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Abstract: As the rapid development of electrical industry, higher standards have been set
for the reliability of electrical equipment. Gas insulated substation (GIS) is widely used
nowadays because of its small volume and high operational reliability, and online
monitoring of partial discharge (PD) in GIS has become the focus of current research.
Pattern recognition of the PD signals acquired is proved to be effective to grasp the
different characteristics of typical defects in GIS. In this paper, three defect models are
tested by acoustic method including the metallic protrusion, the floating potential and
inner defect model, the PD data of which acquired after repeated experiments were
analysed. Four spectrograms were calculated and displayed including the pulse count
distribution n, the maximum pulse height distribution qmax, the mean pulse height
distribution qn and the discharge amplitude distribution (q). The graphic differences
of three defects are preliminarily summarized. 32 PD parameters were calculated as the
possible input of improved back propagation (BP) neutral network, including discharge
asymmetry, phase asymmetry, the cross-correlation factor, and the number of peaking,
the phase median, skewness and kurtosis. Combined with three parameter-selecting
schemes, which are respectively proposed based on the repeatability, the statistical
features of the PD data and the distance criterion, the results of pattern recognition were
compared. It is found that the scheme based on the class distance criterion is
comprehensively optimal.
(c) Inner air gap (a) Metallic protrusion (b) Floating potential
Sk i
(4) proposed based on the exclusion of these
3
parameters. Take the metallic protrusion defect
is the standard deviation of xi. The spectrum is with the same experimental conditions as in 2.2 for
of full symmetry when Sk equals zero, leans to the example, the repeatability of 32 operators in four
right side when Sk is below zero, leans to the left spectrums after three experiments are shown in
side when Sk is above zero. Figure 4. It can be seen that operators with poor
x Pi repeatability in the metallic protrusion defect are
4
Ku i
3 (5) Ku in n, Sk and cc in qmax. As for the
- +
4
floating potential, operators with poor repeatability
The spectrum fits the normal distribution exactly are Ku , cc in nSk and Ku in q. And when it
+
when Ku equals zero, is flatter than the normal comes to the inner air gap, the operators with poor
distribution when Ku is below zero, is steeper than repeatability are Ku , Ku in qmax, Ku , Ku , cc in
+ - + -
the normal distribution when Ku is above zero.
qn, and Pe, Sk in q. Based on the above, 13
Pe Peak ( xi ) (6) statistical operators with poor repeatability are
proposed including Ku , cc in n, Sk , Ku , cc in
+- + +-
When dyi 1 / dxi 1 0 and dyi 1 / dxi 1 0 both are
qmax, Ku , cc in qn, Pe, Sk, Ku in q.
+-
satisfied, xi is treated as a local peak and Peak (xi)
equals 1.
1.4
n-sk+
n-sk-
n is the total sample count of one defect, which is
1.2
1.0
n-Ku+
n-Ku-
20 in this paper. xi stands for an operator of one
0.8
n-cc
n-u+
sample in one defect. x refers to the average value
0.6
n-u-
0.4 n-Pe+
of xi. Distribution of the mean value and absolute
n-Pe-
0.2 value of RSD of 32 operators are presented in
parameter
0.0
-0.2 Figure 5 and 6, where the operators from left to
right are , Q, cc, , , Pe , Pe , Sk , Sk , Ku , Ku in
-0.4 + - + - + -
-0.6
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
1 2 3
experiment Figure 5: Average value of 32 operators
(b) qmax
0.8
0.7 Qmean-sk+
0.6 Qmean-sk-
0.5 Qmean-Ku+
0.4 Qmean-ku-
0.3
Qmean-cc
0.2
0.1
Qmean-u+
0.0 Qmean-u-
parameter
-0.1 Qmean-Pe+
-0.2 Qmean-Pe-
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
-1.1
1 2 3
Figure 6: Absolute RSD of 32 operators
experiment
(c) qn
2.4
If the difference of the average value of a certain
2.2
2.0 Q
operator among three defects is above 0.05, the
1.8
1.6
fi
q-pe
operator is considered as separable for the
1.4 q-sk
q-ku
recognition. The following four groups are selected
1.2
from 32 operators.
parameter
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 1) Absolute RSD of all three defects are below 0.2,
and the average is separable. , in qmaxSk
0.2 -
0.0
1 2
experiment
3
n, in qnAbsolute RSD of all three
(d) q defects are above 0.5 with separable average. in
n, Ku , Ku in qmaxAbsolute RSD of two
+ -
Figure 4: Repeatability of statistical operators in defects are above 0.8 with separable average. Ku ,
+
metallic protrusion
Ku in nKu , Ku in qn
- + -
Therefore, the left 19 operators are selected in the When the average value of an operator in three
first scheme. defects is separable, the smaller the absolute RSD
value, it is easier for the BP network to tell different
3.2.2 Statistical characteristics defects apart. However, as for operators with large
absolute RSD value, more information is obtained
In the second scheme, 32 operators are grouped in the learning process of the network. Therefore,
by the absolute value of relative standard deviation, the second scheme contains the operators listed in
with the calculation formula in equation (10). the four groups mentioned above. Meanwhile, sub
n
D
d ( X im , X jm ) (x
k 1
ik , m x jk ,m ) 2 (11)