Lecture 20

REVIEW FOR EXAM II
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

SPRING 2002
ENES 220 – Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Beams
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Introduction
– The most common type of structural
member is a beam.
– In actual structures beams can be found in
an infinite variety of
• Sizes
• Shapes, and
• Orientations
© Assakkaf
ENES 220 – REVIEW FOR EXAM II Slide No. 1
1
Beams
Introduction Figure 1
Beam
© Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction c Load
Figure 2 Cable
b
e
d
(a) a
(c)
(d)
(b)
© Assakkaf
2
Beams
Introduction
Figure 3
(a) Cantilever (b) Simply supported
(c) Overhanging (d) continuous
(e) Fixed ended

(f) Cantilever, simply supported
© Assakkaf
Normal and Shearing Stress

Stresses in beams
y P b a w
x Figure 4
b a
y P
h
Mr τ
dA σ
∆x
x
+y
O
V
R
© Assakkaf
3
Flexural Strains
Deformation of Beam due to Lateral

Loading
Figure 5
P
w
© Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Flexural Normal Stress

Distribution of Normal Stress in a Beam Cross
Section
Figure 9
y P
Centroidal axis
w
Neutral axis
FC c
c yC c
x
y
FT dA dy
R Vr
© Assakkaf
4
Flexural Stress
Flexural Normal Stress
For flexural loading and linearly

elastic action, the neutral axis passes
through the centroid of the cross section
of the beam
© Assakkaf
Elastic Flexural Formula

The elastic flexural formula for normal

stress is given by
M rc
σ max = (18)
I
and
Mr y (19)
σx =
I
© Assakkaf
5
Elastic Flexural Formula
An alternative form of the flexural

formula for maximum normal stress is
given by
Mr
σ max = (20)
S
Where
I
S=
c
© Assakkaf
Second Moments of Areas

Moment of Inertia
– Consider an area A located in the xy plane
as shown in the figure.
y
x
dA
A y
O x
Figure 10
© Assakkaf
6
Moment of Inertia
y
x
dA I x = ∫ y 2 dA (22a)
A
A y
O x
(22b)
I y = ∫ x 2 dA
A
Where
Ix = moment of inertia with respect to x axis
Iy = moment of inertia with respect to y axis
© Assakkaf

Radii of Gyration of an Area

Ix
kx = (26a)
A
Iy
ky = (26b)
A
Iz
kz = (26c)
A
© Assakkaf
7
Parallel Axis Theorem

y′ x
Area I x′ = I xC + y C2 A
(27)
xC x dA I y ′ = I yC + x A 2
C
y
C x
yC
O x′
© Assakkaf
Examples: Elastic Flexure

Formula
Example 3
Determine the maximum flexural stress
produced by a resisting moment Mr of
+5000 ft⋅lb if the beam has the cross
section shown in the figure.
2′′
6′′
2′′
6′′ © Assakkaf
8
Formula
Example 3 (cont’d)
First, we need to locate the neutral axis
from the bottom edge:
2′′
yC =
(1)(2 × 6) + (2 + 3)(2 × 6) = 72 = 3′′
2× 6 + 2× 6 24
5′′ y ten = 3′′ ycom = 6 + 2 − 3 = 5′′ = ymax
C
· 3′′ Max. Stress =
M r ymax
Ix
6′′
© Assakkaf

Formula
Find the moment of inertia Ix with respect
to the x axis using parallel axis-theorem:
6(2) 2(6)
3 3
2′′
+ (6 × 2)(2) + + (2 × 6)(3 − 1)
2 2
Ix =
12 12
5′′ = 4 + 48 + 36 + 48 = 136 in 4
C
· 3′′ Max. Stress (com) =
(5 ×12)(5)
= 2.21 ksi
2′′ 136
6′′
© Assakkaf
9
Formula
– An alternative way for finding the moment
of inertia Ix with respect to the x axis is as
2′′ follows:
6(3) 2(5)  2(1)3 

