Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ABSTRACT: This paper deals with design generally flows through a metallic pipe, which
consideration for the solar water heater to is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type
obtain hot water for the domestic and industrial absorbers, two sheets are sandwiched together
applications. Solar energy is unconventional alloying the medium to flow between the two
energy source at comparatively low cost and sheets. The outer easing which provides
high capacity. Design of solar water heating mechanical strength to the equipment is
system is important to assure maximum benefit insulated to reduce the heat losses from back
to the users, especially for a large system. and sides of the collector
Research work is in progress continuously in The collector can reach temperatures up to
the field of cover materials, absorber plate 20 0 when no liquid flows through it and
materials, absorber and glazing coating along therefore all the materials used must be able
with the changes in the design. Designing a solar to resist these high temperatures. The
water system involves appropriate selection of absorber is usually made of metallic
each component for the desired capacity and materials such as copper, steel or aluminum.
location of installation for solar water heater to The collector housing can be made of plastic,
produce hot water. Various factors and metal or wood and the glass front cover must
correlations for design of collector, storage tank be sealed so that heat does not escape, and
and insulating material are briefly discussed in the collector itself is protected from dirt.
this paper. Insects or humidity. The collector housing is
highly insulated at the back and sides to
Keywords: Unconventional Energy, Solar water reduce the heat losses. Still the heat losses
heater, Collectors, Design Parameter. due to the temperature difference between the
absorber and ambient air result in convection
1. INTRODUCTION: and radiation losses. The convection tosses
are caused by the angle of inclination and the
Solar energy has always been a viable option spacing between the glass cover and the
for the energy problems faced by the world. absorber plate, while the radiation losses are
Solar energy is the radiation resulted by caused by the exchange of heat between the
nuclear fusion reactions in the sun. Toe 30% of absorber and the environment.
the solar power actually reaches the Earth,
every 20 minutes the sun produces enough Solar Collector-
power to supply the earth with its needs for an
entire year. This solar radiation can be directly Solar collectors are the key component of active
converted into heat. Many different kinds of solar-heating systems. They gather the sun's
equipment are available for this conversion. energy, transform its radiation into heat, then
These can help lessen the impact of domestic transfer that heat to a fluid (usually water or air).
sector on the environment. Flat plate collectors The solar thermal energy can be used in solar
have been service for a long time without any water-heating systems, solar pool heaters, and
significant charges in their design and solar space-heating systems.
operational principles. There are a large number of solar collector
Simple flat plate collector consists of an designs that have shown to be functional. These
absorber plate in an insulated box covered with designs are classified in two general types of
transparent sheets. The most important part of a solar collectors:
solar collector is the absorber. 'Which usually
consists of several narrow metal sheets aligned Flat-plate collectors – the absorbing
side-by-side. The fluid used for heat transfer surface is approximately as large as the
21
PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2015
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
overall collector area that intercepts the Following Points should be considered for the
sun's rays design of a solar water heater system.
Concentrating collectors – large areas of For the purpose of designing we make following
mirrors or lenses focus the sunlight onto a Assumptions.
smaller absorber. Daily Water Consumption
Water inlet Temperature
Flat Plate Collector- Since water is required for general
purpose we have to design the water
Flat-plate collectors are the most common solar heater on following parameter,
collector for solar water-heating systems in a) Ambient Temperature
homes and solar space heating. A typical flat- b) Inclination of Collector
plate collector is an insulated metal box with a c) Wind Speed
glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a d) Fluid to the heat transfer
dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors Coefficient.
heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 80°C. For the Design the flat plate solar water
considering the following design parameter discuss
in design part.
B. Theoretical Background-
Flat-plate collectors are used for residential water Thermal Capacity of the Collector (C) : It
heating and hydronic space-heating installations. is the amount of heat that can be stored per
surface collector area and per unit of temperature
Constructional Elements of a Plate Solar change
Collector
Pressure Drop (∆P) Is the difference in
Absorber Plate or selective surface- Is a pressure between the inlet to the collector the
metal, glass or plastic surface, mostly outlet due to circulation friction
black in color. it absorbs and converts
radiation into thermal energy Stagnant Conditions is characterized by no
The Transparent Cover- Is the upper fluid circulation inside the collector the period in
part of the collector covering the tide which the absorbing surface area receives a
absorber plate. It is made from glass or considerable incident radiation
transparent plastic sheet to permit
penetration of solar beams. Incidence Angle Coefficient (kθ) the ratio of
The Collector Insulator- Consists of a the optical efficiency of a solar with a fixed
material with very low thermal beam angle of incidence to the optical
conductivity. It is installed in the bottom efficiency of the collector at its normal
and around the sides of the collector, in
order to minimize heat loss. The cover reflectance (ρc)
The heat transfer medium- Flowing
through the collector to transfer the heat Cover Transmittance (τc)
from absorber to the utilization system.
