APPLICATION OF BIOMIMICRY IN THE SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

GREESHMA.S.V
REG NO: 14409034
SEVENTH SEMESTER

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
MOHANDAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANAD, NEDUMANGAD, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING i MCET

 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MOHANDAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NEDUMANGAD, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar titled“ APPLICATION OF BIOMIMICRY IN SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN OF BUILDINGS” was prepared and presented by GREESHMA.S.V (REG NO:
14409034) of the seventh semester civil engineering in partial fulfillment of requirement for the
award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering under the Kerala University
during the year 2017.

GUIDED BY: Head of Department

APARNA MADHU DR.S.NARAYANAN

Asst. Professor in Civil Engineering Head of the Department
MCET MCET

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ii MCET

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Mohandas College
Of Engineering and Technology which provides me the light of knowledge. I take this opportunity
to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in bringing out the
presentation successfully.

I express my thanks to Asst. Prof. Aparna Madhu, seminar guide who helped me to
compute the seminar successfully with all her suggestions and ideas. I express my sincere gratitude
to Dr.S.Narayanan, Head of Department of Civil Engineering for his support and help throughout
my seminar. I would like to thank our respected director Dr. Ashalatha Thampuran, and
respected principal Dr.S.Sheela, the leading light of our institution.

I also express my gratitude to all teachers for their cooperation. I am deeply indebted to my
parents and all my friends for their constant encouragement. They were instrumental in keeping
my spirit high and their association with me will always be remembered.

Above all, I thank almighty for all his blessings.

GREESHMA.S. V

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING iii MCET

 ABSTRACT

Biomimicry is the study of emulating and mimicking nature, whereas it has been used by
designers to help in solving human problems. With respect to construction field, it includes the
limitations of models, systems and elements of nature transfers those to create sustainable design
solutions. Biomimicry empowers people to create nature inspired solution to complex human
challenges for healthy planet. Biomimicry is going to have a large impact on future of green
construction. By imitating the design, processes and systems, which is found in nature and
adapting them to architectural, engineering and construction industries it will lead to stronger,
safer and more eco-friendly buildings in the future. The most recent example for biomimicry in
construction is the Bullitt Center in Seattle and is considered as “The Greenest Building in the
World”.

The advantages of biomimetic design are that it creates a sustainable and eco-friendly
environment. Biomimetic building seeks to get the most from thermal heating and cooling for a
comfortable home temperature. Thick walls, shading and structure and window placement to
make most of natural ventilation and sunlight are ways that increase structures performances.in
this seminar we study the cases of various buildings that adopts biomimicry and their features to
keep the structure stable and eco-friendly.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING iv MCET

 CONTENTS

Sl.No. ITEMS Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 SUSTAINABILITY 2
3 STRUCTURE DESIGN EFFICIENCIES 4
3.1 SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS 4
3.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCIES 4
3.3 WATER EFFICIENCIES 5
3.4 MATERIAL EFFICIENCIES 5
3.5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY 5
3.6 WASTE REDUCTION 5
3.7 LOW MAINTENANCE COST 6
4 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMIMICRY 7
5.1 CASE STUDY – THE BULLITT CENTER 7
5.2 CASE STUDY – THE LOTUS TEMPLE 7
5.3 CASE STUDY – BIRD’S NEST STADIUM 7
5.4 CASE STUDY – CACTUS BUILDING 8
6 FUTURE SCOPE 9
7 CONCLUSION 9
8 REFERENCES 9

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING v MCET

 1.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING vi MCET

 LIST OF FIGURES

Sl. No. TITLE Page No.

1. Measuring Sustainability in Residential Buildings

2. Site and its Surroundings
3. Energy Efficient Structures
4. Water Storage
5. Recycled Stones
6. The Bullitt Center
7. The Lotus Temple
8. Bird’s Nest Stadium
9. Cactus Building
10. A view to future

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING vii MCET

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING viii MCET
 1. INTRODUCTION

Biomimicry or bio mimetics is an emerging field which, amongst other things, puts
forward the alternative thinking about sustainable engineering solutions through, or inspired by,
nature. Different engineering institutions and entities, depending on their field, describe
biomimicry as a set of scientific or design principles. As the name suggests its main aim is to
mimic nature in order to provide efficient solutions to engineering problems. Nature has provided
this framework of constant improvement for us and it is this feature that is the basis for this thesis.
The principle of Bio mimetics strives to learn how nature has learned and to not necessarily imitate
but distil from nature the qualities and characteristics of natural form and systems that may be
applicable to our interpretation of construction of buildings.

