NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS

NHK News Technical Center

(N
(News P
Production
d i & Network
N kEEngineering)
i i )

Yusuke MITA
( it
(mita.y-gm@nhk.or.jp)
@ hk j )
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

T i
Topics
„ NHK circuit network
„ Digital Signal
„ Compression HD Signals
„ Digital Modulation
„ OPTICAL FIBER
„ Communication Satellite
„ other TRANSMISSION
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Microwave contribution system

Receiving station

Helicopter 【HD】
QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）

【SD】
FM （Analog
g Frequency
q y Modulation))
Microwave Truck

Fiber
Portable robotic camera Cable
NHK Head Quarter
Receiving station Broadcast Center
Microwave Truck
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

SNG (Satellite News Gathering)

Communication Satellite

Potable Flyaway SNG Truck

Head Quarter
Stations
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Submarine fiber network

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Japan-US cable route

Compression transmission off
HD signals
HD-signals
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

N
Necessity
it off C
Compression
i
„ HD-SDI Data Rate：1.485Gbps
„ In order to transmit or record within limited capacity,
compression of data is needed
needed.
„ CS： Restricted by the capacity of transponder.

„ FPU： Restricted byy the capacity

p y of Channel
Bandwidth.
„ Opt Fiber: Cost and facilities is under restriction.

„ L l
Lossless compression,
i Lossy
L compressioni
„ Lossless compression can not get enough
compression ratio what we need. (1/2 (1/2～1/5)
1/5)
„ In transmission of compression signal, lossy
compression is usually used.
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

P i t off compression
Point i
„ Rough level of quantization
„ A simple
p decreasing g of quantize
q bit level leads to
huge level degradation of video signal.
„ Video signal contains a lot of low-level frequency
components →flexible quantizing level
components.
„ Reference between previous frame and now
„ If no change
g detected, need not make signal.g
„ If something in the picture is moving , make signal
only difference between previous and now.
„ Image degradation due to compression
„ In High-level frequency-based picture, huge level
degradation occur.(mosquito noise)
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Di it l T
Digital Transmission
i i
MPEG2-TS(Transport Stream)
Video+Audio+Data
188 byte = 47 × 4
MPEG2　
TSP
TSP
Header

ATM　Cell

48 byte
53 byte
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

TS St
Structure
t
TS TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP

TS TS
HEADER TS PAYLOAD HEADER TS PAYLOAD

PES PES
PES PAYLOAD
Packet HEADER

ES ES
・ES(Elementary Stream)
Include element of video/audio signals.
・PES（Packetized Elementary Stream）
Variable-length-divided ES. (incl. time header)
・TS（Transport Stream）
Divided PES per 188bytes blocks.
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Observation of MPEG2 Transmission

„ MPEG2 is not redundancy and

complicated class structure.

„ It is important to decode accuracy.

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Observation of MPEG2 Transmission

„ PID ： Program Identification

„ PCR ： Program Clock Reference

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ＰＳＩ（Program Specific Information)

ＴＳ
（NIT:Network Information Table）
ＮＩＴ Information of other TS stream
CAT:Conditional Access Table)
ＣＡＴ
“scramble”flag .PID=1
(PAT:Program Association Table) What program contains?
ＰＡＴ
PID=0 --refer PAT and search PMT
(PMT:Program Map Table)
ＰＭＴ
What stream contains?
Ｖｉｄｅｏ
--search
search PID from PMT
Ａｕｄｉｏ
Video PID = XXX
Program Clock
ＰＣＲ Reference Audio PID = YYY
Clock PID = ZZZ
ＰＭＴ

Ｖｉｄｅｏ Decode!

ＰＣＲ
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

C
Compatibility
tibilit off codec
d

Compatibility of codec is very important

１． Can
１ C Signal
Si l be
b decoded?
d d d?
２． No freeze/block noise detected?
３ No audio
３． audio-mute/slip
mute/slip detected?

