Exercise 12.

1
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Year & Section: 1-Bio1 Group No.: 5
Name: Dones, Maria Ronalee Enriquez, Zia Pauline
Enaje, Shana Marisse Fernandez, Shiba Ashley
Date experiment was performed: April 11, 2015-April 21, 2015
Date worksheet was submitted: May 5, 2015

Hypothesis:
Plants need to adapt to their surroundings to grow. Different factors such as temperature,
light and the pH level of the soil can directly affect the growth and development of plants.
Data and Results:
Table 12.1. Comparison between monocot and dicot seeds
Parts or Description of Seeds
Components Monocot Dicot
1. Shape/ size of Mostly are kidney – bean in
Mostly are round to cube-like shape
whole seed shape
From the wall of the embryo sack From the embryo sack wall
2. Seed Coat
(mother tissue) and endosperm tissue
Appears when the seeds shed and the Appears when the caruncle, a
3. Hilium/
funiculus, or the stalk connecting the soft, spongy white structure
Micropyle
ovule to the placenta starts to break off emerges
4. Cotyledon
Has 2 cotyledons which is fat
(number, size, Has 1 cotyledon, which is thin and small
that serve as storage
shape)
It is located inside the
It is not stored inside the cotyledon, but is
5.Endosperm cotyledon to feed the
located inside the seed coat
germinating seed
6. Embryo
a. Location It consists of the whole seed as its A part of the seed, usually
embryo found at the bottom part of the
seed is its embryo

b. epicotyl It gives rise to the stem and leaves It gives rise to the leaves and
covered by a protective sheath, upper stem
coleoptiles
 c. hypocotyl It remains and develops below the ground It extends above the ground
and does not form a central, strong tap and gives rise to the lower
root system stem

Table 12.2- The effect of Water on the growth of the epicotyl and hypocotyl of corn and
bean seeds. Values are expressed in millimetres using the average of the 5th and the 10th day
values.
Bean Corn
Light Dark Light Dark
Water
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl

1 60.5 26 20.5 22.5 39.5

2 12.5 49 24.5 34.5 37.5
3 83.5 48 16 0 22.5
4 48 49 18.5 6.5 0
5 73 50 24.5 14 37
6 62.5 60 18.5 12 68.5
7 9.5 65 24 9.5 49.5
8 40 40 15 69
9 52.5 21 5.5 47.5
10 50.5 24 28 75
11 40.5 33 13.5 57
12 48 38 0 48
13 46 52 0 26.5
14 67 48 9.5 57.5
15 53 22 8 12.5
16 96 76 25 71
17 38.5 78 22 51.5
18 59 77 30
19 85 10.5 83.5
20 59 2.5 23.5
21 1 0
22 12 37.5
23 0 21
24 9 28.5
AVERAGE 54.225 45.82353 20.9286 14.0625 29
Table 12.3- The effect of 0.001 N Hydrochloric Acid Solution on the growth of the epicotyl
and hypocotyl of corn and bean seeds. Values are expressed in millimetres using the
average of the 5th and the 10th day values.
Bean Corn
Light Dark Light Dark
HCl
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl

1 79.5 26 66.5 118.5 120

2 75.5 49 66.5 40.5 0
3 30 21 24.5 11 54
4 17.5 22 31.5 46 60.5
5 35.25 49 55 35 67
6 12 55 19.5 61.5 70.5
7 71 35 40.5 42 68
8 36 29 36.5 10 67
9 19.5 17 14 12
10 51.5 27 24.5 14
11 47.5 26 23 45.5
12 18.5 31 6 10.5
13 41 32 30.5 36
14 66.5 36 29 32
15 20 6.5 21.5
16 55.5 18.5 54
17 40 0 14
18 29.5 44.5 54
19 32.5 2.5 25
20 36 17.5 57
21 25 0
22 1.5 45
23 12.5 57
24 5 10.5
AVERAGE 40.7375 32.5 42.5625 26.041667 41.458333
Table 12.3 - The effect of 0.001 N Sodium Hydroxide Solution on the growth of the epicotyl
and hypocotyl of corn and bean seeds. Values are expressed in millimetres using the
average of the 5th and the 10th day values.
Bean Corn
Light Dark Light Dark
NaOh
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl Epicotyl Hypocotyl

1 43.5 56 31 51.5 63.5

2 49.5 53 19.5 1 0
3 22 49 22 9 1
4 10.5 54 33 48.5 103.5
5 12 29 36 0 38
6 17 28 20 45 25
7 20.5 43 30 33 58.5
8 21.5 22 41.5 44.5
9 39.5 21 4 1
10 70.5 13 21.5 71.5
11 56 16 32 0
12 38 42 5.5 1.5
13 64 78 2 1
14 57 26 29 67
15 42 50 0
16 66.5 10 43.5
17 35 74.5 83
18 43.5 18 0
19 40 1 58.5
20 29.5 48 54.5
21 37 34.5
22 7 0
23 49 58.5
AVERAGE 38.9 37.85714 27.35714 26.86957 35.15217

Guide Questions
1. Seed is the fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and capable
normally of germination to produce a new plant. The main difference of a monocot seed from a
dicot seed is the amount of cotyledon or the amount of seed leaf. A monocot has only one
cotyledon while a dicot has 2 cotyledons.
2. A pH is a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Its optimum availability is
in the range of 6 or 7. By simply bringing the soil into its optimum pH range, it increases its
nutrient availability without adding fertilizers anymore. And it reaches a point that no toxic
metals are present in the soil that gives the plants its maximum amount of nutrients needed to
grow.
3. The pH level can affect the growth of seeds because it can prevent certain nutrients from being
absorbed by the developing seed and it decreases the growth and development rate of the plant
due to deficiency of nutrients. Light is a source of energy needed by the plants to be used for
photosynthesis. With the presence of light, the plants/ seeds are more likely to grow into a
mature plant but with the absence of light, it will not grown into a well developed plant or they
may be features or characteristics of the plant that seem abnormal or unusual that is not present
in well nourished plants.
4. Ideally the seeds must grow best in water because strong acids and bases denature the
enzymes and germination will not take place or it would have a slow germination rate. The pH
requirement for most plants is between the ranges of 5.8-6.8, which is slightly acidic.

Conclusion
We conclude that for plants to grow, variables like temperature, light and the pH level of
the soil must be considered. Each type of plant requires ideal temperature and light but almost all
plants have a pH requirement of 5.8-6.8. If we base our conclusion in our experiment, we cannot
compare the effect of the solutions on the growth of the epicotyl for both plants since only the
corn in the dark germinated to have an epicotyl. For the kidney bean seed’ hypocotyl, the kidney
beans exposed in light and in between the paper towels with water had the longest hypocotyl,
while for the corn seeds’ hypocotyl, the corn seed exposed in light and in between the paper
towels with HCl had the longest hypocotyl. And because the result of the corn seeds’ hypocotyl
is not the ideal result, we assume that the HCl prepared in the laboratory was not pure and may
have been diluted for safety purposes.