Unsymmetrical Bending 4

Unsymmetrical
Bending
Dr Alessandro Palmeri
<A.Palmeri@lboro.ac.uk>
Teaching schedule
Week Lecture 1 Staff Lecture 2 Staff Tutorial Staff
1 Beam Shear Stresses 1 AP Beam Shear Stresses 2 AP --- ---
2 Shear centres AP Basic Concepts J E-R Shear Centre AP
3 Principle of Virtual J E-R Indeterminate Structures J E-R Virtual Forces J E-R
forces
4 The Compatibility J E-R Examples J E-R Virtual Forces J E-R
Method
5 Examples J E-R Moment Distribution - J E-R Comp. Method J E-R
Basics
6 The Hardy Cross J E-R Fixed End Moments J E-R Comp. Method J E-R
Method
7 Examples J E-R Non Sway Frames J E-R Mom. Dist J E-R
8 Column Stability 1 AP Sway Frames J E-R Mom. Dist J E-R
9 Column Stability 2 AP Unsymmetric Bending 1 AP Colum Stability AP
10 Unsymmetric Bending 2 AP Complex Stress/Strain AP Unsymmetric AP
Bending
11 Complex Stress/Strain AP Complex Stress/Strain AP Complex AP
Stress/Strain
Christmas
Holiday
12 Revision
13
14 Exams
15
2
Mo@va@ons (1/2)
•  Many cross sec@ons used for
structural elements (such us Z
sec@ons or angle sec@ons) do
not have any axis of symmetry
•  How does the theory

developed for symmetrical
bending can be extended to
such sec@ons?
3
Mo@va@ons (2/2)
•  The figure shows the
finite element model of
a can@lever beam with
Y
Z
X Z cross sec@on
subjected to its own
weight, in which the
gravita@onal (ver@cal)
load induces lateral
sway (horizontal),
Y
Z
X
–  exaggerated for clarity
•  How can we predict

this?
4
Learning Outcomes
•  When we have completed this unit (2 lectures
+ 1 tutorial), you should be able to:
–  Determine the principal second moments of area

AND the principal direc@ons of area for
unsymmetrical beam’s cross sec@ons
–  Evaluate the normal stress σx in beams subjected

to unsymmetric bending
5
Further reading
•  R C Hibbeler, “Mechanics of Materials”, 8th
Ed, Pren@ce Hall – Chapter 6 on “Bending”

•  T H G Megson, “Structural and Stress
Analysis”, 2nd Ed, Elsevier – Chapter 9 on
“Bending of Beams” (eBook)
6
Symmetrical Bending (1/4)
•  Our analysis of beams in bending has been restricted so far
(part A) to the case of cross sec@ons having at least one
axis of symmetry, assuming that the bending moment is
ac@ng either about this axis of symmetry (a), or about the
orthogonal axis (b)
compressive tensile
stress stress
σx < 0 σx > 0
(right hand) My
(b)
σx < 0
compressive
y G stress
axis of symmetry y
axis of symmetry G
(a) x σx > 0
is
z x
ax
tensile
is
z
’s
Mz
ax
am
stress ’s
be
am
7
be
Right-‐Hand Rule

t to the
If the thumb poin My
of the axis,
posi0ve direc0on
f the other
then the curling o
osi0ve
fingers give the p
ending
direc0on of the b
y G
axis of symmetry
x
Noteworthy: Some0mes a double-‐
is
z Mz
ax
headed arrow is used to represent a

’s
moment (as opposite to a single-‐headed

am
arrow used for a force)

be
8
A posi@ve bending moment Mz>0,
(right hand) My
induces tensile stress σx>0 in the right
σx < 0 fibres of the cross sec@on (looking at it
compressive from the posi@ve direc@on of the x axis)
y stress

axis of symmetry G
compressive tensile
x σx > 0 stress stress
σx < 0 σx > 0
is
z
ax
tensile
’s
am
stress
be
➡
A posi@ve bending moment My>0, y G
axis of symmetry
induces tensile stress σx>0 in the
boiom fibres of the cross sec@on
x
is
z Mz
ax
’s
am
9
be
My •  The simplest case when the

bending moment My acts
about the axis y, orthogonal to
y G the axis of symmetry z
axis of symmetry
•  Therefore, the beam bends in
σx > 0
the ver@cal plan Gxz
z
is
x
ax
•  The direct stress σx is given by:

