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DDBA 8307 Week 4 Assignment

Constance F. Lima-Gonzalez

DDBA-8307-1

Dr. Craig Martin

April 01, 2018

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One-Way ANOVA

One-Way ANOVA is used in the establishment of whether there is a statistically

significant difference in the means of two or more unrelated groups that are independent

(Ross & Willson, 2017). The test is more effective if the groups are at least three as

opposed to being just two. The one way ANOVA statistic is also considered an omnibus

statistic as it does not identify the specific groups are statistically significantly different

from each other (Ross & Willson, 2017). To do this, post hoc tests are utilized thus

adding meaning to the ANOVA results arrived at.

The aim of this research is to establish whether there is a statistically significant

difference in the number of weekly widgets produced by employees by their work shift.

This should in terms of whether they work the day, night or swing shift. The dependent

variable for this case is widgets while the independent variable is the work shift that has

three categories; Day shift, Night shift and Swing shift.

Research Question

Is there a statistically significant difference in the number of weekly widgets produced

among day shift, night shift, and swing shift employees?

Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is not a statistically significant difference in the number of

weekly widgets produced among day shift, night shift, and swing shift employees.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in the number

of weekly widgets produced among day shift, night shift, and swing shift employees.
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Results

This section gives the results of the One-Way ANOVA conducted which will include the

descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive Statistics

Table 1 gives the means and standard deviations of the number of weekly widgets

produced during each shift. Data was collected from a total of 30 employees with the

assumption of equality of variances (Levene’s test, p = .475) being evaluated and no

violations noted. The assumption of equal variances is valid.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics

Work Shift M SD

Day Shift 46.90 21.594

Night Shift 10.89 4.197

Swing Shift 7.36 6.531

Note: n = number of observations; M = mean or average; SD = standard deviation. The

dependent variable is the social extroversion.
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Figure 1 below shows the box plot comparing number of weekly widgets produced by

work shift.

Figure 1: Box plot comparing number of weekly widgets produced by work shift.
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Inferential Results

The One-Way ANOVA test conducted was meant to test whether there was a

statistically significant difference in weekly widgets produced among day shift, night

shift, and swing shift employees. As earlier mentioned, the dependent variable is the

number of weekly widgets produced by employees while the independent variable is

work shift with three levels; day shift, night shift, and swing shift. The p value was

established to be 0.00, less than the conventional alpha, 0.05 thus the results were

statistically significant. In this case therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. We

conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in the number of weekly

widgets produced among day shift, night shift, and swing shift employees. To get the

specific groups are statistically significantly different from each other, post hoc analysis

using the Tukey’s HSD test was conducted and the results show that mean number of

widgets for the day shift was significantly different from the nigh and swing shift (P =

0.000). The number of weekly widgets produced during the night shift is not significantly

different from those produced during the swing shift (P = 0.826). Table 2 gives the

ANOVA summary.
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Table 2: ANOVA Summary Table for the Impact of Work Shift on Widgets Produced

Source df SS MS F p

Between-group 2 9662.866 4831.433 27.380 0.00

Within-group 27 4764.334 176.457

Total 29 14427.200

DATASET ACTIVATE DataSet1.

EXAMINE VARIABLES=Widgets BY Work Shift

Extending One-Way ANOVA to Two-Way ANOVA

To further extend the test to a Two-Way ANOVA, a new independent variable;

working environment with two levels, well aerated and poorly aerated. This will serve to

add meaning to the ANOVA results by including the other factors that affect

productivity. The working environment has to be conducive enough to facilitate higher

productivity by employees.
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References

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2015). Social statistics for a diverse

society (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Olive, D. J. (2017). One Way Anova. In Linear Regression (pp. 175-211). Springer,

Cham.

Ross, A., & Willson, V. L. (2017). One-Way Anova. In Basic and Advanced Statistical

Tests (pp. 21-24). SensePublishers, Rotterdam.

Wagner, W. E. (2016). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social

science statistics (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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Appendix – One-Way ANOVA SPSS Output

Descriptives

Widgets

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Minimum Maximum

Mean

Lower Bound Upper Bound

Day Shift 10 46.90 21.594 6.829 31.45 62.35 17 79

Night Shift 9 10.89 4.197 1.399 7.66 14.11 0 14

Swing Shift 11 7.36 6.531 1.969 2.98 11.75 0 18

Total 30 21.60 22.304 4.072 13.27 29.93 0 79

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Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Widgets

Levene df1 df2 Sig.

Statistic

18.480 2 27 .000

ANOVA

Widgets

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 9662.866 2 4831.433 27.380 .000

Within Groups 4764.334 27 176.457

Total 14427.200 29

Widgets
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Tukey HSD

Work Shift N Subset for alpha =

0.05

1 2

Swing Shift 11 7.36

Night Shift 9 10.89

Day Shift 10 46.90

Sig. .826 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.933.

b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic

mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

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Multiple Comparisons

Widgets

Work Shift N Subset

1 2

Swing Shift 11 7.36

Night Shift 9 10.89

Tukey HSDa,b,c
Day Shift 10 46.90

Sig. .826 1.000

Swing Shift 11 7.36
Night Shift 9 10.89
Duncana,b,c
Day Shift 10 46.90
Sig. .559 1.000
Swing Shift 11 7.36

Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch Night Shift 9 10.89

Rangec Day Shift 10 46.90
Sig. .578 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 176.457.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.933.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
c. Alpha = .05.
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