3 3
5′′ Ix = + − 2  = 136
C 3 3  3 
· 3′′
2′′
6′′
© Assakkaf

Formula
Example 5 250 mm
Determine both the
maximum flexural
tensile and the
25 mm 150 mm
maximum flexural
compressive
stresses produced
by a resisting 100 mm
moment of 100 kN·m
if the beam has the
cross section shown
in the figure.
© Assakkaf
10
Formula
Example 5 (cont’d) 250 mm

Locate the neutral axis from
the upper edge:
25 mm 150 mm
π (100)2
250 × 25(12.5) + 150 × 25(25 + 75) + (25 + 150 + 50)
yC = 4
π (100)2 100 mm
250 × 25 + 150 × 25 +
4
2,220,270.87
=
17,853.90
= 124.36 mm
© Assakkaf

Formula
250 mm
Calculate the moment of 124.36 mm
inertia with respect to the x 25 mm
axis: •
250(124.36) (250 − 25)(124.36 − 25) 25(175 − 124.36 )
3 3 3
Ix = − +
3 3 3 100 mm
π (100) π (100)
4 2
+ + (225 − 124.36)2
64 4
= 172.243 × 106 mm 4 = 172.243 × 10 −6 m 4
M r y 100 × 103 (275 − 124.36) ×10 −3
σ max ( ten) = = = 87.5 MPa
I 172.243 ×10 −6
100 × 103 (124.36) ×10 −3
σ max (com) = = 72.2 MPa
172.243 × 10 −6 © Assakkaf
11
Shear Forces and Bending
Moments in Beams
Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

– In general, the internal shear V and
bending moment M variations will be
discontinuous, or their slope will be
discontinuous at points where a distributed
load changes or where concentrated forces
or couples are applied.
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

L
Figure 14 b
a P
w
x1
x2
x3
© Assakkaf
12
Moments in Beams
Sign Convention Figure 15
V V
M M (b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F R.H.F M M
V V
(a) Positive Shear & Moment
(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
Sign Convention
– Perhaps an easy way to remember this
sign convention is to isolate a small beam
segment and note that positive shear tends
to rotate the segment clockwise (Fig. 15b),
and a positive moment tends to bend the
segment concave upward (Fig. 15c)
© Assakkaf
13
Moments in Beams
Example 6
A beam is loaded and supported as shown
in the figure. Using the coordinate axes
shown, write equations for shear V and
bending moment M for any section of the
beam in the interval 0 < x < 4 m.
y 20 kN
15 kN/m
A x B
4m 2m 2m
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
– A free-body diagram for the beam is shown
Fig. 16. The reactions shown on the
diagram are determined from equilibrium
equations as follows:
+ ∑M B = 0; RA (8) − (15 × 4 )(6 ) − 20(2 ) = 0
∴ RA = 50 kN
+ ↑ ∑ Fy − 0; RB + 50 − 15(4 ) − 20 = 0
∴ RB = 30 kN
© Assakkaf
14
Moments in Beams
Example 6 (cont’d) Figure 16

y 20 kN
15 kN/m
A x B
RA = 50 kN RB = 30 kN
y M + ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; − V + 50 − 15 x = 0
15 kN/m
∴V = 50 − 15 x for 0 < x < 4
A x x
V + ∑M = 0; − M + 50 x − 15( x ) = 0
S
S 2
50 kN
x ∴ M = 50 x − 7.5 x 2
for 0 < x < 4
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
Load, Shear Force, and Bending

Moment Relationships
– In cases where a beam is subjected to
several concentrated forces, couples, and
distributed loads, the equilibrium approach
discussed previously can be tedious
because it would then require several cuts
and several free-body diagrams.
– In this section, a simpler method for
constructing shear and moment diagrams
are discussed.
© Assakkaf
15
Moments in Beams
Load and Shear Force Relationships
dV
= w( x)
dx (33)
Slope of Distributed
=
Shear Diagram Load Intensity
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
Load and Shear Force Relationships

