On March 18, 2015, a fake screenshot of Prime Minister's Office website announcing the demise of

the Mr Lee Kuan Yew went viral. Several international news agencies such as CNN and China
Central Television fell for the prank and reported it as news. The image was created by a student to
demonstrate to his classmates how fake news could be easily created and propagated. The student
received stern police warning as a consequence.[207]
The Minister for Law K. Shanmugam views the current remedies as limited and ineffective[208] and
has indicated that the government intends to introduce legislation to combat fake news in 2018.[209]
The Mothership, which was founded by ex-Minister George Yeo, has been rapped by MOE for
propagating fake news on Singapore's culture of compliance purportedly made by its official.[210] The
States Times Review, which claimed a near-zero turnout to mock at the late President S. R.
Nathan's state funeral, was singled out by K Shanmugam for spreading fake news.[211] Even,
STOMP, owned by government-controlled SPH has not been spared of such accusations. [212]
It does not help that the integrity and impartiality of the mainstream media is in doubt due to political
interference and self-censorship. Legislation against fake news is regarded by some as a further
attempt to curb the free flow of information, so that only the "real news", as dictated by the
government, gets disseminated to the public.[213]
A state-run website, Factually, has been set up by the Ministry of Communications and Information
to present the government's version of news, purportedly to represent "facts" and counter
"falsehoods", especially on issues of public interest such as environment, housing and transport.[214]
A Parliamentary Select Committee led by Punggol East MP Charles Chong has been set up to
tackle fake news by proposing new laws.[215] Ironically, Charles Chong himself is accused of
spreading falsehood in the 2015 General Election which played a significant role in his victory over
Workers' Party MP Lee Li Lian.[216] Renowned historian Dr Thum Ping Tjin pointed out that the PAP
government has been the major perpetrator of fake news and listed the Marxist Conspiracy as the
most significant fake news that has ever occurred in Singapore.[217][218]
Internet giants Facebook and Google warned Singapore against introducing new laws to combat
"fake news", saying that existing legislation is adequate to address the problem and that that an
effective way of combating misinformation is through educating citizens on how to distinguish
reliable from unreliable information.[219]
The Select Committee on Deliberate Online Falsehood was accused of publishing falsehoods of its
own in a summary report. Complaints of misrepresentation were lodged by five witnesses, forcing
the committee to amend its report.[220]
South Africa
A wide range of South African media sources have reported fake news as a growing problem and
tool to both increase distrust in the media, discredit political opponents, and divert attention from
corruption.[221] Media outlets owned by the Gupta family have been noted by other South African
media organisations such as The Huffington Post (South Africa), Sunday Times, Radio 702, and City
Press for targeting them.[222] Individuals targeted include Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan who was
seen as blocking Gupta attempts at state capture with accusations levelled against Gordhan of
promoting state capture for "white monopoly capital".[223][224]
The African National Congress (ANC) was taken to court by Sihle Bolani for unpaid work she did
during the election on the ANC's behalf. In court papers Bolani stated that the ANC used her to
launch and run a covert R50 million fake news and disinformation campaign during the 2016
municipal elections with the intention of discrediting opposition parties.[225][226][227]
South Korea
South Korean journalists and media experts lament political hostility between Korea's which
distorts Media coverage of North Korea[228] and North Korea has attributed erroneous reporting to
South Korea and United States with being critical to media organization Chosun Ilbo[229] while also
American journalist Barbara Demick had made similar criticisms on media coverage of North.[229]
Spain
Fake news in Spain has become much more prevalent in the past year, but has been a major factor
in Spain's history. The United States government published a fake article in regards to the purchase
of the Philippines from Spain, which they had already purchased.[230] Despite this, the topic of fake
news has traditionally not been given much attention to in Spain, until the newspaper El
País launched the new blog dedicated strictly to truthful news entitled "Hechos"; which literally
translates to "fact" in Spanish. David Alandete, the managing editor of El País, stated how many
people misinterpret fake news as real because the sites "have similar names, typography, layouts
and are deliberately confusing" (Southern).[231] Alandete made it the new mission of El País "to
respond to fake news" (Scott).[232] María Ramírez of Univision Communications has stated that much
of the political fake news circulating in Spain is due to the lack of investigative journalism on the
topics. Most recently El País has created a fact-checking position for five employees, to try and
debunk the fake news released.[231]
Sweden
The Swedish Security Service issued a report in 2015 identifying propaganda from Russia infiltrating
Sweden with the objective to amplify pro-Russian propaganda and inflame societal conflicts.
The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), part of the Ministry of Defence of Sweden,
identified fake news reports targeting Sweden in 2016 that originated from Russia. Swedish Civil
Contingencies Agency official Mikael Tofvesson stated a pattern emerged where views critical of
Sweden were constantly repeated. The Local identified these tactics as a form of psychological
warfare. The newspaper reported the MSB identified Russia Today and Sputnik News as significant