Can be either air or liquid, usually water. Cover Absorptance (αc)
22
PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2015
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
Collector Efficiency Factor (F): It is the ratio of The optical efficiency of most solar concentrators
the real energy output of the collector to the lies between 0.6 and 0.7. In a thermal conversion
energy output in. the case when the total absorber system a working fluid is used to extract energy
area was at the average fluid temperature with the from the absorber. The thermal performance of
same fluid quantity of flowing water. solar concentrator is determined by their thermal
efficiency.
Collector Flow Factor (F"): It is the ratio of the The thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of the
energy that the collector can deliver at the useful energy delivered to the energy incident at
average temperature of the fluid to the energy that the concentrator aperture:
the collector can supply at the inlet collector ρVCpf (T2−T1)
ηth =
temperature. 𝐼𝑏 𝐴𝑎
The incident solar radiation consists of beam
(direct) and diffuses radiation. However, the
Collector Heat Removal Factor (FR): It is the
majority of concentrating collectors can utilize
ratio of the energy collector output to the energy
only beam radiation.
output of the collector in temperature of the inlet
The instantaneous thermal efficiency of a solar
fluid. It is temperature dependent.
concentrator may be calculated from an energy
balance on the absorber. The instantaneous thermal
Collector Heat Loss Coefficient (UL):
efficiency is dependent on two types of quantities,
Coefficient of thermal loss of a collector is
namely the concentrator design parameters and the
defined as the ratio of the temperature difference
parameters characterizing the operating conditions.
per unit area of the cover to the ambient
The optical efficiency, heat loss coefficient and
temperature.
heat removal factor are the design dependent
parameters while the solar flux, inlet fluid
Incidence Angle Coefficient (kθ) : The ratio of
temperature and the ambient temperature define
the optical efficiency of a solar collector with a
the operating conditions.
fixed beam angle of incidence to the optical
efficiency of the collector at its normal.
3. NOMENCLATURE:
Several parameters are used to describe solar
Aa – aperture area
collectors. Following are brief descriptions for
Ac -- Collector area
some of these parameters:
Aabs – absorber area
The aperture area (Aa) is the area of the
Ast -- Surface Area of the tank
collector that intercepts solar radiation.
C – concentration ratio
Acceptance angle is defined as the angle through
Ib – beam radiation
which a source of light can be moved and still
Pabs - rate of energy absorbed by the
converge at the receiver (Hsieh, 1986). A
absorber
concentrator with small acceptance angle is
T1 – temperature of heat transfer fluid
required to track the sun continuously while. a
entering the collector
concentrator with large acceptance angle needs
T2 – temperature of heat transfer fluid
only seasonal adjustment.
leaving the collector
Absorber area (Aabs) is the total area of
Qi th – instantaneous thermal efficiency
the absorber surface that receives the concentrated
h - Heat transfer coefficient W/m2
solar radiation. It is also the area from where
H - Heat Loss watts
useful energy can be extracted.
Ta - Average ambient temperature
Concentration ratio (C) is defined as the ratio of
Ts - Desirable/Actual insulation surface temp
the aperture area to the absorber area i.e.
𝐴𝑎 Th - Hot temperature surface.
C= Qu - rate of useful heat gain
A𝑎𝑏𝑠
The optical efficiency is defined as the ratio of the FR - Heat removal factor.
energy absorbed by the absorber to the energy S - sunshine hour per day
incident on the concentrator aperture (Garg and Ut - Top loss coefficient
Prakash, 2000). It includes the effect of mirror/lens Tfi - Temperature transfer coefficient
surface, shape and reflection/transmission losses, Ta - Average ambient temperature
tracking accuracy, shading, receiver-cover F - fin efficiency
transmittance, absorptance of the absorber and Cb - bond resistance
solar beam incidence effects. The optical Cw - wall resistance
efficiency is given as UL - overall loss coefficient
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠
ηo = Di - inner diameter of tube, m
𝐴𝑎 𝐼𝑑
23
PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2015
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
Pd
Design Stress=
2tn
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
Design Output-
24
PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2015
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
6. REFERENCES:
25