„ Due to difference of handling , compatibility is

not kept between every codec maker.
„ PES
„ PCR interval
„ PLL phase tolerance
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Configuration of Eqipments
1.5Gbps
SMPTE292M
Compression DVB-S

Camera (encoder) Modulator

TS

SDI
TS
AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU

TC VITC 2F 10 80 　
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
dB OVER dBdB OVER dBdB OVER dB dB OVER dB dB OVER dB VIDB DF 59 CONFI ON

01:23:45:06
0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 20
2 2 2 2
-10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 10 DURATION
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 0 01:23:45:06 76.9％
-1 -30 -10
-1 -30 -10-1 -30 -10 -1
-30 -10
-40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20
-10
-20 1 VID.IN PB/EE CONFI CTL/TC MENU TCGSET
-2 -2 -2
-60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40
-2
-40
SDI EE DISABL TC
L R L R L R L R L R

ARIB STD－B11
MPEG2
SMPTE292M
Digital Modulation
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

F t
Features off di
digital
it l transmission
t i i
„ Stable
S bl transmission
i i is
i capable
bl in
i case off
low S/N ratio.

„ Able to reduce the amount of data by

compression technology.
technology
„ Able to make bandwidth narrow.
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Ki d off Digital
Kinds Di it l Modulation
M d l ti

„ ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

„ FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
„ PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
„ APSK (Amplitude Phase Shift Keying)
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ASK (A
(Amplitude
li d Shift
Shif Keying)
K i )

Modulation
Wave

Bitt
0 1 0 1 0
Information

ＡSK Signal
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

FSK (F
(Frequency Shif
Shift K
Keying)
i )

FSK Signal
g
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

PSK (Ph
(Phase Shif
Shift Keying)
K i )

PSK Signal
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

PSK （constellation）
（ ll i ）
・BPSK（Binary Phase Shift Keying ）
・QPSK（Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ）
・8PSK（
8PSK（ 8-
8 Phase Shift Keying ）

Ｑ Ｑ Ｑ
Amplitude
振幅 (0,1,1)
(0,1,0)
(0,1) (0,0) (0,0,1)
Phase (1 0 0)
(1,0,0)
位相
Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ
1 0 (0,0,0)
(1,0,1)
(1,1) (1,0)
(
(1,1,0)
)
(1,1,1)

(a)
( ) BPSK ((b)
) QPSK ((c)
) 8PSK
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

APSK (A
(Amplitude
lit d Phase
Ph Shift Keying)
K i )

ＡPSK Signal
Si l
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

APSK (A
(Amplitude
lit d Phase
Ph Shift Keying)
K i )

Ｑ Ｑ

Ｉ Ｉ

(a) (b)
APSK constellation （Hexadecimal-APSK）

・Amplitude & Phase

・in the case of Quadrature two amplitude moderation, called ’QAM’
・constellation of QAM arranged in a square grid with equal vertical and
horizontal spacing
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

QAM（Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

Ｑ Ｑ Ｑ

Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ

(a) 16QAM (b) 32QAM (c) 64QAM

QAM constellation
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ＯＦＤＭ

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

„ Multi-carrier modulation
„ A large
l number
b off closely-spaced
l l d
orthogonal sub-carriers are used to
carry data.
„ High resistance against Narrowband
interference and frequency-selective
fading due to multipath
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Configuration of Equipments
２７０Mbps
約1.5Gbps DVB-ASI
SMPTE292M
Compression DVB-S

Camera (encoder) Modulator

TS

SDI QAM-FPUは
QAM FPUは
ENC内蔵（外付けも可能）
TS
AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU

TC VITC 2F 10 80 　
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
dB OVER dBdB OVER dBdB OVER dB dB OVER dB dB OVER dB VIDB DF 59 CONFI ON

01:23:45:06
0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 20
2 2 2 2
-10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 10 DURATION
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 0 01:23:45:06 76.9％
-1 -30 -10
-1 -30 -10-1 -30 -10 -1
-30 -10
-40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20
-10
-20 1 VID.IN PB/EE CONFI CTL/TC MENU TCGSET
-2 -2 -2
-60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40
-2
-40
SDI EE DISABL TC
L R L R L R L R L R

ARIB STD－B11
MPEG2
SMPTE292M
DVB-ASI
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

T d In
Trend I the
th future
f t

„ H.264/AVC
H 264/AVC encoding
„ DVB-S2 modulation
DVB:Digital Video Broadcasting(Standard)

„ IP-packet transmission
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

OPTICAL FIBER
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Characteristics of Optical Fiber

„ Less attenuation
„ Wide bandwidth
„ Light weight
„ High noise resistibility
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Multiplex with other users