’s
am
be
My z
Eq. (1) σx =
Iyy
10
Unsymmetrical Bending (1/3)
•  The case of unsymmetric bending deals with:
–  EITHER a bending moment ac@ng about an axis which is
neither an axis of symmetry, nor orthogonal to it (le9)
–  OR a beam’s cross sec@on which does not have any axis of
symmetry (right)
My My
y G y G
axis of symmetry
x x
is
z
is
z
ax
ax
’s
’s
am
11
am
be
be
•  The first case is trivial,
and can be solved by
using:
–  Decomposi@on of the
bending moment:
Mp = My cos(α )
Mq = −My sin(α )

Mp d Mq
–  Superposi@on of effects: σ x (A) = ⋅ − ⋅e
I pp 2 Iqq
⎛ d /2 e ⎞
= My ⎜ cos(α ) + sin(α )⎟
⎝ I pp I pp ⎠ 12
•  Par@cular cases…
My d My
σ x (A) = ⋅ σ x (A) = ⋅e
I pp 2 Iqq
Bending about the strong axis Bending about the weak axis
13
Product Moment of Area (1/3)
•  Let’s introduce a new quan@ty, Iyz, called
“Product Moment of Area”
–  Defined as:
Iyz = ∫ y z dA
A
•  If and only if Iyz =0, a bending moment ac@ng on one of
these two axes will cause the beam to bend about the
same axis only, not about the orthogonal axis (symmetric
bending)
–  I.e. a ver@cal transverse load will not induce any lateral sway
and a lateral transverse will not cause any ver@cal movement
14
•  The product moment of area is
defined mathema@cally as the Iyz = ∫ y z dA
integral of the product of the A
coordinates y and z over the cross

sec@onal area
•  Similarly the second moments of

area Iyy and Izz are the integrals of the
second power of the other
coordinate, z2 and y2
Iyy = ∫ z 2 dA I zz = ∫ y 2 dA
A A
•  G is the centroid of the cross sec@on

15
•  The “Parallel Axis Theorem” (also known as Huygens-‐Steiner Theorem)
can be used to determine the product moment of area Iyz, as well as the
second moments of area Iyy and Izz, provided that:
–  The cross sec@on can be split into simple blocks, e.g. rectangular blocks
–  The corresponding quan@@es for the central axes η (eta) and ζ (zeta), parallel
to y and z, are known

yi (< 0) Iyy = ∑ Iηη
(i )
+ zi2 A(i )
i
G
y I zz = ∑ Iζζ(i ) + yi2 A(i )
zi (> 0) i
Γi
ηi
Iyz = ∑ Iηζ
(i )
+ yi zi A(i )
z i
ζi A (i)
16
Moments of Area: Worked Example
(1/5) n
1.  Split the cross sec@on in rectangular m m
blocks
?
2.  Calculate the area of each block
A(1) = 30 × 30 = 900
A(2) = 30 × 50 = 1,500
3.  If the posi@on of the centroid G is

unknown ?
–  Calculate the first moment of each block
about two arbitrary references axes n
Qm(1) = A(1) ×15 = 13,500 Qn(1) = A(1) ×15 = 13,500

Q(2)
m = A(2) × 45 = 67,500 Qn(2) = A(2) × 25 = 37,500

17
(2/5) n
–  Calculate the posi@on of the centroid m m
dm =
∑ Q i
(i )
m
=
81,000
= 33.75 ?
∑A i
(i )
2,400
dn =
∑ Q i
(i )
n
=
51,000
= 21.25
∑A i
(i )
2,400
4.  Calculate the two second moments of ?

area (and the product moment of area, if
needed) for each block n

30 × 303 30 × 303
Iηη (1)
= = 67,500 Iζζ =
(1)
= 67,500 Iηζ (1) = 0

12 12
50 × 303 30 × 503
Iηη (2)
= = 112,500 Iζζ =
(2)
= 312,500 Iηζ (2) = 0
12 12 18
(3/5)
5.  Calculate the coordinates
of the centroid Γi of each
block…
30 ⎛ 30 ⎞
y1 = 21.25 − z1 = − ⎜ 33.75 − ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
= 6.25 > 0 = −18.75 < 0
⎛ 50 ⎞ 30
y2 = − ⎜ − 21.25⎟ z2 = 30 + − 33.75
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
= −3.75 < 0 = 11.25 > 0
19
(4/5)
6.  Apply the Parallel Axis
Theorem for the two second
moments of area…

