtherregression
analysis using suitable types of time functions. The
total creep:
resulting equations, given below, are thosewhich had
the lowest sum of the squares of the deviations. -Ct_ - (-6.19 + 2.15 l ~ g , t ) ' ' ~ .' ~. .~.(8)
For basic creep and total creep, the ratios of long- c,,
term creep to 28-day creep ( 4 ) are shown in Figure
13, and the corresponding 95% confidence limits for For shrinkage, the coefficientsB' andb'shown are
the values of long-term creep areshown in Figure 14. in Figure 1 5 with the corresponding 95% confidence
The regression lines of Figure 13 are as follows: limits for thevalues of long-term shrinkage in Figure
56
 Predicting long-term creepand shrinkage from short-term tests
l500
Water/
cement
ratio

0 0.86 I
0 0.75
0 00
0%
A 0.63
0
1000
0 0.55 0 o m
3
a 0
X
W 0
U
a
Y
f n 0
a 0 A
I 0
m
'A 0 0 ooooo 00
0 0 0
500 A 0
0
0 0
0
0 U A 0
0 A
U A 0
A 0
0
A
0
0 I I I l 1 I l l
2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000
TIME-days (log scale)

Figure 8: Shrinkage of concrete made with Lytag aggregate.

200 500

E
E
1
g 400
E a
X
2G 150 (D
line
a:
a a
W 300
0
X W
m 3
a U
a
W
> 200
W a
2 100
W
W
a:
k V
a
a 0 0 0 our data
W
100
W V A A Troxell et
al
a W

J
V a 0 LHermite et al
(D
0 D V Hanson and Mattock14'
U
-
E 50
0 100 200 300 400 500
a
(D S P E C I F I CC R E E PA T2 8D A Y SA N D ONE Y E A R x 106per N!mrnz

Figure 10: Five-year specific creep related to 28-day specific

creep and one-year specific creep; specimens stored under dry
conditions.

I I
0 50 100 l! Discussion
SPECIFICCREEPAT28DAYSANDONEYEAR x 106perN/mm2
From theanalysis of creep and shrinkage data cov-
Figure 9: Five-year specific creep related to 28-day specific creep eringawiderange of independent variables,,it
and one-year specific creep; specimens stored in water.
appearsthatlong-termcreepandshrinkageare
related to their respective valuesat 28 days within the
14. The regression lines of Figure 15 are as follows: accuracies quoted. Theaccuracy, as measured by the
error coefficient, decreases with the time for which
B' = (-4.17 + 1.53 loget)* the estimateis made so that, at5 years, basic creep is
. . . . . . . . .(9)
b' = 100 estimated to within 1696, total creep is estimated to
2.90 + 29.2 loget within 19% and shrinkage is estimated to within
57
Magazine of Concrete Research : Vol. 30, No. 103 : June 1978

1500

5
X
0)
5 1000
W
>
W
2
U
k-
4
W
U
4
500
z_
U
I
0

/
A A Troxell
et al.rp1

500
0
V
L'Hermlte
7 Hanson
1000
and

S H R I N K A G E A T 28 D A Y S A N D O N E Y E A R
et
al.'D
Mattock'4'

x IO6
1500
1 0I
10 100 1000
TIME UNDER LOAD-days (log scale)
10000

Figure 11: Five-year shrinkage related to 28-day shrinkage and Figure 13: Ratio of l o n g - t e n creep to 28-day creep for basic
one-year shrinkage. creep and for total creep for different times under load.

20 60 . 300
E
E 0
S 2 X
I
+
z
a W
0
W 0 4:
Y
0 X
Q
z
U
:
U

0
10
W

U
40 -
ZOO$
U V U
U
0
U 2
(I)
U
m
z
5
2
2
W

0 g 20 - 100 g
W
10 100 1000 10000 z
D U R A T I O N OF TEST-days (1% scale)
W 9
eU. U
z
z 0
Figure 12: Error coefficient in predicting five-year creep and U
0
shrinkage from short-term tests. U 8
ln
8 m
Lo
m
0 Y l l
100 1000 10000
14%; these limitsof accuracy are regarded as reason- TIME-days (log scale)
able.Thecorresponding 95% confidencelimits, Figure 14: 95% confidence limits for long-term creep and
which apply to long-term creep and shrinkage data shrinkage.
given in Figure 14, are also representative of other
data('-"), which were not used in the derivation of shrinkage, the coefficientsof equation 9 are thoseof
equations 7 , 8 and 9.With the coefficients derivedfor equation 5. Since the error coefficient M (%) at 5
the dataof Table 1, the proposed method is seen to be years is known, the 95% confidence limits can be
valid also for the data of Table 3, since creep and determined as follows:
shrinkagearegenerallypredicted t o within the basic creep k 1.35M(lop6per N/mm*)
required 95% confidencelimits (Table 4). Thus, for total creep r+_ 3.24M N/mmz)
per
an unknown concrete, the creep or shrinkage esti- shrinkage k16.85M
mates can be assessed by using the 95% confidence The 95%confidence limits between the time of the
limits of Figure 14. short-term test and5 years may be interpolated from
If a greater accuracy is required, the duration of a Figure 14.
creep or shrinkage test has to increased
be to give the Equations 7 to 9,which relate the creep and shrin-
desired error coefficient at 5 years (Figure 12). The kage coefficients with time (using the data of Table
relation between long-term deformation and short- l), compare well with the obserired values; the mean
term deformation can be obtained by substituting the deviation from the observed valuewas 3 % for creep
appropriate values o f t in equations 7 , 8 and 9; for and 5 % for shrinkage. Therefore, the expressions for
58
 Predicting long-term creep and shrinkage ffom short-term tests