V2 x2
∆V2−1 = V2 − V1 = ∫ dV = ∫ w( x) dx
V1 x1 (34)
Change in Area under Loading
=
Shear Curve between x1 and x2
© Assakkaf
16
Moments in Beams
Shear Force and Bending Moment

Relationships
dM (40)
=V
dx
Slope of
= Shear
Moment Diagram
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams
Shear Force and Bending Moment

Relationships
M2 x2
∆M 2−1 = M 2 − M 1 =
M1
∫ dM = ∫ V dx
x1
(41)
Change in Area under Shear
=
Moment diagram between x1 and x2
© Assakkaf
17
Moments in Beams
Shear and Moment Diagrams

dV dM
Loading Shear Diagram, =w Moment Diagram, =V
dx dx
© Assakkaf

Moments in Beams

dV dM
Loading Shear Diagram, =w Moment Diagram, =V
dx dx
© Assakkaf
18
Example 9
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown in Figure
21a.
600 lb
40 lb/ft
A 12 ft
20 ft 1000 lb · in
Figure 21a
© Assakkaf

– Support Reactions
• The reactions at the fixed support can be
Figure 21b calculated as follows:
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; RA − 40(12 ) − 600 = 0 → RA = 1080 lb
+ ∑ M A = 0; − M + 40(12)(6 ) + 600(20) + 1000 = 0
∴ M = 15,880 lb ⋅ in
600 lb
40 lb/ft
A
12 ft
M = 15,880 lb · ft
20 ft 1000 lb · ft
RA = 1080 lb
© Assakkaf
19
– Shear Diagram
• Using the established sign convention, the
shear at the ends of the beam is plotted first.
For example, when x = 0, V = 1080; and when
x = 20, V = 600
40 lb/ft
M V ( x ) = 1080 − 40 x for 0 < x < 12
A
15,880 lb · ft x x2
V
M = 1080 x − 40 − 15,880 for 0 < x < 12
1080 lb 2
© Assakkaf

40 lb/ft
M
15,880 lb · in A
12 ft
x V
1080 lb
V ( x ) = 600 for 12 < x < 20
M = −15,880 − 40(12 )(x - 6 ) + 1080 x for 12 < x < 20
© Assakkaf
20
Example 9 (cont’d) 600 lb

40 lb/ft
12 ft
M = 15,880 lb · ft
20 ft 1000 lb · ft
RA = 1080 lb
1080
(+) 600
V (lb) x
M (ft·lb) x
(-) -1000
© Assakkaf

Example 10
Draw complete shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 22
y 8000 lb
2000 lb/ft
B C D
A x Figure 22a
12 ft 4 ft 8 ft
© Assakkaf
21
– The support reactions were computed from
equilibrium as shown in Fig. 22.b.
y 8000 lb
2000 lb/ft
B C D
A x Figure 22a
12 ft 4 ft 8 ft
RA = 11,000 lb RC = 21,000 lb
© Assakkaf

8000 lb
2000 lb/ft
B C D
A x
11,000 lb 12 ft 4 ft 8 ft
21,000 lb
11,000
8,000 lb
V (lb) (+) (+)
5.5 ft
(-)
13,000 lb
30,250
M (ft -lb) (-)
(-)
12,000
64,000
© Assakkaf
22
12
11,000
13,000
x 12 − x 12
= ⇒x= = 5.5
11,000 13,000 2.18
© Assakkaf
Shearing Stress in Beams

Shearing Stress due to Bending

P
(a) Unloaded Stack of Slabs (b) Unglued Slabs loaded
Figure 22
© Assakkaf
23
Shearing Stress due to Bending

P
(c) Glued Slabs Unloaded (d) Glued Slabs loaded
Figure 22 (cont’d)
© Assakkaf

Shearing Stress Formula

At each point in the beam, the horizontal
and vertical shearing stresses are given by
VQ
τ= (52)
It
Where
V = shear force at a particular section of the beam
Q = first moment of area of the portion of the cross-sectional area
between the transverse line where the stress is to be computed.
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about neutral axis
t = average thickness at a particular location within the cross section
© Assakkaf
24
Example 11
Determine the first moment of area Q for
the areas indicated by the shaded areas a
and b of Fig. 25.
2′′
3′′ a
6′′
1.5′′ b 2′′
6′′
Figure 25
© Assakkaf

