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B. Nelson Norden
July 19 , 1973
Final Report
u . S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
NBSIR 73- 243
Nelson Norden
July 19 , 1973
Final Report
Page
List of Illustrations
Nomenclature iii
lntroduc t ion
General Description of Contact Problem Between Two Elastic Bodies
Experimental Verification
Conclusion
Summary of Equations
References
Illustrations
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
3lB-inch anvils
Figure 11. Analysis of total system deformation using equations (55),
(62), (73), (76), and (79)
plane contact
contact
NOMENCLATURE
point of body 2
iii
ABSTRACT
in the metrology field and industrial sector. Since the cylinder is usually
placed between two flat parallel anvils, one needs to be able to apply corrections
to account for the finite measuring force used, for the most accurate determina-
which have been developed for deformation' of a cylinder to plane contact case.
There are a number of formulae depending upon the assumptions made in the develop-
ment. It was immediately evident that this subject has been unexplored in depth
by the metrology community, and thus no coherent treatise for practical usage
to compare their results within the force range normally encountered in the
empirical formulae. A complete bibliography has been included for the cylinder-
, female or neuter
The problem of contact between elastic bodies (male
gender) has long been of considerable interest. Assume that two elastic
If collinear
solids are brought into contact at a point 0 as in Figure
, deformation
forces are applied so as to press the two solids together
occurs , and we expect a small contact area to replace the point of the
unloaded state. If we determine the size and shape of this contact area
and the distribution of normal pressure, then the interval stresses and
problem was first developed by Hertz in 1881. The assumptions made are:
z = Dx + Ey + Fxy.
The elastic limits of the materials are not exceeded during
materials occurs.
The two bodies under examination must be isotopic.
Only forces which act normal to the contacting surfaces are
2 1/2
(1 - (x/a) - (y/b) J
because the materials (usually possessing finely lapped surfaces), and the
measuring forces normally used are sufficient for the Hertzian equations
to be accurate. In the case of surfaces that are not fine 1y lapped , the
actual deformation may differ by more than 20% from those ca1cu1a ted from
eqUB tions.
Since the subject of deformation has such widespread impact on the
(1) dealing with line contact and particularly the contact of a cylinder
to a plane , and; (2) which treats the general subject of contacting bodies
and derives formulae for all other major cases which should be encountered
able for large forces, it was found that the data is scarce for forces
in the range used in measurement science. One reason for this scarcity
ellipse.
The approach where the contact area between a cylinder and plane
where L ~:;::.b.
The determination of compression formula by empirical means.
- +- :;:. -
the curve of compression. Th. theory was first developed by H. Hertz ClJ~
state with a point of contact at The two surfaces have a common tarigeRt
at point O. The principal radii of curvature of the surface at the point
of contact is R
l for body 1
, and R
2 for body
R ' and R I repr~sent
the other radii of curvature of each body. The radii of curvature are
the body, . and negative if the center of curvature lies outside the body.
Also planes x
l z and
Z should be chosen such that
The angle (j) is the angle between the normal sections of the two bodies
contact O. We must limit our analysis to the c. ase where the dimensions
of the compressed area after the bodies have been pressed together are
also assume that the surface of each body near the poin t of contact can
Z = Dx + Ey + 2 Fxy
If the two bodies are pressed together by applied normal forces (Figure
3), then a deformation occurs near the original point of contact along the
Z-axis. Here again, we consider only forces acting parallel to the z-axis
of point P
1 of body 1 and w 2 is the deformation of point P 2 for body 2
plane C is the origina 1 plane of tangency; z
l is the distance from P l to
the undeformed state , and z 2 is the distance from P 2 to the undeformed
+ w ) + (z ) = 0 (1)
2 + w
l = D 1 x + E1 Y + 2F 1
z2=D 2 x + E2Y+ 2F
2 xy.
