CE 5660 Advanced Design of Metal Structures

(Jan – May 2012)

Limit State Design Concepts

Faculty:
Arul Jayachandran
 Learning point

 We live in a world full of uncertainties

 Most real world entities are
probabilistic in nature
 Learning point

 “Limit state” literally means “failure state”

 Two types of limit states are these (i)

strength limit state (ii) serviceability limit
state
 100 x 6 flat of IS:2062 steel

Yield stress = 250 MPa

R Full Capacity (R) = 150 kN

Load to be carried (Q) = 100 kN

R/Q = 1.5 =Factor of safety (FoS)

R
N
Q Q  Allowable stress
Design
FoS
Safety is a
variable
quantity!

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Probabilistic philosophy of design

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 Capturing the variability in strength mathematically

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Rm Population of 145

Characteristic strength
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15
15

10 Probability
9 distribution function
Frequency

6 5
4
3
2 21
Strength
250 MPa 264 MPa
 SD

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 Capturing the variability loads

Qm

Characteristic Load
Probability
distribution function
Frequency

Load
 SD

Loads are measured over a period of time called

“Return period” . Minimum return period is 20 years 8
 BASIS OF RELIABILITY

Rm

Characteristic strength
Qm

Characteristic load
Load Q
Strength R
Frequency

Load & Strength

FAILURE!!
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DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
Philosophies in Design
Allowable Stress Design
Actual Stress  Allowable Stress =Yield Stress/FoS
Deterministic
Assumes a constant level of safety

Limit States Design / Load & Resistance Factor Design

Strength x Partial Safety Factor > Nominal Load X
Partial Safety Factor for loads
Probabilistic
Assumes variable safety
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 Basis of Reliability
 Uncertainties in service life are due to:
 Variability of the loads
 Variability of strength
 Variability of the load distribution through the
structure
 Characteristic load:
Value of the load, which has an accepted probability of
not being exceeded (0.95) during the life span of the
structure
 Characteristic resistance:
Value of resistance below which not more than a
prescribed percentage (5%) of test results may be
expected to fall
Which structure is important?

Hospital Shed
 Basis of Limit States Design

 (R-Q)
 (R-Q)
 (R-Q) Rm  Qm
 
f(R-Q)
 R2   Q2

R-Q>0
R-Q
R-Q<0

Probability distribution of the safety margin R-Q

 SAFETY INDEX

Rm  Qm
 
 R2   Q2

 2.32 3.09 3.72 4.27 4.75 5.2 5.61

Pf =  (-) 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8

Limit state Target reliability Matching
index β probability
Ultimate 3.8 0.000072
Fatigue 1.5 to 3.8 0.067 to 0.000072
Serviceability 1.5 0.067
Limit state of serviceability

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Limit State of Serviceability - Deflection

✗ ✔

Deflection Limitation is prescribed

Limit State of Serviceability - Vibration

Acceptable vibration levels are prescribed

 TABLE 5.1 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS, f, FOR LIMIT STATES

Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability

Combination LL WL/ LL WL/
DL Accompanying AL DL Accompanying
Leading
(CL, SL etc.) EL Leading
(CL etc.) EL
DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05   1.0 1.0 1.0 

DL+LL+CL+ 1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6

 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
WL/EL 1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2
1.5
DL+WL/EL (0.9)   1.5  1.0   1.0
*

1.2
DL+ER 1.2       
(0.9)
DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35  1.0    
*
This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is
critical
Abbreviations: DL= Dead Load, LL= Imposed Load (Live Loads), WL= Wind Load,
SL= Snow Load, CL= Crane Load (Vertical/horizontal), AL=Accidental Load,
ER= Erection Load, EL= Earthquake Load.
Note: The effects of actions (loads) in terms of stresses or stress resultants may be
obtained from an appropriate method of analysis as in Section 4
 TABLE 5.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR MATERIALS, m

Sl. No Definition Partial Safety Factor

1 Resistance, governed by yielding m0 1.10
2 Resistance of member to buckling m0 1.10
3 Resistance, governed by ultimate 1.25
stress m1
4 Resistance of connection m1 Shop Field
Fabrications Fabrications

(i)Bolts-Friction Type, mf 1.25 1.25

(ii) Bolts-Bearing Type, mb 1.25 1.25

(iii) Rivets 1.25 1.25

(iv) Welds 1.25 1.50

5.6.1 Deflection  Table 5.3 gives recommended limits of deflections for certain
structural member systems.
 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

 Limit States
– Limit State of Collapse
• Ultimate Strength
• Buckling Strength
• Fatigue Strength
– Limit State of
Serviceability
• Deflection
• Vibration
• Corrosion
• Repairable fatigue Strength Limit states
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 LIMIT STATES DESIGN
Factored Design strength, (R)  Factored load effects (Q)

R n
   i Qi
m i 1

m = 1.1 Yield & buckling failure

= 1.25 Ultimate Rupture

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 100 x 6 flat of IS:2062 steel

Yield stress = 250 /1.1 = 227 MPa

R Full Capacity (R) = 136.2 kN

Load to be carried (Q) = 100 x 1.2 = 120 kN

R
 LQ  Limit State Design
m
Q
N
1.2 x 1.1 =1.32 =Factor of margin
 Summary of Limit State Design

Limit State Design offers

Economy
Consistent Level of safety
Rational and open ended designs!

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Thank you

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