An organism's ________ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction.

life history
Allocation of energy to reproduction reduces the amount of resources available for
growth
The objective of reproduction is to maximize the relative ________ of the individual.
fitness
Natural selection will favor the age at maturity that results in the greatest number of ________
produced over the lifetime of an individual
offspring
________ is the number of offspring produced per unit of time.
fecundity
The total energetic costs of reproduction per unit of time are referred to as an individual's
________.
reproductive effort
Little parental care is required by ________ offspring, which are able to move about and forage
for themselves shortly after birth.
precocial
Organisms that invest all their energy into growth, development, and energy storage, followed by
one massive reproductive effort and then death, are called ________.
semelparous
The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions
is referred as the norm of ________.
reaction
The mating system most prevalent in birds is ________.
monogamy
The type of mating system in which an individual female pairs with two or more males is known
as ________.
polyandry
________ selection occurs when members of the same sex compete for access to the opposite
sex.
intrasexual
Communal courtship grounds, or ________, are areas where males congregate to display to
females.
leks
Habitats that are variable in time or short lived will favor ________-strategists.
r
________-strategists are competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals.
k
The number of seeds produced by a plant is ________ correlated with the size of the seeds.
negatively
Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its
number of offspring that survive and reproduce
The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction result in
reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth
In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late
maturity) is
larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.
Guppies were moved from stream A, with a fish that preyed upon adult guppies, to stream B,
with a fish that preyed upon juvenile guppies. After 30 to 60 generations, the guppies responded
to the increased predation on juveniles relative to adults by
increasing age at maturity
Altricial young are relatively
helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation.
Parental care is best developed among
ants and bees
The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals
during an individual's life is referred to as
iteroparity
In which of the following groups of organisms are most species iteroparous?
perennial plants
When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called
monogamous
The mating system in which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and
form no pair bond is known as
promiscuity
The preferential selection by a female of a male peacock with the longest tail feathers and the
most eyespots on the tail feathers is an example of
intersexual selection
A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate, selecting either the phenotypic
characteristics of the mate or the
ability of the male to provide resources
A lek is characterized by
females mating with only a small percentage of displaying males
An r-strategist is characterized by
density-independent mortality.
Small and short-lived plants that rapidly colonize disturbed sites are classified by J. Phillip
Grime as
R species
A male swordtail fish with a tail fin longer than its rivals is
more likely to be selected by a female and to consume more oxygen while swimming.
The development of modern corn from teosinte, a group of large Central and South American
grasses, is an example of
selective breeding
Extrinsic ecological factors such as the physical environment and the presence of predators or
competitors influence age specific rates of mortality and survivorship.
true
Defending a breeding territory increases an animal's probability of future survival.
false
Fecundity increases with body weight.
true
As the number of offspring produced increases, the probability of their survival decreases.
false
All species of animals provide parental care.
false
Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous.
true
Semelparity is favored when the external environment imposes high adult mortality relative to
juvenile mortality, and mature individuals are unlikely to survive much longer.
true
The phenotype expressed by a single genotype can be affected by environmental conditions.
true
Polyandry is more common than polygyny.
false
Polygyny is more likely to occur as differences in territory quality increase between territorial
males.
true
Sexual dimorphism occurs when males and females are so similar morphologically that they are
difficult to distinguish.
false
In some species of birds, males with the brightest plumage have the fewest parasites.
true
In polygynous species of animals, males usually choose their mates, and females, because they
are smaller and weaker, must comply
false
Species that are r-strategists are usually larger than those that are K-strategists.
false
Weedy plants are considered to be K-strategists.
false
Natural selection should favor plants producing small seeds in wet environments and plants that
produce larger seeds in dry environments.
true
The major difference between ancestral teosinte and modern corn is the amount of resources
allocated to seed production.
true