Now Hertz showed that the axis can be transformed so that F 1 = -F 2' and
the principal curvatures of the surfaces and the angle between the planes
follows:
A + B = '2 R (4)
' + R~' + ;
1 + ;
2 + 2 +
B - A = 12 R1 R
- 1
' R2 - 1
R
-1
R' R R'
-1 cos 2W
1/2
(5)
Since the points within the compressed area are in contact after the
compression we have:
1 + w 2 = 6 - Ax -
= 0),
and since 6 is the value of w
1 and 101 2 at the. origin (Figure 3 , x =
e must evaluate w
I and w
The pressure P between the bodie. s is the resultant of a distributed
pressure (P' per uni t of area), over the compressed are. From Prescott C2J
== A (6)
l ~
and
(7)
2 = A2 ~ (x
where i- vl.
TIEi
, y
-7-
where the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the elastic constants for bodies
1 and 2.
One important Jact should be observed from Equations 6 and 7 and this
is:
1 - 1) 2
TIEi
(9)
1 -
TIE 2
which means if the two bodies are made of the same material w
1 = w
The integral equation 8 allows one to compute the contact area , the
distributed over the compressed area with surface density P' we see the
analogy between this problem and potential theory. Hertz saw the ana logy
since the integral on the left side of equation 8 is of a type commonly
mass npabc, then the potential within the ellipse is given by Kellog (JJ
~.ex , y, z) =
(10)
TIP~C~( 1 .
2 + If l: y 2 on) (b
y) (0
2 + y)) 1/
If we consider the case where the ellipsoid is very much flattened (c .... 0)
then we have
' dy l =
(A + A
2')~ r E.:.
'A
1 + A ) 4"
1 ~-+ ~ b 'J.'
2 + ~)(m
(15)
~ + ~)(b
Thus we have
d'J.'
' dy l =
1 + A t p 1 -
((a +
2 'i')d(b + 'i') ('i') =
6 - Ax - (17)
we have
) ~oo
6 ~ 4" 1
3 P (A + A
2
'i'
2 + y) (b 2 HHy)r/2
(18)
A = ~ P (A
'i'
(19)
1 + A
0 (a 2 + 'i') 3/2 ((b 2 + 'i')('i')) 1/2
d'i'
B = p (A (20)
1 + A
0 (b 2 + 'i') 3/2 ((a 2 + 'i')
('i')tI2
5/2
By multiplying the numerator and denominator by (- and making the
A =.~ P (~
1 + ~
(1 + i;) 2 + !;) 1/2~ 1/2
Aa 3 ::: .~ P (A.
1 + A.
)F (1 + ~ )
3/2 (1
.d~
- e
2 +~) 112 ~ 1/2
(21)
Ba 3 ;::: 1. P (A. + A. )
d ~
(22)
2 + ~ ) 3 I 2 (~
(1 - e (1 + ~ ) J 1/2
and
6a = 7;
(A.
1 + A.
00 (~ (1 + ~ ) (1 .. e 2 + ~ )J 11 2
(23)
;::: 1. P (A. + A.
. -2 cot csc
2 ,,/2
3/2 (00t 2 e) ~/2
(~+ oot e (1 - ~ 2 + oot
2 csc
(A.
1 + A.
/2 (csc e)
3/2 (csc e - e )
2 l/2
= ~ p p("-("- .. . ..
..