creep and shrinkage are considered to be reliable for 60 1-2

extrapolation beyond a time of 5 years. It will be

recalled that the creep and shrinkage coefficients are
not purely empirical but are functions of the relative
creep and relative shrinkage, respectively, of neat m Q
l- +
cement paste and theelastic properties of the aggre- E- 4 0 0.8 W
z
gate.‘’) We can compare the estimated valuesof the 0 0
U LL
total creep coefficients with those given by equation 8 U
W W
U

0
for times in excess of 5 years by using the data of 0
0 0

Troxell et al.(z)By regression analysis, the ratios of W

W W
W
a a
10-year to 28-day creep and of 20-year to 28-day Y Y
Z
creep are 2.49 and 2.60, respectively. From equation f 20 0 . 4 E
I I
8, the corresponding estimated ratios are 2.52 and (I) (I)

2.61 and, therefore, equation 8 is representative of

total creep beyond the five-year period covered in
this investigation.
The data presented apply to a range of relative 0 0
humidity of 50-70%. In some buildings and in some 10 100 1000 10000
TIME-days (Icg scale)
countries, lower relative humidities may be encoun-
tered. We expect that the relation between long- and Figure 15: Coefficients for predicting shrinkage for different
times of drying.
short-term deformations at those humiditieswill be
similar, althoughno confirmationis available because
of the absenceof creep and shrinkage data at low very but for total creep the expression is a logarithmic-
humidities. It should also be added that, at very low power function which is a compromise between ,a
humidities, creep and shrinkage will be higher. powerfunctionand Hamon’s‘’’) logarithmicfunc-
Finally, somecommentsontheform of the tion. Regarding the shrinkage equation, a hyperbolic
deformation-time equations are appropriate. It will expression is normally accepted, although Baiant et
be observed that none of the expressions predicts aI.(I3)recommend a hyperbolic-power functionwhich
ultimate values of creep and shrinkage. The expres- improvesthe ‘fit’ atgreaterages;ourshrinkage
sion for basic creep (equation 7) is a power function, expression also has this improving effect.

T A B L E 3 :. Details of creep and shrinkage data used in the verification of the proposed method.
Size of Age at Number of sets of data used
Type of Variable Curing
Source cement studied specimen condition test storage
(days)
Lightweight
Air at 50%
aggregate- 150 dia. X 300 Moist at 4
Pfeifer”’ 7 R.H. and 4
fines cylinder 23°C
23°C

I I
replacement
Jones Types I Lightweight 7 5 ~ 1 0 0 x 4 0 6 Moist for at Air 50% 18 18
14
et al.@’ and 111 aggregate type prism 7 days R.H.
Cement type,
Hummel PZ 225 watericement 200 dia. x 800 Moist at 3,28,
et PZ 425 ratio, age at cylinder 20°C 90
loading
Type of light-
Type 111
weight aggregate,
type of normal-
1150 dia. X 300 Steam at
60°C
1
Air at 50%
R.H. and
22°C
45 45
weight aggregate
Type of light-
Moist at
weight aggregate,
22T,
type of normal- Air at 50%
Types I steam at 2, 6 ,
Hanson“” weight aggregate, 150 dia. X 300 R.H. and 12 30
and I11 60T, 7. 28
type of cement,
autoclave
type of curing,
at 176°C
age at loading

59
m
0

a
2rp
T A B LE 4 : Verification of the proposed method. Q

Expression for long-term deformation 95% confidence limits

$-
Percentage of calculated values
falling ..
Duration (equations 7 to 9) (Figure14) within 95% confidence limits
Source of test
i
3
(days) (
Basic creep
per N/mm*) [
Total creep
Nimm
per
Shrinkage
x 106
Basic creep
( 1 0 F per Nimm')
Total creep
(10F perNimm*)
Shrinkage
x 100
Basic
creep
Total
creep
2Shrinkage

