e: Miter Bend Calculation

08/14/2010 2:22 PM

I think you need to use these standards PFI-ES-24 (PFI ES24 - Pipe Bending Methods,
Tolerances, Process and Material ) I could be wrong.

Bend under internal

pressure (841.231):

Bend under internal For cold bends the

pressure (102.4.5): Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1): deflection of
longitudinal axis and
the radius is limited
according table in
paragraph 841.231

pipe under internal pressure pipe under internal pressure where I for Hot bends are to be
where I for intrados is: intrados is: designed and
manufactured
according ASME
B16.49, the internal
pressure rating shall
not be less than that
which is calculated for
and I for the extrados is: straight seamless pipe
and I for the extrados is: and the intrados wall
thickness should be:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend where the t the wall
R = radius of pipe bend thickness of the pipe is

Elbows under internal Elbows under

Elbows under internal pressure (304.2.1):
pressure (102.4.5): internal pressure
(841.231?):
Elbows manufactured according standards
Elbows manufactured
listed in Table 326.1 are suitable for use at
according standards listed No specific design
the pressure-temperature ratings specified by
in Table 126.1 are suitable rules are listed for
for use at the pressure- such standards. fabricated elbows
temperature ratings
specified by such Elbows not according above standards or for (Does this mean or
standards. which design formulas and not given in the allow that an elbow
code shall be based on calculations can be calculated
Elbows not according consistent with the design criteria of this according a bend with
above standards or for code. These calculations shall be uniform thickness?
which design formulas and substantiated by one or more of the means Refer B31.3)
not given in the code shall stated in A B C or D of 304.7.2, or the elbow
be based on calculations can be calculated according the Bend
consistent with the design calculation, refer 304.2.2.
criteria of this code. These
calculations shall be
substantiated by one or
more of the means stated in
A B C or D of 104.7.2
(Does this mean or allow
that an elbow can be
calculated according a bend
with uniform thickness?
Refer B31.3)
Miter bends under Miter bends under internal pressure Miter bends under
internal pressure (304.2.3): internal pressure
(104.3.3): (841.232):
1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max.
1. Only straight pipe allowable pressure shall be the lesser of (t = 1. If system hoop
calculations required if: T - c): stress > 40% of
specified minimum
yield strength miter
bends are not
permitted. Deflections
caused by
2. Pressure shall be limited and
misalignment up to 3
to 70 kPa if:
deg are not considered
as miters.
or
2. If 10% < hoop
and thickness is not less 2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. stress < 40% SMYS
than required for straight allowable pressure shall calculated as (t = T the deflection of each
pipe - c): miter shall not exceed
12.5 deg.
3. Pressure shall be limited
to 700 kPa if: 3. If hoop stress <
10% SMYS the total
and For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less deflection angle shall
 than: not exceed 90 deg.

and thickness is not less 4. If hoop stress >

than required for straight 10% SMYS the
pipe distance measured at
with A: the crotch shall not be
4. For pressure over 700 less than one pipe
kPa: proof test, FEA, etc (T-c) =< 13 mm → A = 25 diameter
required with a defined
minimum for closely 13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)
spaced and widely spaced
miter bend (T-c) > 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30

4.04.00 Bends and Elbows

i) Elbows shall be generally of long radius type.

ii) Bends for piping 65 mm Nb and above shall be made hot and for piping 50 mm Nb

and smaller may be made cold.

iii) Bends shall be made in accordance with PFI-ES-24. Bends shall be supplied with

the minimum tangents except where the piping layout necessitates shorter lengths

in which case the tangents shall be suitably reduced after the bending operation to

suit the requirements of the piping layout.

iv) Heat treatment of bends shall be done as per material specification and PFI-ES-6.

v) The finished bends wall thickness at any point of the bend shall not be less than the

straight pipe wall thickness. All bends 65 mm Nb and larger shall be ultrasonically

examined as per PFI-ES-20.

vi) Where examination of bends indicates that wall thinning has resulted in thickness

less than the minimum specified, repair by weld deposition shall be allowed only

where the length of the affected area is 150 mm or less as measured along the

outside arc of the bend. Repairs in excess of this amount shall not be allowed. All

repairs shall be carried out only after approval of the Employer.

vii) Circumferential butt welds shall not be used in the area of the bend. Longitudinal

welds, where bends are formed from welded pipe shall be located on the bend's

neutral axis