-11-
= ~ P ("-
1 + "- 10
= 4 P ("- 1 + "-
2 e
/2csc e. (l
csc e
--1.... '
and since sine - csce
. 2
Aa = 4 P "- 1 + "- Sln e
. 2
(24)
. 1 2 de
/2 (1 - e Sl.n e)
3 = l P (~ -2 sin
l + "- 2 sin 3/2 (25)
TI/2 (l ~ e
and
6a =
1 + "-
TI/2 (1 .. e
.2
sin e)
(26)
TI/2~l.n e 2
Ai
(27)
1 + "-
(l - e sin e) l/2
3 = ~ P ("-
n/2 ~n ~2 3/2 . 2
(28)
1 +"- (1 - e sin e)
n/2
5a = 2 ("- 1 + "- (29)
(l - e2Sl.n
. 2
)=. q,)
q, = q,) =
-12-
Now the Legendre forms of elliptic integra 1s of the first . and second
The complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds are the
There are numerous ways to evaluate the above integrals. Hastings (5J,
has po1ynomia 1 approximations accurate to 2 parts in 10
8 which are of
the form
K(e) = (a o +a 1 + ... + a 1 J +
o + b l + ... + b l J In(l/m
= 1.38629 436112 b =
1 = . 09666 344259
l = . 12498 593597
2 = . 03590 092383
2 = . 06880 248576
03742 563713
3 = . 03328 355346
4 = . Ol451 196212
4 = . 00441 787012
-13-
given by,
E (e) = C1 + a
1 + ... a l J + (b 1 + 1 J In
a 1 = . 44325 141463
1 = . 24998 368310
2 = . 06260 601220
2 = . 09200 180037
3 = . 04757 383546
3 = . 04069 697526
4 = . 01736 506451
4 = . 00526 449639
TI/2
K - (1 - e2Sl.n
. 2 -1/2
e)
we can obtain
TI/2
(1
Sl.n
= e (30)
- e sin e)
3/2
and in a simi 1ar manner for the elliptic integra 1 of the second kind
e obtain
TI/2
-e! sin e
.2l
e sin e)
(31)
Aa 3 = .2.. P
1 2 de -1) (32)
3 = .2.. P
(33)
de e
(1 - e
2~in l/2 (1 .. ;::n 1/2
~lt~~1 )::~~:;b
~ ~ P (~ 1/2 J de
1 +
(1 - ~2 $in
1/2
(1 - . .irt e)
- e sin e) 1
1 + A.
(K .. E J (35)
dE= - (E - K)
de (36)
From equation 30
e s~n
(1 - e sin e)
3/2
TI/2
(1 - e sin e) 1/2 (e sin
3/2
-0 e (1 .. e sin e) 1/2 (1 .. e sin
TI/2
(1 - ~ s1n 8)
1/Z
fl - (1 - ~ sin en-
3/2
(l - e sin e)
e (1 - e sin e) (1
1/2 e(l .. e
. 2 3
(1 - e
e (l
sin
(1 .. e 2s~n
. 2e)
.. e 2Sl.n
1/2.. e
. 2 e) (1 - e sin)
(l
2 . 2
Sl.n (1)
2 3 12
. de
..
l5-
/2
. 1
l/~ 3/~
e(l 'in e(1. ;Sin
TII 2
de ...! K +
0 (1
-e
..d
2 i 2 ) 3/2
e s ne 2 -e (l - e)
thus
de !K +
e (1 - e e(l - e
(E - (1 - e 2 ) K J (37)
-dE
(38)
obtain
- (1 - e ) (E - K)
(39)
E - (1 - e 2 ) K
We noo see that for any va 1ue of the eccentricity of the contact e 11ipse
we can obtain values for~, K , and ~ which wi 11 allow us to compute the
object with zero force applied , Figure 4b shows the exaggerated resultant
shape of the anvi 1s and cylinder after a measuring force is applied. Since
the customer usually desires to know the lI unsquashed" diameter , certain
deve loped to solve for the " pressure distribution " and size of the area
finite rectangle wit:h one side very much greater than the other.
The derivation will be for the case of a pair of cylinders with their
axes parallel and is based on the works of Thomas and Hoersch (7J, and
Love (8J. The solution for a cylinder to plane contact can easily be
axes parallel (figure Sa), and when a cylinder rests on a plane. As the
two cylinders are pressed together along their axes , the resulting pressure
area is a narrow " rectangle " of width 2b and length L (assuming no taper
ellipse with the major axis of the ellipse equal to L and the eccentricity
-17-
:L.....