First, we need to locate the neutral axis
from the bottom edge:
2′′
yC =
(1)(2 × 6) + (2 + 3)(2 × 6) = 72 = 3′′ from base
5′′ 2× 6 + 2× 6 24
C
· 3′′
N.A
6′′
© Assakkaf
25
The first moments of area Qa and Qb are
found as follows:
2′′
3′′ a Qa = (5 − 1.5)[3 × 2] = 21 in 3
5′′ 6′′
 1.5 
· Qb =  3 − [1.5 × 6] = 20.25 in
N.A 3
2′′  2 
1.5′′ b
6′′
3′′
© Assakkaf

Shearing Stress Formula

How accurate is the shearing stress
formula?
t
t t t
Great 3% error 12% error 100% error, worst case

t is small d=2t d=t 4d = t
© Assakkaf
26
Variation of Vertical Shearing Stress in

the Cross Section
Max Stress
V
N.A
© Assakkaf

Example 13
The transverse shear V at a certain section
of a timber beam is 600 lb. If the beam
has the cross section shown in the figure,
determine (a) the vertical shearing stress 3
in. below the top of the beam, and (b) the
maximum vertical stress on the cross
section.
© Assakkaf
27
8 in.
12 in.
4 in.
8 in.
© Assakkaf

From symmetry, the neutral axis is located
6 in. from either the top or bottom edge.
8(12 ) 4(8)
3 3
· · ·
3 in.
·
I= − = 981.3 in 4
12 12
8 in. N.A. · 8 in. · 12 in.
Q3′′ = 8(2)(5) + 2[1(2 )(3.5)] = 94.0 in 3
4 in. 4 in.
QNA = 8(2)(5) + 2[2(2)(4 )] = 112.0 in 3
VQ3′′ 6000(94 )
(a ) τ Q3′′ = = = 143.7 psi
It 981.3(4 )
8 in. 8 in.
VQmax 6000(112)
(b) τ max = = = 171.2 psi
It 981.3(4 )
© Assakkaf
28
Composite Beams
Bending of Composite Beams

– These are called composite beams.
– They offer the opportunity of using each of
the materials employed in their
construction advantage.
Concrete
Steel
Aluminum Steel
© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
Transformed Section Figure 29
b E2 b
n=
E1
1
2 N.A
=
nb
b
© Assakkaf
29
Composite Beams
Transformed Section
y y
My
σx = −
I
N.A. σx
C
Figure 30. Distribution of Fictitious Normal Stress on Cross Section

© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
Stresses on Transformed Section

1. To obtain the stress σ1 at a point located
in the upper portion of the cross section
of the original composite beam, the
stress is simply computed from My/I.
2. To obtain the stress σ2 at a point located
in the upper portion of the cross section
of the original composite beam, stress σx
computed from My/I is multiplied by n.
© Assakkaf
30
Composite Beams
Example 17
A steel bar and aluminum bar are bonded
together to form the composite beam
shown. The modulus of elasticity for
aluminum is 70 GPa and for streel is 200
GPa. Knowing that the beam is bent about
a horizontal axis by a moment M = 1500 N-
m, determine the maximum stress in (a)
the aluminum and (b) the steel.
© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
Steel 20 mm
M
Aluminum
40 mm
30 mm
© Assakkaf
31
Composite Beams
First, because we have different materials,
we need to transform the section into a
section that represents a section that is
made of homogeneous material, either
steel or aluminum.
We have
Es 200
n= = = 2.857
Ea 70
© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
30 mm × n = 85.71 mm
Steel 20 mm Aluminum
Aluminum Aluminum
40 mm
30 mm 30 mm
Figure 31a Figure 31b
© Assakkaf
32
Composite Beams
Consider the transformed section of Fig.
31b, therefore
10(85.71× 20 ) + 40(30 × 40)
yC = = 22.353 mm from top
(85.71× 20) + (30 × 40)
85.71(22.353) (85.71 − 30)(22.353 − 20)
3 3
I NA = −
3 3
30(40 + 20 − 22.353)
3
+ = 852.42 ×103 mm 4 = 852.42 ×10 −9 m 4
3
© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
85.71 mm
yC = 22.353 mm 20 mm
N.A.
C
40 mm
30 mm
© Assakkaf
33
Composite Beams
a) Maximum normal stress in aluminum
occurs at extreme lower fiber of section,
that is at y = -(20+40-22.353) = -37.65
mm.
σ al = −
My
=−
1500 − 37.65 ×10 −3 (
= 66.253 ×106 Pa
)
−9
I 852.42 ×10
= +66.253 MPa (T)