60Mbps
MUX MUX DeMUX
DE
MUX
20Gbps other
other (Multi (DeMulti
user
user Plexer) Plexer)

Once TV signal is coded to digital signal,

signal it doesn
doesn’tt make any difference to
other digital data, since all of the signal only consists of “0” and “1”.
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

T
Types off fiber
fib optical
ti l cable
bl
Single mode fiber 5-15μm

Multi mode fiber 50-100μm

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

O ti l Fiber
Optical Fib in
i the
th sea
1kg/m

Light Weight Cable (for Deep sea)

A fiber in section

Armored Cable (for Shallow sea) http://bb.watch.impress.co.jp/column/infra/2001/10/10/

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

C
Connector
t T Types
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Difference in user expectations

COMPUTER DATA TRANSPORTING

Doesn’t matter about slight link outage, since it’s able to resend
the data

LIVE BROADCASTING USE

Tiny lack of data could lead to complete video & audio
b kd
breakdown

Expectation of quality is fairly different

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Communication satellite
(C S)
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Satellite locations

INTELSAT-4

INTELSAT-2

INTELSAT-8
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

JCSAT-1B uplink & downlink contour

uplink contour downlink contour

Need high
power

Need low
power
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Communication satellite frequency bands

application
li ti
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Rain attenuation
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Sid Diversity
Side Di it
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Analog & Digital carrier

analog carrier digital carrier

35MHz 18MHz

power

Frequency
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

DVB S2
DVB-S2
DVB-DSNG DVB-S2

convolutional
inner coding trellis code LDPC
viterbi

[QPSK] 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5

2/3,, 3/4,, 4/5,, 5/6,, 8/9,, 9/10
[8PSK] 2/3,
2/3 5/6,
5/6 8/9
FEC 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 [8PSK] 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 8/9, 9/10
[16QAM] 3/4, 7/8
[16APSK] 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9, 9/10
[32APSK] 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9, 9/10

outer coding RS RS BCH

8PSK QPSK, 8PSK

modulation QPSK
16QAM 16APSK, 32APSK

roll off 0.35 0.25, 0.35 0.2, 0.25, 0.35

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

DVB S2
DVB-S2
DVB-DSNG HDTV HDTV

18MHz
36MHz

DVB-S2 HDTV HDTV HDTV HDTV

9MHz
36MHz
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

AUDIO
U O TRANSMISSION
S SS O
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Dynamic range of broadcasting devices

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Microwave transmission
„ Care the audio modulation level
(depends on the type of program, whether it’s a talk show, or a music
show etc.)
„ Needs fine direction adjustment both on transmitting
and receiving dishes
„ After tuning the direction of the transmitting dish, fix
on tight to firm structure
„ In some case, the reflection from water surface can
cause receiving power decrease
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

5.1 ch surround stereo mode

Ch.1: left (L) channel

Ch.2: right
g (R)
( ) channel
Ch.3: center (C) channel
Ch.4: low frequency effect (LFE) channel
Ch.5: left surround (LS) channel
Ch.6: right surround (LR) channel
Ch.3 is sometimes indicated as “SW” for “sub woofer”
Ch.5 and 6 is sometimes indicated as “SL” and “SR”
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Summary of
Dolby E multi-channel distribution system

„ Dolby E encoded signal is a single AES/EBU bitstream,

and can carry up to 8 discrete audio channels
„ Can apply to 16/20 bit, 48 kHz sampling format
„ Frame length is linked to video signal,
signal makes it
possible to edit or switch on the encoded bitstream
„ Strictlyy no compression
p is allowed on encoded
bitstream transmission
„ Encoder type DP571 and Decoder type DP572 are
introduced from Dolby Laboratories
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Dolby E encoded signal

Ch.1 Ch.3 Ch.5

Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6

Ch.5/6

Ch. 5/6 is the Dolby

Ch Dolb E encoded stream
st eam Dolby E encoded signal in Lissajous
You can recognize the data in full bit Full bit encoded
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Di
Diagram off DOLBY E system
t

M li l
Multiplexer D M li l
DeMultiplexer

5.1ch AES AES

A AES AES D 5.1ch
(total 6ch) DOLBY E DOLBY E (total 6ch)
/ /
ENCODER DECODER
D A
2ch 2ch
(stereo) Audio
(stereo)

