Overview

• Components of lymphatic system

Lymphatic and Immune – Lymphatic vessels
Systems – Lymph
– Lymph organs
12/2/09

Components Functions
• Lymphatic vessels Heart • Return leaked interstitial body fluid to blood
• Lymph • Basis of immune system
• Lymph organs Lymph node
Lymphatic
vessels
Tonsils
Thymus

Blood
capillaries
Spleen

Peyer’s patches
Appendix

Fig 20.5 Fig 20.1

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 Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic Vessels
Function: return leaked interstitial body fluid to blood
Lymph: tissue fluid in lymphatic vessels
Heart
- Water
- Protein
Lymphatic - Absorbed fat
vessels
Tissue
fluid

Tissue cell Blood Lymphatic

Blood
capillaries capillaries capillaries

Blood capillaries  interstitial body fluid 

lymphatic capillaries
Fig 20.1

Lymphatic vessels Lymph Organs

Lymph capillaries  lymph vessels  lymph trunks Function:
 lymph ducts  blood vessels • Filter lymph (Lymph nodes)
(right lymphatic, thoracic)
• Basis of immune system
thoracic duct
right into subclavian Tonsils
lymphatic duct vein
Thymus
into internal
jugular vein
Thoracic duct

Aorta Spleen

Lymphatic Drained by the right

Peyer’s patches
collecting vessels lymphatic duct
Drained by the
Appendix
Fig 20.2
thoracic duct Fig 20.5

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 Components of lymph organs Lymph organs: lymph nodes
• Cells: lymphocytes • Structure: main lymphoid organs, cluster along
– T cells lymphatic vessels
– B cells • Function
• Tissues: reticular connective 1) filter lymph
2) activate immune Cervical nodes

Macrophage system
Reticular cells on
reticular fibers Axillary nodes
Lymphocytes

Medullary sinus
Reticular fiber

Fig 20.3 Fig 20.2

Lymph organs: spleen Lymph organs: thymus

• Structure: largest lymphoid organ, size of fist • Structure: in thorax, bilobed, active in youth
• Function: • Function:
1. blood cleansing (filter, destroy old RBCs) - Maturation of T lymphocytes (immunocompetent)
2. lymphocyte production

Thymus
Splenic
Spleen artery
Splenic
vein Hilum

Diagram of the
spleen, anterior view Fig 20.6 Fig 20.7

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 Summary Quiz
• Lymphatic vessels containing lymph bring
body fluid back to blood.
• Lymph organs (eg. lymph nodes, spleen,
thymus) are composed of lymphocytes
and thus form the basis of the immune
system.

Immune system Overview

Resistance to disease
• Innate vs. adaptive system
• Innate: surface vs. internal
• Adaptive: humoral vs. cell-mediated
• Homeostatic imbalances of immunity
bacteria viruses

fungi
cancer

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 Innate (non-specific)
2 systems
Surface: skin (physical barriers)
Innate (non-specific) Adaptive (specific) Internal
1. Phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils
Events of phagocytosis.
Engulf
Non- phagocytic pathogen
vesicle
self Lysosome

Digest with
Acid lysosomes
hydrolase
enzymes

Exocytosis
Self Phagocyte Fig 21.2

Innate (non-specific)
Adaptive (specific)
Internal
2. Natural killers • Specific
- lymphocytes
- cell death • Systemic
3. Inflammatory response
- tissue injury
- signs: heat, redness, pain swelling
• Memory
4. Fever

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 Adaptive (specific)
Adaptive (specific)
Who fights the antigens?
Antigens:
1. Humoral immune response 2. Cell-mediated immune
– Foreign substance (non-self) response (T-cells)
(Antibodies)
– Provokes the immune response

Foreign molecules in Foreign molecules

body fluids (blood, lymph) INSIDE the body’s cells

Humoral immune response Humoral immune response

Primary response: antigen
1. antigen binds to specific B Antibodies
lymphocyte
receptor on B lymphocytes – 5 immunoglobulin (Ig) classes
2. B cell activated Activated – Antigen-binding site
B cells
3. plasma cell secretes – Diversity
antibodies, memory B cell Plasma cells Memory
(effector B cells)
primed B cell

antibodies

Second response:
Memory
1. antigen activates B cell
memory B cell Plasma cells

2. plasma cell secretes

antibodies antibodies Fig 21.14
Fig 21.11

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 Humoral immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Antigen-antibody complexes
• T cells fight pathogens that are INSIDE
– Neutralization: block virus body cells
MHC Body cell
T cell APC:
– Agglutination: clump Phago- protein
antigen
cytosis from presenting
– Precipitation lymphocytes cell
part of antigen

– Complement fixation: lysis antigen

Fig 21.15 T cell receptor binds to antigen-MHC complex on APC.

Cell-mediated immune response Cell-mediated immune response

2 classes of MHCs 2 types of T cells • Other T cells
– Memory cells
Class I MHC Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
– Regulatory T cells: dampen immune response
Kill!

Class II MHC Helper T cells (CD4)

“Direct”

Fig 21.16 Fig 21.16

modified

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 Homeostatic imbalances of Homeostatic imbalances of
immunity immunity
• Immunodeficiencies: abnormal immune cells
• Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks
– AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
own self
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
– E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis
– Virus invades helper T cells (CD4)
– E.g. Myasthenia gravis
• Hypersensitivities: immune system attacks a
harmless threat
– Immediate (acute): allergies, antibodies
HIV invading helper T cell

Summary
Innate Adaptive
(nonspecific) (specific)

Surface Internal Humoral Cell Mediated

Skin Phagocytes Extracellular Intracellular
Natural killers B cells T cells
Inflammation Antibodies APC, MHC
Fever