fake news purveyors. As a result of growth in this propaganda in Sweden, the MSB planned to hire
six additional security officials to fight back against the campaign of fraudulent information.[233]
Syria
In February 2017, Amnesty International reported that up to 13,000 people had been hanged in a
Syrian prison as part of an “extermination” campaign. Syrian president Bashar al-Assad questioned
the credibility of Amnesty International and called the report "fake news" fabricated to undermine the
government. "You can forge anything these days - we are living in a fake news era.” [234]
Taiwan
In a report in December 2015 by The China Post, a fake video shared online showed people a light
show purportedly made at the Shihmen Reservoir. The Northern Region Water Resources Office
confirmed there was no light show at the reservoir and the event had been fabricated. The fraud led
to an increase in tourist visits to the actual attraction.
According to the news updated paper from the Time World in regards the global threat to free
speech, the Taiwanese government has reformed its policy on education and it will include "media
literacy" as one part of school curriculum for the students. It will be included to develop the critical
thinking skills needed while using social media. Further, the work of media literacy will also include
the skills needed to analyze propaganda and sources, so the student can clarify what is fake
news.[235]
Ukraine
Since the Euromaidan and the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Ukrainian media
circulated several fake news stories and misleading images, including a dead rebel photograph with
a Photoshop-painted tattoo which allegedly indicated that he belonged to Russian Special
Forces,[236] a video game screenshot disguised as a satellite image ostensibly showing the shelling of
the Ukrainian border from Russia,[237] and the threat of a Russian nuclear attack against the
Ukrainian troops.[238] The recurring theme of these fake news was that Russia was solely to blame for
the crisis and the war in Donbass.[238]
In 2015 the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe published a report criticizing
Russian disinformation campaigns to disrupt relations between Europe and Ukraine after ouster
of Viktor Yanukovych. According to Deutsche Welle, similar tactics were used by fake news websites
during the US elections. A website, StopFake was created by Ukrainian activists in 2014 to debunk
fake news in Ukraine, including media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis.[239]
United Kingdom
See also: Fake news website § United Kingdom
On December 8, 2016, Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger delivered a
speech to journalists at the MI6 headquarters where he called fake news and propaganda damaging
to democracy. Younger said the mission of MI6 was to combat propaganda and fake news in order
to deliver to his government a strategic advantage in the information warfare arena, and assist other
nations including Europe. He called such methods of fake news propaganda online a "fundamental
threat to our sovereignty". Younger said all nations that hold democratic values should feel the same
worry over fake news.[240]
However, definitions of "fake news" have been controversial in the UK, with political satire being
seen as a key element of British humor.[241]
United States
See also: Fake news websites in the United States and Media bias in the United States
Fake news became a global subject and was widely introduced to billions as a subject mainly due to
the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[2][242][243][244][245][246][247] Numerous political commentators and
journalists wrote and stated in media that 2016 was the year of fake news and as a result nothing
will ever be the same in politics and cyber security.[248]Due to the fair amount of fake news in 2016, it
became hard to tell what was real in 2017. Donald Trump tweeted or retweeted posts about "fake
news" or "fake media" 176 times this year as of Dec. 20, according to an online archive of all of
Trump's tweets.[249] Governmental bodies in the U.S. and Europe started looking at contingencies
and regulations to combat fake news specially when as part of a coordinated intelligence campaign
by hostile foreign governments.[250][251] Online tech giants Facebook and Google started putting in
place means to combat fake news in 2016 as a result of the phenomenon becoming globally
known.[252][253] Google Trends shows that the term "fake news" gained traction in online searches in
October 2016.[254]
Professor Philip N. Howard of the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford studied web
traffic in the United States prior to the election. He found that about one half of all news on Twitter
directed at Michigan was junk or fake, and the other half came from actual professional news
sources.[85]
According to BuzzFeed, during the last three months of the presidential campaign, of the top twenty
fake election-related articles on Facebook, seventeen were anti-Clinton or pro-Trump. Facebook
users interacted with them more often than with stories from genuine news outlets.[60]
Debate over the impact of fake news in the election, and whether or not it significantly impacted the
election of the Republican candidate Donald Trump, whom the most shared fake stories
favored,[91][92] led researchers from Stanford to study the impact of fake news shared on social media,
where 62% of U.S. adults get their news from. They assessed that 8% of readers of fake news
recalled and believed in the content they were reading, though the same share of readers also
recalled and believed in "placebos" — stories they did not actually read, but that were produced by
the authors of the study. In comparison, over 50% of the participants recalled reading and believed
in true news stories. The authors do not assess the final impact of these numbers on the election,
but seek to "offer theoretical and empirical background" for the debate.[14]
60 Minutes producers said President Trump uses the phrase "fake news" to mean something else: "I take
offense with what you said."[16]