Iyy = ∑ i Iηη
(i )
(+ A(i ) zi2 )

= 67,500 + 900 × ( −18.75)
2
+112,500 +1,500 × (11.25)

2
= 686,250
(
I zz = ∑ i Iζζ(i ) + A(i )yi2 )
= 67,500 + 900 × (6.25)
2
+312,500 +1,500 × ( −3.75)

2
= 436,250
20
(5/5)
7.  … And the product moment of
area

Iyz = ∑ i ( Iηζ(i )
+ A(i )yi zi )

= 0 + 900 × 6.25 × ( −18.75)

+0 +1,500 × ( −3.75) ×11.25
= −168,750
21
Rota@ng the Central Axes
QuesBon: What happens to second moment Answer: The points of
of area (Imm) and product moment of area coordinates {Imm,Imn}
(Imn) if we rotate the central axes of reference will describe a circle
for a given cross sec@on?
n
Product moment of
area (+ve, -‐ve or null) Mohr’s
Imn Circle

n
Z
-‐Iyz G
n
y ≡
m m
n
Iyy m
Izz Imm
m
n n
≡
m
m
Iyz
Y Second moment of z

area (always +ve)
22
Mohr’s Circle (1/6)
•  Named aser the German civil engineer Chris@an Oio Mohr
(1835-‐1918), the Mohr’s circle allows determining the extreme
values of many quan@@es useful in the stress analysis of structural
members, including minimum and maximum values of stress,
strain and second moment of area
n
Product moment of
area (+ve, -‐ve or null) Mohr’s
Imn Circle

n
Z
-‐Iyz G
n
y ≡
m m
n
Iyy m
Izz Imm
m
n n
≡
m
m
Iyz
Y Second moment of z

area (always +ve)
23
•  We can draw the Mohr’s circle,
once its centre CI and its radius Ri
are known:
–  The centre is always on the
G horizontal axis, whose posi@on is
y
the average of the second moments
m of area about two orthogonal axes,
e.g. Iyy and Izz
Imn n CI ≡ {Iave,0}
z
Z Iyy + I zz
Iave = =561,250
-‐Iyz 2
RI –  From simple geometrical
CI Iyy considera@ons (Pythagoras’
theorem), the radius requires the
Izz Iave Imm product moment of area as well
2
Iyz ⎛ I − I zz ⎞
Y RI = ⎜ yy ⎟
2
+ Iyz =210,004
⎝ 2 ⎠
24
•  Points Y and Z in the Mohr’s
circle, representa@ve of the
central axes y and z in the
G cross sec@on, are the
y
α m extreme points of a
diameter
Imn n
z
Z •  A rota@on of an angle α of
-‐Iyz the central axes in the cross
RI
Iyy sec@on corresponds to an
CI
angle 2α in the Mohr’s
Izz Iave Imm
M circle (in the same
2α direc@on), i.e. twice the
Iyz
Y angle in the Mohr’s plane
25
•  We can determine the maximum
and minimum values of the
second moment of area for a
given cross sec@on:
G
y Imax = Iave + RI =771,254
Imin = Iave − RI =351,246
Imn •  The axes p and q associated with
z
the extreme value of I are called
Z “principal axes of iner@a”
-‐Iyz
RI –  They are orthogonal each other
Iyy –  In this example:
Imin CI P Ipp= Imax è p-‐p is the strong(est)
Q Izz Iave Imax Imm axis in bending
Iqq= Imin è q-‐q is the weak(est)
Iyz axis in bending, e.g. to be used
Y when calcula@ng the Euler’s
buckling load
26
•  We can also evaluate the
inclina@on of the principal
axes p and q with respect to
G reference axes y and z
y αzq=αyp
αyp
•  In this example:
Imn
z
1 −1 ⎛ Iyz ⎞
Z α yp = α zq = sin ⎜ ⎟ =26.7°
-‐Iyz 2 ⎜⎝ RI ⎟⎠
RI
Imin 2αzq CI Iyy P –  In general, you don’t know
Q Izz Iave 2αyp Imax Imm whether p is the strong
axis or the weak axis, but
Iyz
it’s for sure one of the two
Y extreme values
27
•  For any beam’s cross sec@on,
the principal axes p and q
always sa@sfy the
G mathema@cal condi@on
y αzq=αyp
αyp I pq = 0
Imn –  That is, their representa@ve