Before the industrial revolution and the development of applied mathematics and design
codes for engineered structures, pioneering engineers and architects searched in nature to find
model solutions for their work. In those days, the absence of heavy machinery and other powered
resources forced practitioners of the building industry to base their designs on what was achievable
given the austere circumstances. This is precisely what nature model aims to do that is use the
available resources and materials to perform their functions as minimum energy conservation
systems. Now that science and technology have reached a stage where the carbon-based economy
needs replacing, because of source depletion and the emerging knowledge of its environmental
hazard, stakeholders are calling for new methodologies that will minimize resource consumption,
provide cleaner power production and less environmentally impacting construction and
manufacturing processes. Biomimicry in construction seeks to minimize the negative
environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy,
and development space and the ecosystem at large. It also uses a conscious approach to energy and
ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.

The idea of biomimicry for sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions
and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. Biomimicry has made a
big move into the built environment by adapting nature's solutions to human designs and invention.
As a part of everyday life our society inhabits buildings. People have an inherent need for
functional spaces because the society are always moving forward, innovating, and seeking to
improve our way of life.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ix MCET

 So, it is necessary to go for innovative ideas for building construction that is that are
environmentally and resource efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The common objective of
biomimicry in sustainable design of buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment by efficiently using energy, water, and
other resources, protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, reducing waste,
production and environmental degradation.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2 MCET

 2. SUSTAINABILITY

The concept of sustainability seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of

buildings by efficiency and moderation in use of materials, energy and development space and
the ecosystem at large. For example, the green building movement in the U.S. originated from
the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction
practices. There are a number of motives for sustainable building, including environmental,
economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated
and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing structures. Also
known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green
practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.

Sustainable building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to
reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health.
It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive
solar, active solar, and photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees through green roofs,
rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using
low-impact building materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of
conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.

While the practices or technologies employed in sustainable building are constantly

evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the
method is derived: siting and structure design efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency,
materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality enhancement, operations and maintenance
optimization and waste and toxics reduction. The essence of sustainable building is an
optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design,
individual sustainable building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative
effect.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 3 MCET

 On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design, is the philosophy of
designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the
site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'sustainable' building
materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable
energy.

Fig no 1 Measuring Sustainability in Residential Buildings

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 4 MCET

 3. STRUCTURE DESIGN EFFICIENCIES

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The
concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact
on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to
minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building
project.

However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies

from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much
more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting
various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable
may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

The efficiency is one of the key principles of sustainable architecture. Sustainable buildings
are energy efficient and these structures use less energy intensive materials required for
construction. The utilization of energy resources by the users of the building also determines the
energy efficiency of that structure.

The important principles of sustainable or green architecture are as follows:

3.1 Site and its surroundings

3.2 Energy Efficiency

3.3 Water Efficiency

3.4 Material Efficiency

3.5 Indoor Air Quality

3.6 Waste Reduction

3.7 Low Maintenance Cost

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 5 MCET

 3.1 SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Selection of a site depends on the type and the size of the Project. Our aim is to
reduce the consumption of energy resources and still create an efficient structure. The site
selection based on two factors. One is the factor concerning the before construction of the
project and the other is the after construction of the structure.

The factors concerning the before construction are the availability of skilled and cheap labour,
transportation facilities, availability of local or natural materials to reduce construction and
transportation costs, rate of population and urbanization in that area, town planning and
environmental conditions.

The factors concerning after construction are the agricultural potentiality of the land,
availability of public utility services especially water, electricity and sewage disposal, contour
of the land in relation to building costs, cost of the land, ease of drainage, transport facilities,
wind, velocity and direction.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 6 MCET

 Fig no 2 Site and its Surroundings

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 7 MCET

 3.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Flowchart – Energy Efficient Structures

Sustainable buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption

– both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials
and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.