~:b 1 .
across the minor axis of the ellipse in the plane x = 0 (figure Sc), is
a (0
1/1 d. '
2TIab
f1 -
b 2
2nab 2 - (40)
..1L
constant. Then the va lue of P is the force per unit length of the contact
area. For a = 00 , the compressive stress at any point is given by,
a(y) =
3P
2nab
(1 - ~)
2 1/2
(41)
P = pIL
a(y) =
nLb
2P (1 - ~)
2 1/2
(42)
We can now see that the maximum value for the stress within the area
amax=- TILb
(43)
(j
-18-
l = B1 Y
2 = B2 Y
we obtain
and since the one axis of the ellipse , a -+ 00 , the expression becomes
(b +
'J:'
3/2 1/2
'.l') '.l'
(45)
B = 2 (A. ) plLb or
I + "-
2 ("-
1 + "- (46)
-19-
For a pair of cylinders with their axes parallel and radii r 1 and r
respectively, we have
l = B 2r 1
2 = B
B = B
1+r
Thus l + B2 - 2r 1 r
2 =
4("- )P(r (47)
1 4- A.
L(r 1 + r
Z=
z =-=0
thus
4r ("- (48)
1 + "-
l = 6 - By (49)
(A. + A.
where r = ((Y
2 +x 1/2 and the integral applies to the flnite
rectangle of contact with one side (L) very much longer than the other (2b).
We now have
~(O
-I-b
. 2
.2
P(y , )
) + X l2) 1
dx dy
-b -L
, y) p(y ' y -~.)
-20-
-b ) 2 + x I 2) 1
dx '
I/~
) In
points within the contact area. Since we are interested in the maximum
f = frb
In(y
'll - ie)
V 2 (In 0. sin 2 e))(~"o.e) de
-rr/2
tTT
12TI/2
we know that,.,
b(21nb)r CD
/2 - ie de + Zbr coa
TI/2 ..
e Inlsinelde
l2
cos e de =
TI/2
and the integral
I = . cos e 1n Isine de
+rr/2
TI 12
has been evaluated by Birens de Haan (9J, to give
I = (1 + 1n4)
= b 21nb
-2 11. + 2b 11. - !!. In4
1n4
= TIb (lnb - -
(1 ; 1n4)
0(0 0) . 2 t 1n L - (rtb (lnb
1 + 104
- 2 t (lnL - lob +
Since
6 = (A. + A.
2 . 'Feyr dx ' ' + By
)p
22-
and if1 (0, 0) gives uS th~ potential at the center of pressure zone we have,
particular case.
we have
4r ("- ) P
1 + "-
6 = ("- 1 + "- ) 2 L 1nL - 2" 1n
+ 1.193145
4'("
(:l1n1 - 1n( + 2. 38629J
= L ("- 1 + "-
i = 1 - vI ITIE
= radius of cylinder
-23-
(1.00 + I. (55)
::;: L (/.. 1 + "- 1,. ) Pr
I ;
Remember this formula is for th~ case of a cylinder to plane on only one
side. If both sides are desired , such as the case in Figure 4, then
::;: 20
If the lengths of the lines of contact are not equa 1 or if the ma teria 1
will be
T = 01 + 6
cylinder to plane has been obtained from correspondence with Bob Fergusson (1OJ.
The basis of the work is a paper by Airey C llJin which formulae are given
for the solutions of elliptic integrals when the eccentricity (e) approaches
unity.
From Equations 4 and 5 we have
A + B ::::0---. +
1 1
1 D1 D2 D
A)
..l 1... 1... cos 2UJ
1 D
Iii the case cylinder plane, body the cylinder aad body
is the plane , then
Diameter of cy1inde~
D' ::;: 00
~~=
~ - ~. ~ ~~ : :.. . . . .!
24-
B=-"'-
l D
Thus the parameter ~ = --- = AD
A -
) = In ~. K -
K (e 2
= square of modulus e
h = square of the complementary modulus or (1 - e )
~ 1 . h + 22
2 . 3
l = 1
1 +
. 4 2.h+
2 +
h + ). h
2 = J - i). :~ (i
) = In E+ (57)
and E(e
Vh
where E (e ) = complete elliptic integral of second kind
2 . 3
2 +
0: ~ 1_. h +
. 2
Z - .
