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1
Twitch Graded muscle contractions
Myogram: a graphic recording of muscle Production by
contractions
1. Increase stimulation frequency
Tension: amount of
Temporal
force a muscle summation
tension
exerts on an object
3 phases:
time
1. latent period
2. contraction Single stimulus Low frequency High frequency
3. relaxation Twitch Unfused Fused
(incomplete) (complete)
Twitch myogram
Figure 9.14a tetanus tetanus
Figure 9.15
2
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Abnormal muscle contractions
1. Isotonic 2. Isometric
– “Same tension” – “Same measure” • Myopathy: any disease of the muscle
– Muscle changes length – Muscle does not • Spasm: involuntary contraction of muscle
– Tension > load (weight) change length – Cramp: prolonged spasm
– Concentric: shorten – Tension < load
• Fibrillation: spontaneous contraction of
– Eccentric: lengthen single muscle fiber, motor neuron disorder
concentric
eccentric
3
Summary
Quiz
• A muscle contraction is controlled by
motor units.
• Contractions are
– twitches or graded
– slightly constant (tone)
– isometric or isotonic
• Body movements result from the activity
of groups of muscles and lever systems.
4
Functions Components of blood
Fig 17.1
Plasma Plasma
5
Erythrocytes Erythrocytes
(Red blood cells – RBC)
Function: transport respiratory gases
Structure oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Small, biconcave shape disc RBC
binds O2 heme
RBCs
Hemoglobin
Tissue: heme releases Fe releases O2
molecule
Fig 17.3 globin picks up CO2
Fig 17.2
Fig 17.4a
Erythrocytes Erythrocytes:
Regulation of erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis: production of erythrocytes
• hematopoesis: blood cell formation • Hormones: erythropoietin (EPO)
• red bone marrow – Stimulates RBC formation
O2
• 1 oz with 100 billion new blood cells per day – If low O2 in kidney blood O2
• Hemocytoblast proerythroblast reticulocytes EPO RBC O2 EPO
RBC
erythrocyte
Fig 17.6
• Diet
- Iron for hemoglobin, amino acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, vitamin B, folic acid
Fig 17.5
6
Erythrocytes: Erythrocytes:
Destruction Disorders
Anemia: “lacking blood”, blood has abnormally
Life span: 100-120 days
low oxygen-carrying capacity
symptoms: fatigue, pale, shortness of breath, chilly
• Macrophages: engulf RBC (spleen)
• Bilirubin: degrades heme (liver) 1. Insufficient number of RBCs
• Transferrin: binds iron and transfers to RBCs - Hemorrhagic anemias: blood loss
- Hemolytic anemias: RBCs rupture prematurely
- Aplastic: destruction of bone marrow
Erythrocytes: Erythrocytes:
Disorders Disorders
Anemia: “lacking blood”, blood has abnormally Anemia: “lacking blood”, blood has abnormally
low oxygen-carrying capacity low oxygen-carrying capacity
7
Erythrocytes: Summary of blood
Disorders
• Blood consists of plasma and formed
Polycythemia: excess of erythrocytes elements, which includes RBCs.
- blood viscosity (thickness) increases • The structure of erythrocytes allows it to
- blood circulation impaired function as a O2 and CO2 transporter.
• The formation and destruction of
erythrocytes is regulated.
• Erythrocyte disorders include anemias
and polycythemias.
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