Present
investigation
1825 f 60 2 220 100 94 3
k

Troxell et 1825 ? 60 f 220 87 95 2

..
LHermite
1825 * 60 % 220 100 100 2
et al.c31 2
Hanson and
1825 f 60 2 220 100 100 v3
Mattockc4' 03
F'feifer"' 700 * 53 % 200 100 100
Jones et al.(*' 706 f 53 * 202 89 78
Hummel et al.(9' 1095 f 57 f 215 100 100
Reichard"O' 730 f 53 S 202 100 93
Hanson"" 730 * 53 f 202 100 100
 Predicting long-term creep and shrinkage from short-term tests
Conclusions
Following the findings of an earlier paper‘”, five-
year creep and shrinkage are shown to be related to
their experimentally determined 28-dayvalues with
reasonable levels of error coefficients; the relation-
ships are sensibly independent of mix properties, type
of aggregate, size of specimen and age at testing.
General expressions for relating long-term creep
andshrinkagetotheir28-day valueshavebeen
developed. The equations are as follows:
basiccreep cr = c*, X 0.50t0.*’
total creep c t = cZ8X (- 6.19 + 2.15 loget) 1’2-54
shrinkage st = B ’ s , , ~ ’
where B‘ = (-4.17 + 1 . 5 3 log,t)2
100
b‘ =
2.90 + 29.2 log, t
If the above equations are used to predict five-year
deformations,theerror coefficients of themean
deformations used are 16% forbasic creep, 19% for
total creep and 14% for the shrinkage; the corres-
ponding 95% confidence limitsfor five-year deform-
ations are given. Improved accuracies are obtained by
increasing the durationof the short-term test,but the
higher cost of testing hasto be consideredagainst the
marginally improved accuracy of prediction.
In the majority of practical situations, a more accu-
rate knowledge of creep and shrinkage is not worth
having; the variability of concrete itself is greater than
that with respect to the characteristic strength, and a
short-term test lasting, say, one year is too long for
the acceptance of an unknown aggregate.
REFERENCES
1. BROOKS, J . J. and NEVILLE, A . M . Estimating long-termcreep and
shrinkagefromshort-termtests. MagazineofConcrete
Research. Vol. 27, No. 90. March 1975. pp. 3-12.
2. TROXELL, G. E., RAPHAEL, J . M . and DAVIS, R. E. Long-time creep
and shrinkage testsof plain and reinforced concrete.Proceed-
ingsofthe American Sociey for Testing and Materials.Vol. 58.
pp. 1101-1120.
3. L’HERMITE, R. G., MAMILLAN, M. and LEFEVRE, c . Nouveaux
resultats de recherches sur la deformation et la rupture du
beton. Annalesdel’lnstitutTechniquedu Britiment et des
Travaux Publics. Vol. 18, No. 207-208. 1965. pp. 323-360.
4. HANSEN, T. c . and MATTOCK, A . H . The influence ofsizeandshape
of member on the shrinkage and creep of concrete. Chicago,
Portland Cement Association, 1965. R & D Series 1176.
5 . ROSS, A. D. Concrete creep data. The Structural Engineer. Vol.
15, No. 8. August 1937. pp. 314-326.
h. MEYERS, B. L., BRANSON, D.E., SCHUMANN, C. G.and CHRISTIASON,
M. L. The predictionof creep and shrinkage propertiesof con-
crete. Iowa City, University of Iowa, August 1970. pp. 140.
Highways Commission Report HR-136.
7. PFEIFER, D . W. Sand replacement in structural lightweight con-
crete - creep and shrinkage studies. Journal of the American
Concretelnstitute. ProceedingsVol. 65, No. 2. February 1968.
pp. 131-139.
8. JONES, T . R., HIRSCH,T. J. and STEPHENSON, H . K . The physical
properties of structural quality lightweight aggregate concrete.
College Station, Texas, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas
A & M University, 1959. pp. 46.
9. HUMMEL, A . , WESCHE, K. and BRAND, W. Der Einfluss der
Zementart, des Wasser-Zement-Verhaltnisses und des
Belastungsalters auf das Kriechen von Beton. (Effect of the
type of cement, the watericement ratio and the duration of
loading upon the creep of concrete.) Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst
und Sohn, 1962. Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton. No.
146. pp. 10-18,34-70.
10. REICHARD, T. W. Creep and drying shrinkageof lightweight and
normal weight concrete. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1964. pp. 30.
NBS Monograph 74.
1l . HANSON, J. A. Prestress loss as affected by type of curing.
Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute. Vol. 9, No. 2.
April 1964. pp. 69-93.
12. HANSON, J . A . A ten-year studyof creep properties of concrete.
Denver, U.S. Department of the Interior,Bureau of Reclama-
tion, July 1953. Concrete Laboratory, Report No. SP-38.
13. BAEANT, z. P., OSMAN, E. ~ ~ ~ T H O N G UWT. Practicalformula-
~ I ,
tion of shrinkage and creep of concrete. Materials and Struc-
tures:ResearchandTesting. Vol. 9, No. 54. 1976. pp.
395-406.
Contributions discussing the above paper should be in the handsof
the Editor not later than 31 December 1978.
61