Z=j - ~). h -
(i -
). h
p:. - ))(~)(-~)
(*~)
25-
Thus as e ..... 1
k(e ) = In 4 (58)
(1 - e
dE -
IK+
e(l - e
which reduces to
dK
dE = (59)
and
(60)
h B
Since from previous derivations , namely Eq.. 32 where
A a 3 = ~p ('\
1 +'\
We substitute (6) into the above to obtain
A a 3 = ~p (A. l + A
and
A a = IP (~ + ~) h (AD
3 PD
= 2 (A 1 + A
3 PD3""
h = 2 (AI + ~)
Now since a = 2 (the ellipse of contact approach where the major axis of the
ellipse is a) we have
h = 12 (\ + A
2 L
~ ~ (~ .\) (. . .. ... -
-Z6-
From Equation 34
3P
1 + ~
= '2 a (~ l + ~) ;Jh
Since 1n
= '2 In 16 - '2 1n h = '2 1n
4 L
8 = 1. (.\ + A ) 1.0
2 L 3(\ + A )PD
since D = Zr
4L
= 1. (.\ +
2L In
3(2)(A1 + AZ )pr
In 6(\ +.\
)pr = In '6 +
4 L
1.0 (.\
1 + .\
L1
8 = ~ (A
t.
40547 + In
~)t:
l +
Az)~
60S205 + 1. 5 In
(62)
+Az) f (~ f
9~,:J
This expression is for the contact case of one side of the cylinder pressed
-27-
against a plane. If the normal approach (deformation) for the cylinder is
Total = 8 1 + 8
2 L 3
8 = 3 (). ) L 1n 3 A. PD
where ).
0 = ( ). 1 + ~) = 2).
P = Total load applied
L = Length of contract
D = Diameter of cylinder
Lundberg ~2J in 1939 in which the contacting bodies were treated as elastic
1 + w2 + Z l + Z 2 = 8
whe re 8 is the approach ing dis tance of the points at the surface of the bodies.
v = F(x
y) = t
(~:t:\ (8 - Z
t.
, y) ~ , y) =,y) + (y - y ) , y~ y).
-28-
where 9. =
~ 2
1 -
Now F(x
i; '" (x ,y) = i;
) d,, ' dy
where r (x - x) l/2
and if w
I = F 1 (x
2 = F 2 (x
that is some function of x and y.
Then we have
8 = 4 (t F (x (63)
l +
we have
Thus we see the relationships between the pressure distribution and the total
The relationship for the displacement of the surface of the plane under
-29-
l (x
o) + FlX, o) = (t 1932 + In (65)
1 + ~ )f ~ (1.
1 - v
P = Total Load
1 + 8864 + in (66)
8 =
L rr ~bJ
4r(1.. + A
1/2
b =
= (1..
1 + 1.. ) L (3. 7728 + 2 1n L - 2 In 2 - 2 1nb)
= 0. 1 + 1.. 3865 + in L
2 + ln
) L 4r(A~ + A )PJ
= (" )- +! &~-+ . .
-30-
= (A 3865 + In 25) + in (A
1 + A )L 1 + A
)Pr
8 = (A
)L OOO9 + In (67)
i + "
9pr
This 8 gives uS the normal approach for one side of a cylinder- plane contact.
and
F = (" 1 + "
l + "
p r.
) f (1.
) L ~.
1932 + 1.0 L ...
1932 + 1n L -
ln 2b)
1.0 2
;2 1n L
4r(" 1 + "
11932 - ~9315 +t In
= ('r + A ) t (10 4r(Ai + 91'
F = (1.
1 + 1. ) f (:5 4r(A.~ + A.
F = (" + A
2 L 193145 + 2 1n (" )pr (68)
1 + A
The assumption made here 'Was that the Hertzian half-width b ~~ radius of
v =
l-v
1/'E L 1n (69)
This equation assumes that both contacting bodies are of the same material.
