DIHYBRID

By :
Name : Anisatul Khabibah Zaen
SID : B1B015003
Group : VI
Subgroup :6
Assistance : Zeihan Aziiza

PRACTICAL REPORT OF GENETIC

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO

2016
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. RESULT

Phenotypic Classes O (Result) E (Expected) [(O-E)]2

Wild type 17 9/16 x 20 = 11,25 2,93

Ebony 0 3/16 x 20 = 3,75 3,75
Dumpy 3 3/16 x 20 = 3,75 0,15
Ebony dumpy 0 1/16 x 20 = 1,25 1,25
Total 20 Xh2 8,08

Xt2 = 7,815

The value of Xh2 > Xt2. means not accordance with the ratio of mendel.

Calculation
Expeted Value
Wild type : 9/16 x 20 = 11,25
Ebony : 3/16 x 20 = 3,75
Dumpy : 3/16 x 20 = 3,75
Ebony dumpy : 3/16 x 20 = 3,75

Chi square
( 𝑂−𝐸)2
X2 =
𝐸
( 17−11,25)2
Wild type = = 2,93
11,25

( 0−3,75)2
Ebony = = 3,75
3,75

( 3−3,75)2
Dumpy = = 0,15
3,75

( 0−1,25)2
Ebony dumpy = = 1,25
1,25
B. DISCUSSION

A dihybrid cross in one in which contrasing or alternating forms of two

traits or feature (i.e heterozygous for two pairs of allele) are simultameously
consideredin the hybridization experiment (Rao & Kaur, 2007). Dihybrid cross is
aplicable with Mendel’s second law (independent assortment) that segregation of the
members of any pair of alleles is independent of the segregation of other pairs in the
formation of reproductive cells (Hartl & Ruvolo, 2012).
The ratio of dihybrid according the Mendelians law is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The
deviation of dihybrid cross are :
1. Recessive epistasis
This deviation occur if the recessive gene cover the gene expression of other
genes that not alleles of these genes and the ratio become 9 : 4 : 3. For example
in the colour of mice fur.
2. Dominant epistasis
The dominant epistasis occur if the dominant gene cover the gene expression of
other genes that not alleles of these genes and the ratio become 12 : 3 : 1. For
example in the colour of Cucurbita pepo fruit.
3. Double recessive epistasis
Double recessive epistasis occur if a recessive gene from a pair of gene (gene A)
epistasis to other gene (gene B). And the recessive gene from a pair of gene B
also epistasis to pair of gene A. This deviation cause tha ratio become 9 : 7. For
example is inheritence of HCN contents in Trifolium repens.
4. Double dominant epistasis
Double dominant epistasis occur id a dominant gene from a pair of gene A
epistasis to gene B. And a dominant gene from a pair of gene B epistasis to a
pair of gene A and the ratio become 15 : 1. For example the shape of Capsella
fruit.
5. Domian recessive epistasis
Dominant recessive epistasis occur if the dominant gene from a pair of gene to a
pair of other gene that not their gene. While the recessive gene from the pair of
second gene also epistasis to a pair of first gene. The ratio is 13 : 3. For example
in the colour of chicken feather.
6. Gene interaction
Gene interaction occur if the both of different alleles meet each other, will bring
a new characters, for example is inheritance pattern of a chicken's comb.
The character of fly that used in this practical class are male ebony
Drosophila and female dumpy Drosophila. This character used because the
dihybrid cross need two character of parental but the sex of parental is not specified
because it is not associated with sex chromosomes
The dihybrid cross is according to the second Mendelian law. The cross
diagram of dihybrid cross in this practical class is
P : ♂ Dumpy >< ♀ Ebony
G : EEdd >< eeDD
Ed >< eD
F1 : EeDd
F1 >< F1: EeDd >< EeDd
♂
ED Ed eD ed
♀
ED EEDD EEDd EeDD EeDd

Ed EEDd EEdd EeDd Eedd

eD EeDD EeDd eeDD eeDd

ed EeDd Eedd eeDd eedd

The ratio of phenotype :

Wild : Dumpy : Ebony : Ebony Dumpy
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
In this practical class, the result of F2 are 17 wild type, 0 ebony, 3 dumpy
and 0 ebony dumpy. Based on the chi square calculation, the result of Xh2 is 8,08 and
Xt2 is 7,815. The value of Xh2 is higher than Xt2 so that’s mean not accordance with
the ratio of Mendelian law.
 REFERENCE

Rao, D.K. & Kaur, JJ. 2007. Living Science Biology 10. New Delhi: Ratna Sagar Ltd.
Hartl, Daniel L. & Ruvolo, Maryellen. 2012. Genetics. Canada: Jones & Bartlett
Learning.