In the United States in the run-up to the 2016 presidential election, fake news was particularly
prevalent and spread rapidly over social media "bots", according to researchers at the Oxford
Internet Institute.[255][256] In a speech shortly after the election, former Democratic candidate Hillary
Clinton warned of the "real-world consequences" of fake news.[257] Shortly thereafter, in the early
weeks of his presidency, U.S. President Donald Trump frequently used the term "fake news" to refer
to traditional news media, singling out CNN.[258] Linguist George Lakoff says this creates confusion
about the phrase's meaning.[259] According to CBS 60 Minutes, President Trump may use the term
fake news to describe any news, however legitimate or responsible, with which he may disagree.[85]
After Republican Colorado State Senator Ray Scott used the term as a reference to a column in
the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, the newspaper's publisher threatened a defamation lawsuit.[260][261]
In December 2016, an armed North Carolina man, Edgar Maddison Welch, traveled to Washington,
D.C., and opened fire at the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria, driven by a fake online news story known as
the Pizzagate conspiracy theory, which accused the pizzeria of hosting a pedophile ring run by
Democratic Party leaders.[262] These stories tend to go viral quickly. Social media systems, such
as Facebook, play a large role in the broadcasting of fake news. These systems show users content
that reflects their interests and history, leading to fake and misleading news. Following a plea
agreement with prosecutors, Welch pleaded guilty to the federal charge of interstate transport of
firearms and a District of Columbia charge of assault with a dangerous weapon. Welch was
sentenced to four years in prison on June 22, 2017 and agreed to pay $5,744.33 for damages to the
restaurant.[263]
A situation study by The New York Times shows how a tweet by a person with no more than 40
followers went viral and was shared 16,000 times on Twitter.[264] The tweet concluded that protesters
were paid to be bussed to Trump demonstrations and protest. A Twitter user then posted a
photograph of two buses outside a building, claiming that those were the Anti-Trump protesters. The
tweet immediately went viral on both Twitter and Facebook. Fake news can easily spread due to the
speed and accessibility of modern communications technology.
A CNN investigation examined exactly how fake news can start to trend.[265] There are "bots" used by
fake news publishers that make their articles appear more popular than they are. This makes it more
likely for people to discover them. "Bots are fake social media accounts that are programmed to
automatically 'like' or retweet a particular message."[266]
Fraudulent stories during the 2016 U.S. presidential election included the claim that Donald Trump
was born in Pakistan, a viral post popularized on Facebook that Pope Francis had endorsed Trump,
and another that actor Denzel Washington "backs Trump in the most epic way
possible".[267][268] Trump's son and campaign surrogate Eric Trump, top national security
adviser Michael Flynn, and then-campaign managers Kellyanne Conway and Corey
Lewandowski shared fake news stories during the campaign.[269][270][271][272]
Starting in July 2017, President Trump's 2020 presidential campaign launched Real News Update,
an online news program posted on Facebook. The series reports on Trump's accomplishments
 as president of the United States and claims to highlight "real news" as opposed to alleged "fake
news". Lara Trump introduced one video by saying "If you are tired of all the fake news out
there...we are going to bring you nothing but the facts" and "I bet you haven't heard about all the
accomplishments the president had this week, because there's so much fake news out
there".[273] The show has been labelled as "propaganda".[274]
In January 2018, it was reported that a Gallup-Knight Foundation survey found that 17% of
Democrats and 42% of Republicans "consider accurate news stories that cast a politician or political
group in a negative light to always be 'fake news.'"[275]

See also

• Journalism portal

• Alarmism
• Alternative facts
• Climate change denial
• Demoralization (warfare)
• Fearmongering
• Internet meme
• Journalism ethics and standards
• Lying press – German phrase
• Media bias
• Media coverage of North Korea
• Pseudohistory

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167. Jump up^ "Macron email leak 'linked to same Russian-backed hackers who attacked
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195. Jump up^ "Asec Mocha Uson herself spreads fake news, says Nancy Binay".
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197. Jump up^ Elemia, Camille (June 22, 2017). "Senate bill seeks jail time for gov't officials
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209. Jump up^ "New laws on fake news to be introduced next year: Shanmugam". Channel
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210. Jump up^ "Ministry of Education raps Mothership for 'fake news' on official's comments".
211. Jump up^ "Shanmugam pinpoints States Times Review as fake news; States Times Review
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Further reading
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Fake news

• "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'" The New York
Times November 25, 2016
• An online journal for Paul Horner and all of his hoaxes and fake news over the past 20 years
• Elizabeth Schumacher (January 4, 2018). "Fake news 'casts wide net but has little
effect'". Deutsche Welle.

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• This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 11:03.

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