1 - \,
c 1/'E
= 2 ~n'- !fL 1
:~~
-31-
~1
;t( )I (In
- t)
Now
1n -- = In 4 + 1nr- 1nb
4r(A 1 + A
= 1n 4 + 1nr -
2' ln
1n 4 + 1nr +
2' ln 4r(A
1 + A
.L
= l. 38629 + 2' 1nr
+ 2
1.0 4r(A
1 + A
. = 8 693l45
In -- +_
1 +A
So we have
(19314, + t 1n
f ~) (70)
~ ~l + A ) t
Weber also obtained an expressed for the deformation of the plane surface as
2 in (71)
F "
(1 ;E
- 2 )(f) (t + in
l - 1 1 - 1'
l.
F ~ 2" + In ~bj
7:;'
-32-
...1 == 1n L
In 7I'b ln7T - 1nb
== In L 1n7T1- 4r(A
2~n1 + A
== '2 1n
L - 1n7T + 2 In 4r(A
1 + A
L3
== -ln7T
+ 2 1n 4r(A
1 + A
1 + 1\. 2 Pr
7Tb
In 1- == -1. 83787 + 11n
2 (A
L
l + A
)Pr
== (A
P (
l + A ) L C1.
33787 + '2 1n (A
)Pr (72)
1 + A
To obtain the total deformation for the case of a cylinder between two
anvils we have
Total == 2(Vc + V
" 2 ((A
I + 1, ) fr1. 14473 + 11n
)9
I +
L: X
8 = 2 (0' 1 + ' ) f(-lo
14473 + In (73)
been derived by Db'rr (14), FO'pp1 (15), Kovalsky (16) , and DinniK (17) . Only
the pertinent results will be given here.
-33-
2(1 - I' 2
7TE (f) (In
one-sided
2(1 - v
I )
193145 + '2 In (74)
7TE L 0 1 + A
== 28
Total
Total " 4 ( ) f (1 + ln
where b is Hertzian half-width
one-side . Z
1 -
.E Z
P 3333
t (
r -Ie '2 1-n
LR )1'
(75)
Roark also gives an expression for the mutual approach of remoted points in
two plates as
1 - 1rEL
== 4 7TE . L P(l (76)
elliptically across the contact width. The change in diameter parallel to the
Tot
4(1 -
7I"E
In b2r -34-
+ 0. 407 (77)
P = Total load
L = Length of contact
r = Radius of cylinder
by assuming the pressure distribution across the contact width was parabolic
Tot = 4
- '0
7I"E L (In
+ ~J
(78)
. - 2
:t? (1.1932 + In
We may write the normal approach of a distant point in the elastic plane to
where
.1. 8Tot +
Another relationship was obtained from a Canadian report which gives the
-35-
8 ;: (1 + 1n
1+ l' 1 +
= 7I"E
l 7I"E
if we replace L = a and 2r = 'W then
8 = .E.Q 1 + 1 (79)
QFr
Thus the total deformation for a cylinder between two planes would be
Total
= 8 +
In a paper by Loo
(19) the
problem of line contact between two infinitely
1/2
8 . P In 2R ) In
I + 111 In 2R2 + (K l + K
.. t(K1 + K (80)
1 + 1 + z.\p (81)
2(" +
~J
real world of metrology this may well be the case anyway because any " flat
measuring surface is not perfec tly flat. In Figure 4 , if one of the contac ting
anvils has a very s light curvature and its surface can be approximated by the
arc of a circle , then we can solve for the radius by the sagitta formula.
For example , if the anvil surface is 5p. higher at the center than the
Anvil Width
( Anvil Width
Radius =
z.
2(0 5)(10
Thus we may solve for the deformation by plugging this value back into
Equation 80. To obtain the total deformation for the case of a cylinder
..37-
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
was devised for amplifying the deformation and a Zeiss optimeter was used as
the readout device. The c. ontacting anvils were hardened and finished to
end-s tandard qual i ty The optimeter was calibrated with end standards but
2p. (8p. The cylinders used in the test 'Were steel wires (used tome. asure
the pitch diameter of external threads) with nominal diameter 0. 18mm to 50 7Ommo
The applied load varied from 1 Kg to 10 Kg in some cases Anvil pairs used
The contac t case where the wires were shorter than the measuring surfaces
was also examined. The test results proved that the length of the wire exceeding
the size of the measuring surface has no effect on the amount of deformationo
In other words it is immaterial whether the length of the wire exc~eds that of
The values for ob1ateness for the 1 Kg load were plotted against the cube
root of the curvature (reciprocal cylinder radius) with the result being linear..