AES AES
AES AES
AES AES

Video Video
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Dolby E encoder (DP571)

DP571 (front) DP571 (back)

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Dolby E decoder (DP572)

DP572 (front) DP572 (back)

 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

SMPTE 302M

„ Supports uncompressed digital audio signal

mapping
pp g on transport
p stream
„ Can manage all audio channel phase
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Double standard on SMPTE 302M

SMPTE-302M-1998 V U C P LSB data word MSB

SMPTE 302M 2002 LSB

SMPTE-302M-2002 d t wordd
data MSB V U C P

V:validity bits, U: user bits, C: channel status bits, P: additional framing bits
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

OPTICAL
O C TRANSMISSION
S SS O
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

DARK FIBERS
„ LOW COST
„ QUALITY OF THE CIRCUIT IS
DIFFICULT TO MONITOR
„ OPTICAL WAVELENGTH WILL BE AN
IMPORTANT FACTOR
OPTICAL FIBERS ARE MADE FOR
PARTICULAR WAVELENGTH
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
„ DARK FIBERS
LEASE OF OPTICAL FIBER
EQUIPMENTS(LIKE HOL-600) ARE
NECESSARY.
„ １．５GHｚ VIDEO TRANSMISION SERVICE
CARRIER CONTROLS THE TERMINAL(VSU)
„ DATA TRANSMISSION(MEGA LIVE
SERVICE)
TS TRANSMISSION SERVICE
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

T
Transmission
i i distance
di t
HDTV SDI (1.485Gbps≒1.5Gbps)

A Coaxial Wire Cable(5C-FB) : ～100m

A Coaxial Wire Cable(7C-HD) : ～200m
Optical Fiber : ～several thousands m
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

O ti l / Electrical
Optical El t i l convertion
ti
(1.5Gbps) Electric/Optical Converter
Electric
Signal
Cable equalizer ReClocker
METAL
CABLE
Optical
LD driver LD Signal

E/O Module

Optical/Electric Converter

PD Amplifier

Electric
Cable driver Signal
ReClocker
METAL
CABLE
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ATTENUATION OF OPTICAL SIGNALS

„ Wave length1.31μm ABOUT 0.5dB/km
„ Wave length1.55μm ABOUT 0.2dB/km

„ CONNECTORS loss ABOUT 0.5dB

„ POINT OF SPLICE ABOUT 0.05dB
0 05dB
„ AMPLIFIER

IT IS ESTABLISHED IN INTERVALS OF
40km 100km
40km～100km
(DEPENDS ON ITS WAVELENGTH&POWER)
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

OPTICAL Amplifier
A lifi
ＥＤＦＡ（Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier）
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ATM
（Asynchronous Transfer Mode）
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ATM
（Asynchronous Transfer Mode）

„ Information transfer
„ ATM Cell Structure
„ Virtual Connections
„ Services
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ATM
（Asynchronous Transfer Mode）

ATM is based on the efforts of ITU-T

Broadband Integrated Services Digital
(
Network(B-ISDN)) standard.

ITU T
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union
Union-Telecommunications
Telecommunications
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

I f
Information
ti Transfer
T f
・ scalable bandwidth from Mbps to Gbps

・ Th
The use off fi
fixed
d length
l th cells
ll ATM CELL
An ATM cell consists of a Header HEADER PAYLOAD
5byte 48byte
and Payload data
FIELD LENGHT

TDM transmission
ATM transmission
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

N t
Network
k Construction
C t ti

VIDEO CODEC NIU DSU Network

AUDIO
(CLAD)

TS UNI
(DVB-ASI , ARIB) (STM-1 , STM-4 , DS3 , E3)

TS : Transport Stream
NIU : Network Interface Unit
UNI : User Network Interface
DSU : Digital Service Unit
CLAD : Cell Assembly and Disassembly
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

Vi t l C
Virtual Connections
ti
„ ＶＰ（Virtual Path）
„ ＶＣ（Virtual Channel）
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

ATM Cell
C ll St
Structure
t

GFC:Generic Flow Control CLP:Cell Loss Priority

VPI:Virtual Path Identifier HEC:Header Error Control
VCI:Virtual Channel Identifier UNI:User-to-Network Interface
PT:Payload Type NNI:Network Node Interface
 NHK-CTI Training Material 2008

S i
Services
NTT MEGALIVE Service