© Assakkaf
Composite Beams
b) Maximum normal stress in stelel occurs
at extreme upper fiber of the cross
section, that is. at y =+ 22.353 mm.
σ St = −n
My
= −(2.867)
1500 22.353 × 10 −3 (
= −112.8 × 106 Pa
)
I 852.42 × 10 −9
= 112.8 MPa (C)
© Assakkaf
34
Composite Beams
Reinforced Concrete Beam

Figure 33
b b
x · 1
x σ
C·
2
d N.A.
d-x
Fx
n As
(a) (b) (c)
© Assakkaf
Composite Beams

– The ratio n is given by
Modulus of Elasticity for Steel E
n= = s
Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete Ec
– The position of the neutral axis is obtained

by determining the distance x from the
upper face of the beam (upper fiber) to the
centroid C of the transformed section.
© Assakkaf
35
Composite Beams

The neutral axis for a concrete beam is
found by solving the quadratic equation:
1 2
bx + nAs x − nAs d = 0 (62)
2
b b
x · 1
x
2
·
C
d
d-x
n As
© Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Deflection of Beams P1 Figure 1

w1
w2 P2
(a) w2 >> w1 (b) P2 >> P1

© Assakkaf
36
Beam Deformation
Methods for Determining Beam

Deflections
– Three methods are commonly used to
find beam deflections:
1) The double integration method,
2) The singularity function method, and
3) The superposition method
© Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
The Differential Equationy of the Elastic

Curve for a Beam
• x
2
d y
EI = M (x ) (8)
dx 2
E = modulus of elsticity for the material
I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis of cross section
M(x) = bending moment along the beam as a function of x
© Assakkaf
37
Beam Deformation
y
Sign Convention
y • x
M - negative
M - positive
d2y
− negative d2y
dx 2 − negative
dx 2
x
Figure 5. Elastic Curve
© Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Sign Convention Figure 6

y
V V
• x
M M (b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F R.H.F M M
V V
(a) Positive Shear & Moment
(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)
© Assakkaf
38
Beam Deformation
Relation of the Deflection y with

Physical Quantities such as V and M
deflection = y
dy
slope =
dx
d2y (9)
moment ( M ) = EI 2
dx
dM d3y
shear (V ) = = EI 3 (for EI constant)
dx dx
dV d4y
load ( w) = = EI 4 (for EI constant)
dx dx
© Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
P
Load Figure 7
L – Complete
P/2
(+)
Series of
Shear (V) Diagrams
(-)
P/2 for Simply
PL
Supported
4 (+)
Moment (M) beam
PL2
Slope (θ) PL2
16 EI
16 EI
Deflection (y)
PL3
48 EI
© Assakkaf
39
Deflection by Integration
Example Boundary Conditions Figure 8

y y
x x
(a) Slope = 0 at x = 0
(b) Slope at L/2 = 0
Deflection = 0 at x = 0
y Deflection = 0 at x = 0, and L
y
x x
(c) Slope at rollers ? (d) Slope = 0 at x =0