As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much
greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy
consumption. To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage
through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They
also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.
Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes.
Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and
roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective
window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric
lighting during the days. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power or
biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is
generally the most expensive feature to add to a building

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 8 MCET

 3.3 WATER EFFICIENCY

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in
sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands
on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible,
facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused
on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be
accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using
water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving
fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use
of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point
of use of water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while
reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use
such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Water Storage
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 9 MCET
 3.4 MATERIAL EFFICIENCY

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber

from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant
materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal and other
products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable. For concrete a high
performance or Roman self-healing concrete is available. The EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products,
foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Energy efficient building materials
and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs.

Fig no 3 Recycled Stones

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 10 MCET

 3.5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds or

VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly
designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate
ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations
(kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process
choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions
will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some
of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. Also important to indoor air quality
is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of
bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns.
Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the
building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly sealed
envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate
moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning,
and other activities.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly
designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a
high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and
electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a
structure.

Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where
occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to
be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft
finishes like carpet

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 11 MCET

 3.6 WASTE REDUCTION

Sustainable construction also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and

materials used during construction. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of
waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to
reduce matter going to landfills.

When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to
landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and
reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces
waste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations
easier.

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater",
wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface
irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater
collectors are used for similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to
this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and
shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-
centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This
concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like
these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also
more costly in energy than this process.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 12 MCET

 4. APPLICATIONS OF BIOMIMICRY

Biomimicry engineering in civil engineering is a creative and innovative

way that inspired by the nature to solve the engineering problem and transform it into new
invention. This area is recognized to solve the multipart issues, create the green technology
material, reduce the environmental impact and reduce the engineering cost. Nowadays, the
biomimicry engineering area is expanded and produced a quality product such as airplane, ship,
submarine and other historical product. The biomimicry engineering includes of mimic of shape,
properties, method, principle and process.. Besides that, the innovation workflow of problem and
solving biomimicry engineering are produced. The workflow is compared with other biology and
architecture area to produce clear biomimicry engineering steps and suit with civil engineering.
The biomimicry engineering index is developed to class the percentage of mimic to nature. The
workflow is proposed for the engineer to inspire nature to cater the engineering problem. Finally,
the area of biomimicry engineering is extended in all civil engineering section especially in
structure and material engineering.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 13 MCET

 5. CASE STUDY

5.1.THE BULLITT CENTER

The Bullitt Center has a single goal: to demonstrate the current state-of-the
art in sustainable design in order to influence the development and operation of other buildings
around the world. It is a commercial office building at Seattle, Washington. It was officially
opened on Earth Day, April 22, 2013. It is designed to be the greenest commercial building in the
world when completed in 2012, qualifying for classification as a "Living Building" by the
International Living Future Institute. The design inspiration for the Bullitt Center, stems from
elements of Seattle’s natural environment. With a vision for creating an innovative living
building, the design team explored the ecological processes of the Douglas Fir forest, which
historically covered the Capitol Hill site. The structural design imitates aspects of the Douglas
Fir tree and forms part of the local urban ecology, optimizing energy, and water from its local
setting. The building is designed to mirror how the Douglas Fir forest would historically capture,
absorb and slowly release water that fell upon the site. Rainwater is harvested from the roof,
filtered, passed through ultraviolet light and activated charcoal, and treated with a small amount
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 14 MCET
of chlorine. Once the Center receives approval from environmental and health authorities, all of
the building’s water will be provided from this rainwater system instead of the municipal water
supply. Greywater, from sinks and showers, is captured, filtered and pumped to a constructed
wetland on the third floor. The water passes through plants and gravel in the wetland five times
so nutrients are absorbed and harmful materials removed. The water then enters a bio-swale
located on the west side of the building where it is filtered again by plants and 20 feet of gravel
before entering ground water.