z points P and Q in the Mohr’s
Z circle belong to the horizontal
-‐Iyz axis
RI
Imin 2αzq CI Iyy P
•  An axis of symmetry is always
Q Izz Iave 2αyp Imax Imm
a principal axis of the area
Iyz
Y
28
Mohr’s Circle: Par@cular Cases
•  If for a given cross sec@on
Imin=Imax, then all the central
axes m will have the same
Mm second moment of area, i.e.
y G m Imm=Imin=Imax, and all the
central axes m will be principal
m axes of area, i.e. Imn=0
x
z –  This is the case, for instance, of
both circular and square
shapes
Mm
–  The neutral axis (where σx=0)
y G m will always coincide with the
axis about which the bending
m moment is applied
x
z
29
Bending about Principal Axes
•  In general, a bending
σx < 0 moment Mp ac@ng
compressive about the principal
stress axis p will cause the
beam to bend in the
Mp
s orthogonal Gxq plane
ipal axi
princ
G •  The simple formula
p
σx > 0
of direct stress σx
due to pure bending
is x
tensile
stress can be resorted to:
x
s’ a q
eam Mp q
Eq. (2) σ x =
b
I pp
Distance (with sign) to the neutral axis
–  Similar to Eq. (1)
30
Normal Stress due to Unsymmetrical
Bending: General Procedure (1/4)
•  If the bending does not act
My along one of the principal
axis (p and q), then the
G
bending moment can be
y ααyp decomposed along the
p principal axes
z
•  In the figure, My is the
q bending moment about the
horizontal axis (due, for
( < 0) instance, to the dead load):
Mq
M y (> 0) ααyp ⎧⎪ M p = M y cos(α )
> 0) ⎨
⎪⎩ M q = −M y sin(α )
Mp (

31
•  If the bending does not act
My along one of the principal
axis (p and q), then the
G
bending moment can be
y ααyp decomposed along the
p principal axes
z
•  Similarly for the case of the
q bending moment Mz (due,
for instance, to some lateral
( > 0) forces):
Mp
⎧⎪ M p = M z sin(α )
ααzq ( > 0) ⎨
Mq ⎪⎩ M q = M z cos(α )
M z (> 0)
32
•  Once Mp and Mq are known,
My the normal stress σx (+ve in
tension) can be computed
G with the expression:
y ααyp
p
Mp q Mq p
Eq. (3) σx = −
z
q I pp Iqq
p
G
q p and q here are the
p
distances from the
principal axes of the point
x where the stress σx is
sought
σx q
33
•  As an alterna@ve, the following
binomial formula can be used
Eq. (4) σx = β y +γ z
My
–  where the coefficients beta
(β) and gamma (γ) are given
G
y by:
⎧ M z I yy + M y I yz
⎪β = − I I − I 2
x ⎪ yy zz yz
⎨
⎪γ = M y I zz + M z I yz
z Mz
⎪⎩ I yy I zz − I yz2
34
Neutral Axis (1/2)
•  Along the neutral axis the normal stress
σx is zero, that is:
ela
σ = β y + γ z = 0
stic
x
neu
yN
tral
–  The centroid G≡{0,0} belongs to the

ax
neutral axis, and indeed yG=0 and zG=0

is
sa@sfies the above equa@ons

G
y –  We need a second point N≡{yN,zN} to
zN draw the straight line GN represen@ng
the neutral axis: we can choose a
x N convenient value for the coordinate zN,
e.g. the boiom edge of the cross sec@on,
and the associated value of yN is given by:
z Mz
γ zN
β yN + γ zN = 0 ⇒ yN = −

β
35
Neutral Axis (2/2)
ela
stic
neu
yN
tral
isax
he bending
G
•  A ltho u g h t
e verBcal y
acBon is about th zN
l axis is
axis z, the neutra compression
not verBcal
re parBally x N
•  The two flanges a
lly in
in tension, parBa tension
compression
z Mz
36
Normal Stress Calcula@ons:
Worked Example (1/3)
⎧⎪My = 106 A≡{-‐8.75,-‐33.75}
⎨
⎪⎩Mz = 0
⎧ Mz Iyy + My Iyz
⎪β = − I I − I 2 = 0.623
My ⎪ yy zz yz
G ⎨
y αyp ⎪γ = My I zz + Mz Iyz = 1.610
⎪⎩ 2
Iyy I zz − Iyz
B≡{21.25,
26.25} z

