Bones, bones, bones

Atoms
Molecule 2 Cellular level
1
Chemical level

3 Tissue level
Skeletal System
10/21/09 4 Organ level

6 5
Organismal level Organ system level

Bones are the organs of the skeletal system.

Bones, bones, bones Overview of skeletal system

206 bones
• Function of bones
Axial Appendicular • Gross anatomy of bones
skeleton skeleton • Microscopic anatomy of bone
• Ossification and remodeling
• Pathology
• Fractures
• Joints

Fig. 6.1

Functions of bones
Gross anatomy of bone

• Support • Shape
• Protection – Long
• Movement – Short
– Flat
• Mineral and growth factor storage
– Irregular
• Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Fig. 6.2

1
 Gross anatomy bone
Gross anatomy of bone
Typical structure of long bone
• Bone markings
– Projections
Epiphysis
– Depressions w/articular
(hylaine)
cartilage
spongy
• Bone texture Epiphyseal
– Compact: smooth, dense compact plate: growth

– Spongy (cancellous): Diaphysis

honeycomb
Epiphysis
Periosteum Bone marrow
Fig. 6.3, 6.5 Fig. 6.3

Microscopic anatomy bone Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

Cells of bone:
Osteoblast (immature): secrete bone matrix

Osteocytes (mature): maintain bone matrix

Osteoclast: destroy bone matrix

Ostean: functional unit

Fig. 6.4 Fig. 6.7a

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone Ossification

osteogenesis: bone development
An osteon consist of
• Lamella: matrix w/collagen fibers
• Osteocytes: cells of bone
• Lacuna: space that osteocytes occupy
• Canaliculi: connect cells to each (8 weeks) Fig 6.17
other and to central canal (12 weeks)
• Central canal: blood vessels and Fibrous membrane and
nerves supplying osteocytes hyaline cartilage in  bony skeleton
embryo

Fig. 6.7b

2
 Ossification Ossification
1. Endochondral ossification: forming all other bones
1. Intramembranous ossification: forming
cranial skull bones and clavicle

Fibrous membrane
Mesenchyme cells

Ossification Center
Osteoblasts + osteoid matrix
Hyaline cartilage
Osteoblasts + 2 ° ossification
blood supply to 1° osteoid matrix = center = more
Flat bone
ossification center bone bone
osteocytes
Fig. 6.8 Fig. 6.9

Bone remodeling Bone remodeling: control

Hormones
A balance between • Ca2+ in blood
1. bone deposit: osteoblast, for injury, strength • Parathyroid hormone
2. bone resorption: osteoclasts destroy bone • Osteoclasts activity:
degrade bone
• Release Ca2+ into blood

Mechanical stress
• More stress = less degrade
= bigger bone
Serving arm nonserving
Fig. 6.11 arm
Fig. 6.12, 14

Summary so far… Overview of skeletal system

• Bones support, protect, move, store minerals
and form red blood cells. • Function of bones
• On a macroscopic level, bone comes in different • Gross anatomy of bones
shapes, markings and textures. • Microscopic anatomy of bone
• On a microscopic level, the functional unit of • Ossification: bone development
compact bone is the osteon and the cells are
osteocytes. • Pathology
• Ossification occurs in the embryo to form bone. • Fractures
• Bone remodeling is a balance of deposit and • Joints
resorption.

3
 Diseases of the skeletal system
Imbalance of bone deposit and resorption
(lack of homeostasis)
• Osteoporosis: resorption > bone deposit in femur
• Osteomalacia (“rickets” in children): calcium not
deposited in bone
• Paget’s disease: too much spongy bone to compact
bone
Bone Fractures
Fracture = break
Classification:
• Position of bone end: displaced vs. non-displaced
• Completeness: complete or incomplete
• Orientation of break: linear vs. transverse
• Break skin: open (compound) vs. close (simple)
specific nature of the break

Bone Fractures:
treatment
JOINTS (articulations):
• Reduction: realignment
The site where two or more bones meet
– Closed: by hand
– Open: by pins or wires
• 4 stages occur naturally in ~6-8 weeks
1. hematoma formation
Function: hold skeleton together, mobility
2. fibrocartilaginous formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodelling Fig. 6.15

Classification of Joints Fibrous joints

Dense, fibrous tissue
Structure: material Mostly synarthrosis (immovable)
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous 1. Sutures: skull 2. Syndesmoses: 3. Gomphoses:
- Synovial ligaments, ie. distal teeth to aveolar
tibialfibular socket, ligaments

Function: movement
1. Synarthrosis (immovable)
2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3. Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Ligament = cord or
band of fibrous tissue
Fig. 8.1

4
 Cartilaginous Joints Synovial joints
Cartilaginous joints: tight connection created by cartilage - Bones separated by fluid filled cavity
1. Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage - Diarthrosis: freedom of movement
ie. epiphyseal plates, - Joints of the limb
sternum & first rib

2. Symphysis: fibrocartilage
ie. intervertebral discs,
pubic symphysis

Fig. 8.2

Synovial joints Synovial joints

Structure of a synovial joint Friction reducing Stability
1. Articular cartilage - Bursae – Articular surface
2. Joint cavity - Tendon sheath – Ligament
3. Articular capsule – Muscle Tone
(with synovial
membrane)
4. Synovial fluid
5. Ligament
Fig. 8.4

tendon = cord of collagen fibers attaching bone to muscles

Fig. 8.3

Synovial Joints Synovial Joints

Movement allowed Movement allowed
1. gliding 4. special:
2. angular: pronation and supination
flexion and extension dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
abduction and adduction inversion and eversion
circumduction protraction and retraction
3. rotation: lateral and medial elevation and depression
opposition

Fig. 8.5 Fig. 8.6

5
 Disorders of the joints Disorders of the joints

Common joint injuries Inflammatory and degenerative conditions

• Sprain: ligament stretch or tear
• Cartilage injuries: tear, overuse (ie. knee menisci)
• Dislocation (luxations): bones out of alignment
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis (OA or degenerative joint disease
(DJD)) OA: degenerative wear and tear of joints
– Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): inflammatory, autoimmune,
bones fuse together

Sprained ankle
Torn meniscus Dislocated
humerus

Disorders of the joints Summary

Bursitis and Tendonitis: friction bearers • Bone fractures can be classified according to
characteristics. Treatment occurs in 4 stages.
• Bursitis
• Joints connect bones and come in 3 structures
– Inflammation of bursae
(fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial) with different
– Due to blow or friction
movement ability.
• The structure of synovial joints reduces friction,
• Tendonitis
stabilize and allow various movements.
– Inflammation of tendon sheath
– Due to overuse • Skeletal disorders occur in a lack of homeostasis
– Ie., tennis elbow, shin splints, carpals tunnel syndrome
of bone remodeling and at the joints.