Deflection at rollers = 0 Deflection = 0 at x = 0 and x = L
© Assakkaf
Example 2
A beam is loaded and supported as
shown in the figure.
a) Derive the equation for the elastic curve in
terms of w, L, x, E, and I.
b) Determine the slope at the right end of the
beam.
c) Find the deflection at x = L.
© Assakkaf
40
y
w
A x B
L
FBD
wL  2 L  wL2
MA =  =
2  3  6
wL
RA =
2
© Assakkaf
Find an expression for a segment of the
distributed load:
Equation of Straight Line
w
wx = w − x
w L
wx
x
L
wx w w(L − x ) w
= ⇒ wx = = w− x (13a)
L−x L L L
© Assakkaf
41
w wx
2 M
wL
MA =
6
wL V
RA =
2
wL2 wL x (w − wx )x 2 x
+ ∑ M s = 0; − M − + x − (wx x ) − =0
6 2 2 2 3
or
M ( x) = −
wL2 wL
+
w
x − x x2 −
(w − wx )x 2 (13b)
6 2 2 3
© Assakkaf
– The solution for parts (a), (b), and (c) can
be completed by substituting for wx into Eq.
13b, equating the expression for M(x) to
the term EI(d2y/dx2), and integrating twice
to get the elastic curve and expression for
the slope.
– Note that the boundary conditions are that
both the slope and deflection
2
are zero at
d y
x = 0. i.e.; EIy′′ = EI = M (x )
dx 2
© Assakkaf
42
Singularity Functions
Definition
A singularity function is an expression for x
n
written as x − x0 , where n is any integer
(positive or negative) including zero, and x0
is a constant equal to the value of x at the
initial boundary of a specific interval along
the beam.
© Assakkaf
Properties of Singularity Functions

– By definition, for n ≥ 0,
n ( x − x0 )n when x ≥ x0
x − x0 = (16)
0 when x < x0
– Selected properties of singularity functions

that are useful and required for beam-
deflection problems are listed in the next
slides for emphasis and ready reference.
© Assakkaf
43
Selected Properties
n ( x − x0 )n when n > 0 and x ≥ x0

x − x0 = (17)
0 when n > 0 and x < x0
0 1 when n > 0 and x ≥ x0

x − x0 = (18)
0 when n > 0 and x < x0
© Assakkaf
Integration and Differentiation of

1 n +1
∫
n
x − x0 dx = x − x0 + C when n > 0 (19)
n +1
d n n −1
x − x0 = n x − x0 when n > 0 (20)
dx
© Assakkaf
44
Typical Singularity Functions

y
P MA
1 w
2 3
x
x1 4
x2
RL RR
x3
L
M ( x ) = RL x − P x − x1 + M A x − x2
1 0
w 2
(22)
− x − x3 for 0 < x < L
2
© Assakkaf
Moment due to Distributed Loads
y w0
w0 y w0 y
x x x
x1 x1 x1
L L L
w0 2 w0 3 n+2
M w0 = − x − x1 M w0 = − x − x1 M w0 = −k x − x1
2 6(L − x1 )
Figure 12. Open-ended-to-right distributed loads

© Assakkaf
45

y
w0
1
x
x1 The moment at section 1
Figure 13 L due to distributed load
y
 alone is
w0 w0 2 w 2
M w0 = − x − 0 + 0 x − x1
2 2
x
-w0
x1
L
© Assakkaf

y
w0
x1 1
x
L due to distributed load
Figure 14
y
 alone is
w w
w0 2 2
M w0 = − 0 x − x1 + 0 x − x2
2 2
x
x1 -w0
x2
L
© Assakkaf
46

y
x1 w0 w1 L − x1 w (L − x1 )
1 = ⇒ w1 = 0
x w0 x2 − x1 x2 − x1
L due to distributed load
 w0 alone is
y w1 w0 3 w0 3
M w0 = − x − x1 + x − x2
6(x2 − x1 ) 6(x2 − x1 )
x w0 x − x2
2
x1 +
-w0 2
x2 -w1
L Figure 15
© Assakkaf