σ x (A) = β y A + γ z A
Iyy = 686,250 I pp = 771,254 = −0.623 × 8.75 −1.610 × 33.75
I zz = 436,250 Iqq = 351,246 = −59.80
Iyz = −168,750 α yp = 26.7° σ x (B) = β yB + γ zB = +55.51
37
⎧⎪Mp = My cos(α yp ) = 893,092
⎨
⎪⎩Mz = −My sin(α yp ) = −449,874
My
G
y αyp Mp qA Mq pA
σ x (A) = −
I pp Iqq
894,092 × (−23.00)
=
z 771,254
(−449,874) × (−26.21)
−
351,246
Iyy = 686,250 I pp = 771,254 = −59.80
I zz = 436,250 Iqq = 351,246
Mp qB Mq pB
Iyz = −168,750 α yp = 26.7° σ x (B) = − = +55.51
I pp Iqq
38
elas0 com
pres point of max
c neut sion
compressive
ral a
x is N stress
My
G
y
tensi
o n Assume: yN = dn = 21.25
point of max
tensile stress z Calculate:
σ x (N) = β yN + γ zN
= 0.623 × 21.25 +1.610 × zN = 0
Iyy = 686,250 I pp = 771,254
13.24
I zz = 436,250 Iqq = 351,246 ⇒ zN = − = −8.22
1.610
Iyz = −168,750 α yp = 26.7°
(which gives the neutral axis GN)
39
Key Learning Points (1/2)
1.  The simple formula of bending stress, σx=Myz/Iyy, is valid if
and only if y is a principal axis for the cross sec@on
–  That is, if and only if the product moment of iner@a is Iyz=0
–  This is the case, for instance, when y and/or z are axis of symmetry
2.  To calculate Iyz one can split the cross sec@on in elementary
blocks, sum the contribu@on from each block and use the
parallel axis theorem
–  Important: Iyz can be nega@ve, posi@ve or null
40
Key Learning Points (2/2)
3.  Knowing Iyy, Izz and Iyz , one can draw the Mohr’s circle for the
second moment of area, which allows determining the
extreme values (Imin and Imax) and their direc@ons
4.  In the general case of unsymmetrical bending, the normal

stress is given by the formula
–  σx= β y + γ z
•  where β and γ depend on the components of the bending moments (My and Mz)
as well as on Iyy, Izz and Iyz
5.  The above formula allows determining the inclina@on of the
neutral axis

41

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Unsymmetrical

• How does the theory

• How can we predict

– Determine the principal second moments of area

– Evaluate the normal stress σx in beams subjected

headed arrow is used to represent a

moment (as opposite to a single-­‐headed

arrow used for a force)

My • The simplest case when the

• The direct stress σx is given by:

coordinates y and z over the cross

• Similarly the second moments of

• G is the centroid of the cross sec@on

3. If the posi@on of the centroid G is

Qm(1) = A(1) ×15 = 13,500 Qn(1) = A(1) ×15 = 13,500

4. Calculate the two second moments of ?

+112,500 +1,500 × (11.25)

+312,500 +1,500 × ( −3.75)

Imn – That is, their representa@ve

– The centroid G≡{0,0} belongs to the

neutral axis, and indeed yG=0 and zG=0

sa@sﬁes the above equa@ons

Iyz = −168,750 α yp = 26.7° σ x (B) = β yB + γ zB = +55.51

4. In the general case of unsymmetrical bending, the normal

Potrebbero piacerti anche

•  How does the theory

•  How can we predict

–  Determine the principal second moments of area

–  Evaluate the normal stress σx in beams subjected

moment (as opposite to a single-‐headed

My •  The simplest case when the

•  The direct stress σx is given by:

•  Similarly the second moments of

•  G is the centroid of the cross sec@on

3.  If the posi@on of the centroid G is

4.  Calculate the two second moments of ?

Imn –  That is, their representa@ve

–  The centroid G≡{0,0} belongs to the

4.  In the general case of unsymmetrical bending, the normal