Thus he concluded the proportionality equation was
3t:'T,..
M = C x 10
- 3 P
v1/D mm (82)
-38-
where M = ob1ateness in mm
C = Constant of proportion~lity
D = Cylinder diameter in mm
The factor C was determined as 0. 9228 from 35 test series. The mean
error of the individual value of C was + 1. 99% and the maximum deviations from
-6 inches) of a
where 20 = ob1ateness in micro inches (10
steel planes
shown in Figure 7 along with the results of Equations 55 62 and 82 from this
see from Figure 7 that the data from NPL agrees quite closely with Equation 62..
was discussed. From Equation 61 the equation for two bodies of the same
material ti
B = 3(A
) f In 3A PD
Thus the total deformation for the case of a cylinder between two planes would be
Tota1 = 2B
where B = Deformation
planes 0. 118 inch in width were summarized by still another empirical formulao
B = 0. 0091 L
-0. 73 D-Oo 08 p 6666
(10 ) inch (84)
case such as the type of surface finish and the parallelism of the plane
surfaces.
".
40-
In the most recent measurements on the compression of a roller between
shaft with an air bearing for loading coupled with capacitance probes to sense
the compressi.on. The test cylinder and flat were made of Cr - Mn hardened
tool steeL The plane was flat within 0. 025llm (Ill ) and the cylinder was
straight to 0. 025llm. Both plane and cylinder possessed a surface roughness
215 ~
L (A I + A
. 1. 0 + In
I + A
)pr
while the values predicted by the Bochman and Berndt (20) relationship differ
Thwaite concludes that within the load range tested the equation based on
the finite rectangle gives the b~st approximation to compute the compression
involved in the case of a cylinder between two planes. That is, the finite
rectangle relation seems to be the one that would be of more practical use in
CONCLUSIONS
Since the contacting case of a cylinder between two planes has such
apply elastic corrections for the most precise determination of a diameter of the
cylinder. There are many prediction foDnulae depending upon the assumptions made.
-41-
This paper has assembled the majori tyof the equations in existence in the
and 10 give the results of three equations 62 55 and 82 which are representative
and cylinder diameter varying from . 001 to 1. 00 inch. The slopes (micro-
inches lIb) of five theoretical equations are plotted in Figure 11. The slopes
of three empirical equations over the same range are shown in Figure 12. 'ro
total deformation.
Note: Keep in mind that these slopes are for the total deformation of a
cylinder between two plane surface. For example the values are
twice the values given by the equations listed. Also the values for
Poisson I S ratio and Young ' s Modulus are for 52100 bearing steel
in which
measuring force less than that force which will cause permanent deformation to
the objec t under test. For the case of a cylinder against a plan~ a
nomograph has been developed for easy computation of the stress (Figure 13).
. .
-42-
In certain cases where the compression needs to be known to better than
5% then the only practical way to account for surface finish, the actual
material parameters , and the exact geometry of the cylinder and flat would be
used in the metrology field it appears that Equation 55 , based on the finite-
10 - 30% is not enough to give one insomnia because the measurement uncertainty
(standard deviation) ~il1 likely be the same order of magnitude if not larger
SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
~R(\ + A
b=
. Equations for Compression of Cylinder and Plane in Contact
(55) L 0' 1
.r.
+ A ) L1.
00 + ln (A
1 + A
)PR
. ~ 3
(62) I + A
608205 + 1. 5 1n
. )PR
1+" 1 + '.
(79)
1 7T 2 7T 00 + 1n PR
1 + ~1
1 7T
1 +
73 D 08 p 6666 (10
(84) ~ = 0. 0091 L ) inches
) ~. . .
-43-
(68) F . t (A
I + 1.