Note that in Fig. 14, the linearly varying
load at any point x ≥ x1 is
w0 w
x1 w ( x − x1 )
w= 0
x2 − x1
x2
x The moment of this load for
From similar triangles :
w x − x1
Any point x ≥ x1 is
=
1  w ( x − x1 ) 
w0 x2 − x1
M =−  0 (x − x1 ) x − x1  = w0 (x − x1 )3
2  x2 − x1  3  6( x2 − x1 )
© Assakkaf
47
Deflection by Superposition
Method of Superposition y w2 P
Figure 19
y P
P x
w1 a b
L
x
y || P
x
y || y +w
P u
x x
y
+ y +
wt
x x
© Assakkaf
Example 7
Use the method of superposition,
determine the deflection at the free end of
the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 27 in
terms of w, L, E, and I.
y wL
w
Figure 27 A x
B C
L L
© Assakkaf
48
Figure 28
Loading 1 wL Loading 2
w wL w
A
B C = A
B C + A
B
C
L L L L L L
Straight Line
=
B
+
B C
A A C A
B
δC (δ C )1 (δ C )2
θC (θ C )1 (θ C )2
© Assakkaf
Using the solutions listed in Table 1a.
Cases 1 and 2 (Textbook Table B-19) with
P = wL
δ C = (δ C )1 + (δ C )2 = (δ C )1 + (δ B )2 + L(θ B )2
P (2 L)3  wL4  wL3 
=− + − − L 
3EI  8 EI  6 EI 
wL(2 L )  wL4  wL3 
3
71wL4
=− + − − L  = −
3EI  8EI  6 EI  24 EI
© Assakkaf
49
Slopes and Deflection Tables Table 1a
© Assakkaf
Statically Indeterminate Beams

Introduction
– In all of the problems discussed so far, it
was possible to determine the forces and
stresses in beams by utilizing the
equations of equilibrium, that is
∑F x =0 ∑F y =0
(29)
∑M A =0
© Assakkaf
50
Statically Indeterminate
Structures
Statically Indeterminate Beam

When the equilibrium equations alone
are not sufficient to determine the loads
or stresses in a beam, then such beam
is referred to as statically indeterminate
beam.
© Assakkaf
Transversely Loaded Beams
Illustrative Example using Superposition

Determine the reactions at the supports for
the simply supported cantilever beam
(Fig.35) presented earlier for the
integration method.
w
A B
L
© Assakkaf
51

Method (cont’d)
– First consider the reaction at B as
redundant and release the beam from the
support (remove restraint).
– The reaction RB is now considered as an
unknown load (see Fig. 39) and will be
determined from the condition that the
deflection at B must be zero.
© Assakkaf

Method (cont’d)
w w B
A B = A
B
+ A
L L RB ( y B )R
( y B )w
B
RB
(b) (c)
(a)
Figure 39. Original Loading is Broken into Two Loads
© Assakkaf
52

Method (cont’d)
In reference to Table 1a cases 1 and 2
(Table B19 of Textbook):
RB L3 4
( y B )R =+ and ( y B )w = − wL (37)
B
3EI 8 EI
The deflection at B in the original structural

configuration must equal to zero, that is
y B = ( y B )RA + ( y B )w = 0 (38)
© Assakkaf
Slopes and Deflection Tables Table 1a
© Assakkaf
53

Method (cont’d)
Substituting Eq. 37 into Eq. 38, gives
RB L3 wL4
+ − =0 (39)
3EI 8 EI
Solving for RB, the result is
3 (40)
RB = + wL
8
© Assakkaf

Method (cont’d)
From the free-body diagram for entire
beam (Figure 40), the equations of
equilibrium are used to find the rest of the
reactions.
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; RAy + RB − wL = 0
∴ RAy = wL − RB (41)
© Assakkaf
54

Method (cont’d)
wL
L/2
MA w
A
RAx B
RAy x RB
Figure 40. Free-body Diagram for the Entire Beam
© Assakkaf