5.2.THE LOTUS TEMPLE

The temple gives the impression of a half-open lotus flower, afloat,

surrounded by its leaves. Each component of the temple is repeated nine times and consists of
twenty seven petals, which are arranged into three rows. The lotus petals are made of white
concrete, and outside they are covered with slabs of white Greek marble. The building also

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 15 MCET

possesses a unique ventilation system, which is based on the ventilation principles of ancient
structures. The warm air from the central hall comes out through an opening in the dome, and the
cool air enters the hall after coming through a system of water tanks and the foundation. A
portion of the construction budget was saved and used to build a greenhouse to study indigenous
plants and flowers that would be appropriate for use on the site. Of the temple's total electricity
use of 500 kilowatts (KW), 120KW is provided by solar power generated by the building.

5.3.BIRD’S NEST STADIUM

Beijing National Stadium, located at the south of the centerpiece

Olympic Green, is a stunning landmark building. It is commonly known as the Bird’s Nest
because it resembles the shape of bird’s nest. It uses solar cells and geothermal heat pumps to
supply energy to the buildings. The buildings feature solar heat, solar hot water, solar
thermoelectric cogeneration, and intelligent control devices. They consume just 1/30th of the
energy consumed by conventional buildings. The stadium’s roof is a big part of its sustainability;
the original retractable roof design would have required artificial lighting, ventilation systems,
and increased energy loads. The open roof allows for natural air and light to enter the structure,
and the translucent roof adds much needed light as well. The stadium is able to control its

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 16 MCET

temperature naturally using advanced geothermal technology that gathers hot and cold air from
the stadium’s soil.

5.4.CACTUS BUILDING

The cactus-inspired design for the new Minister of Municipal Affairs &
Agriculture (MMAA) building in Qatar is a great example of biomimicry. The building has been
designed to be energy efficient – a necessary component in an area short on water and facing
eventual peak oil – and to mimic, to some extent, a cacti’s “clever” adaptation techniques.

In order to avoid losing water to evaporation during the heat of the day, cacti transpiration occurs
at night, long after the sun has set. While the building’s adaptations are somewhat different, it
can gauge when its sun shades should be deployed to keep out the sun.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 17 MCET

 6.FUTURE SCOPE

Biomimicry in short it means looking at nature as a model and mentor to

finding solutions. The term “sustainability” in relation to architecture has so far been mostly
considered through the lens of building technology and its transformations. Going beyond the
technical sphere of “green” design, invention and expertise, some scholars are starting to position
architecture within a much broader cultural framework of the human interrelationship with
nature. Adopting this framework allows tracing a rich history of cultural debates about our
relationship to nature and the environment, from the point of view of different historical and
geographical contexts. Biomimicry uses nature as a model and the solutions are often more
sustainable because elements in the natural world have evolved over time to sustain their place
on the planet. Ecological sustainability is how biological systems remain diverse and productive
indefinitely, and long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable
biological systems. In more general terms, sustainability is the endurance of systems and
processes, and healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and
organisms. Since the 1980s sustainability has been used more in the sense of human
sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most widely quoted definition of
sustainability as a part of the concept sustainable development, that of the Brundtland
Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987: "sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs". The concept of sustainability comes from a desire to
address the deterioration of the human environment and the natural resources as well as the
consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 18 MCET

 A view to future

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 19 MCET

 7. CONCLUSION

Even though Biomimicry is a rather young field of subject it is very likely to

have a great impact on our society in the future, as a new way of thinking bringing forward a
sustainable solution harmonizing with nature. While the Biomimicry is getting better known by
societies around the world, the biologists are getting their seat at the designing table, as a result
the solutions in those projects they participate in are moving humanity closer to Nature. Each
step in the right direction will help mankind to endure here on Earth for the time to come. As
shown in the examples of Biomimicry the solutions are out there and by looking at Nature as a
model, mentor and measure, they can be found and utilized which provides a sustainable
environment.

Inspired by Nature is a concept that you look at afterwards and don’t understand why you
didn’t see it before it was pointed out to you.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 20 MCET

 8. REFERENCES

1. Styliaons Yiatros Meng, ACGI, M.Ahmer Wadee,MSc,PhD,ACGI,DIC,CMath

CSci,MIMA,Gary R.Hunt Bsc,PhD,’The Load BearingDuct:Biomimicry in Structural
Design’,October 12,2007

2. Buckminster Fuller Institute, Definition of Biomimicry,[Online accessed 17 November 2005].

3.M.J Benyus ,Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature (Morrow, New York,1997).

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 21 MCET