193145 + t In
f\)PR
(72) 8 33787 + t 1n
p * t (A 1 + A
) t1. 1 ~\)PRJ
. Equations for Compression of A Cylinder Between Rigid" Planes
(70) S =2L 1 -
1TE
193145
+ 2
1 '
1n (11.
1 + A
1 - LIt
(75) S = 2 L.
1TE
3333 1n (A
+ 2
I + A
1 -
(77) 8 = 2
1TE
407 + In
1 - v
(78) a t = 2 L 333 + in
Equations for Normal Approach of Two Planes with Cylinder Between the Planes
1 - I' 1TEL
(76) M = 4 L In
1TE P(l _
, " ".
-44-
REFERENCES
die Beriihrung fester elastischer Korper und uber die Harte , 1882,
(4J Mary L. Boas: Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences . John Wiley
sol id upon another , Bulle.tin No. 212 Engineering Experiment Station , University
1964.
(17 J Dinnik: Quoted in H. Rothbart I Mechanical Desip;n and Systems Enp;ineering
1964.
(18J R. J. Roark: Formulas . for Stress and Strain , McGraw Hill , New York , 1965.
(l9J T. T. Loo: Effect of curvature on the Hertz Theory for Two circular cylinders
(20J I. H. Bochman: The Ob1ateness of Steel Balls and Cylinders due to Measuring
June 1971.
L30J C. A. Moyer and H. R. Neifert: A First Order Solution for the Stress
pp 324-336 , 1963.
pp 147-157 , 1972.
(36J G. Berndt: Die APp1attun.g von Stahlkuge1n und zylindern durch den
Messdruck , (The Compression of Steel Spheres and Cylinders by Measurement
Pressure), Z. Instrumentenkunde, Vol. 48 , p. 422.
1959.
-47-
(383 10 Yao Shtaerman: The Contact Problem of Elasticity Theory , Mosc.ow"
Leningrad , 19490
",.
Body 2
Cross - section of two surfaces nea. r the point of
contact O.
FIGURE 2
Body I Force
Force
Body 2
Geometry of deformed bodies. Broken lines show the
surface as they would be in the absence of deformation.
Continuous lines show the surfaces of the deformed bodies.
FIGURE 3
(a)
Measuring Measuring
Force Force
(b)
MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETER OF
c..'l'LINDE R
FIGURE 4
( a) (b)
max
(1' y
200
150
AA SURFACE FINISH MICROINCHES
FIGURE 6
// /.
/Eq. 62
/ I
:I:
"." 4
::~t.
I 0
LB FORCE
FIGURE 7
"/
IE 62
Eq.
::x: 5
::l.
1.0 5 2.
LB. FORCE
5'
FIGURE 9
.... ... . "---
.... .... "'"
:r: Eq. 55
(.) 4
:::S...
~82
LB. FO
5 RC2.E0 2.
FIGURE 10
'+- - - . . . -- - - - - ----
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .
. . .
W-
::l
Eq. 62
-I Eq.
Cf)
Eq.
Eq. 55
FIGURE II
(/)
..... ~ .---------
----- -- --- -- ..- - -------
--------- - --- ---
. -
a.. -
..J
3 -
- E q.
. Eq.
FIGURE 13 (a)
= Radius of cylinder
1-.. =
1 - vi
TIEi
375
010
Force
Rodiu.
Contact Length
(1) Locate measuring force and length of contact on the appropriate scales
and connect these points until the turning axis T is intersected; (2) Lo-
cate the radius and connect with the intersected T axis;
(3) Read maximum
stress to be expected wi thin the contact area; (4)
Compare maximum stress
read from nomograph with curve in Figure 6.
400
001 300
200
100
005
010
1.5
1.0
100
STRESS
x 103 PSI
FORCE
L.BS.
RADIUS
CaNT ACT
IN. LENGTH
IN.
FIGURE 13 (b)
Equation For The Calculation Of Compression Between
A Cylinder And Plane Surface
Force
8 = L (X I + X 2 ) 1. 00 + I n ( ). rt X2 ) P R
L3
8Total = 8, +
FIGURE 14