Method (cont’d)
3
But RB = wL from Eq. 40, therefore
8
3 5 (42)
RA = wL − wL = wL
8 8
L
+ ∑ M A = 0; - M A − RB L + (wL ) = 0
2
1 3  1
∴ M A = − RB L + wL2 =  wL  L − wL2
2  8  2
1 (43)
= wL2
8
© Assakkaf
55

Method (cont’d)
From Eqs.40, 42, and 43,
5
RAx = 0 RAy = wL
8
1 3
M A = wL2 RB = wL
8 8
Which confirms the results found by using the
integration method.
© Assakkaf
56

Lecture 20

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Lecture 20

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REVIEW FOR EXAM II

• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

(a) Cantilever (b) Simply supported

(c) Overhanging (d) continuous

(e) Fixed ended

Normal and Shearing Stress

 Deformation of Beam due to Lateral

 Flexural Normal Stress

 Flexural Normal Stress

For flexural loading and linearly

Elastic Flexural Formula

 The elastic flexural formula for normal

 An alternative form of the flexural

Second Moments of Areas

Second Moments of Areas

 Radii of Gyration of an Area

 Parallel Axis Theorem

Examples: Elastic Flexure

Examples: Elastic Flexure

6(3) 2(5)  2(1)3 

Examples: Elastic Flexure

 Example 5 (cont’d) 250 mm

Examples: Elastic Flexure

 Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

Shear Forces and Bending

 Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

 Sign Convention Figure 15

Shear Forces and Bending

Shear Forces and Bending

 Example 6 (cont’d) Figure 16

Shear Forces and Bending

 Load, Shear Force, and Bending

 Load and Shear Force Relationships

Shear Forces and Bending

 Load and Shear Force Relationships

 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear Forces and Bending

 Shear Force and Bending Moment

 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shear Forces and Bending

 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shear and Moment Diagrams

V ( x ) = 600 for 12 < x < 20

M = −15,880 − 40(12 )(x - 6 ) + 1080 x for 12 < x < 20

 Example 9 (cont’d) 600 lb

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shearing Stress in Beams

 Shearing Stress due to Bending

(a) Unloaded Stack of Slabs (b) Unglued Slabs loaded

 Shearing Stress due to Bending

(c) Glued Slabs Unloaded (d) Glued Slabs loaded

Shearing Stress in Beams

 Shearing Stress Formula

Shearing Stress in Beams

Shearing Stress in Beams

 Shearing Stress Formula

Great 3% error 12% error 100% error, worst case

 Variation of Vertical Shearing Stress in

Shearing Stress in Beams

Shearing Stress in Beams

 Bending of Composite Beams

Deformation of Beam due to Lateral

Flexural Normal Stress

Flexural Normal Stress

The elastic flexural formula for normal

An alternative form of the flexural

Radii of Gyration of an Area

Parallel Axis Theorem

Example 5 (cont’d) 250 mm

Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

Variation of Shear and Moment Forces

Sign Convention Figure 15

Example 6 (cont’d) Figure 16

Load, Shear Force, and Bending

Load and Shear Force Relationships

Load and Shear Force Relationships

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Shear and Moment Diagrams

Example 9 (cont’d) 600 lb

Shearing Stress due to Bending

Shearing Stress due to Bending

Shearing Stress Formula

Shearing Stress Formula

Variation of Vertical Shearing Stress in

Bending of Composite Beams

Transformed Section Figure 29

Stresses on Transformed Section

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Deflection of Beams P1 Figure 1

Methods for Determining Beam

The Differential Equationy of the Elastic

Sign Convention Figure 6

Relation of the Deflection y with

Example Boundary Conditions Figure 8

Properties of Singularity Functions

Integration and Differentiation of

Typical Singularity Functions

Moment due to Distributed Loads

Moment due to Distributed Loads

Moment due to Distributed Loads

Moment due to Distributed Loads

Moment due to Distributed Loads

Slopes and Deflection Tables Table 1a

Statically Indeterminate Beam

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Slopes and Deflection Tables Table 1a

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition

Illustrative Example using Superposition