SURVEYING TRIGONOMETRY 91

2 2 2
Total probable error = V&4 +
.
5-4 + 8A C
= V90-49 2 + 88-13 2 + 88-85 :

= ± 154 seconds.

2.6 Heights and Distances

2.61 To find the height of an object having a vertical face

The ground may be (a) level or (b) sloping up or down from the
observer,

(a) Level ground (Fig. 2.27)

V.D.
Fig. 2.27

The observer of height h is a horizontal distance (H.D.) away

from the object. The vertical angle (V.A.) = 6 is measured. The
vertical difference

V.D. = H.D. tanfl (2.44)

Height of the object above the ground = V.D. + h

V.D.

V.D.

\B Horizontal line
._o< Depression"

H.D

Fig. 2-28

(b) Sloping ground (Fig. 2.28)

The ground slope is measured as a
V.D. = H.D. (tan0 ± tana) (2.45)

Height of object above the ground = V.D. + ft

N.B. This assumes that the horizontal distance can be measured.