International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 577

ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 577-580

Model Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Residential Structure for Application to

Seismic Design
A. K. Sharma
Post Graduate Student, Civil Engineering /BIT-Mesra, Ranchi – 835215, arbindkrsharma@gmail.co.in
Abhilash Shukla
Post Graduate Student, Civil Engineering /BIT-Mesra, Ranchi – 835215, abhilash.shukla29@gmail.com
C. K. Singh
Former Engineer-in-chief & HOD &Prof, CIT-Tatisilwai, Ranchi-835215, manoj_kumardhanbad@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT: Adequate knowledge of earthquake engineering is quite necessary now a day, because we are facing
tsunami, Sevier earthquake like problems, vary recently in Japan tsunami and high scale earthquake brought a very
painful and tragic incident which causes a huge casualty. In this present study there is a provision of cold formed steel as
a building material substitute which can help for the construction of earthquake resistance structures. Cold-formed steel
has been widely used in buildings, automobiles, equipment, home and office furniture, utility poles, storage racks, grain
bins, highway products, drainage facilities, and bridges. Its popularity can be attributed because Cold rolled steel
sections galvanized with 220GSM coating that are corrosion resistant for 300 years. Wind speeds of 200 km/h and loads
unto 400 Kg/sqm, uniform quality, lightweight designs, economy in transportation and handling, and quick and simple
erection or installation.
The objective of this study is to investigate analytically the lateral load capacities of shear walls used in cold formed
steel framed residential buildings. The capacity of the shear walls depend on the interaction of several parameters like
screw spacing on perimeter and field, screw type and size, plate type and thickness, plate strength and aspect ratio. The
main parameters are studied and some of them are assumed constant. In experimental studies, it was observed that the
failure mechanism of shear walls is OSB sheathing and steel frame connection and the connection shear forces are
calculated in all the computer models and shear wall capacities are calculated according to this parameter.
KEY WORDS: Cold formed steel shear walls, OSB sheathing, flat strap bracing, and lateral stiffness.
INTRODUCTION
Cold-formed steel has been widely used in buildings, strength, versatility and workability. It is utilized
automobiles, equipment, home and office furniture, utility internationally in a wide array of applications including
poles, storage racks, grain bins, highway products, residential and commercial construction and renovation,
drainage facilities, and bridges. Its popularity can be packaging/crating, furniture and shelving, and do-it-
attributed to ease of mass production and prefabrication, yourself projects. Because it is engineered, OSB can be
uniform quality, lightweight designs, economy in custom manufactured to meet specific requirements in
transportation and handling, and quick and simple erection thickness, density, panel size, surface texture, strength and
or installation. In building construction, cold-formed steel rigidity. This engineering process makes OSB the most
products can be classified into three categories: members, widely accepted and preferred structural panel among
panels, and prefabricated assemblies. Typical cold-formed architects, specifies and contractors.
steel members such as studs, track, purlins, girts and
Mechanical Properties of OSB:
angles are mainly used for carrying loads while panels and
Minimum Modulus of Elasticity (Parallel):3500 MPa
decks constitute useful surfaces such as floors, roofs and
Minimum Modulus of Elasticity (Perpendicular):1500
walls, in addition to resisting the in-plane and out-of plane
MPa
surface loads. Prefabricated cold-formed steel assemblies
Dowel Bearing Strength: 41.4 MPA (APA, The
include roof trusses, panelized walls or floors, and other
Engineered Wood Association Form no: TT-020)
prefabricated structural assemblies. Approximately 40%
Screws
of the total steel used in building construction is cold-
Screws with different types of heads can be used in
formed steel. Cold-formed steel possesses a significant
construction according to the requirements of design and
market share because of its advantages over other
material For framing No. 8 x 5/8 in. wafer head, self
construction materials and the industry-wide support pro-
drilling. (D=4.17 mm)
vided by various organizations that promote cold-formed
For OSB sheathing No. 8 x 1 in. flat head, sharp point,
steel research and products, including codes and standards
self drilling. (D=4.17 mm)
development that is spearheaded by the American Iron
Steel
and Steel Institute (AISI).
Steel for cold forming is mostly slitted as coils in required
MATERIALS USED IN A COLD FORMED STEEL width from big galvanized steel coils and it is ready to be
SHEAR WALL used by roll- formers. Minimum Yield Strength: Fy =228
Oriented Strand board (OSB) MPa (33 ksi)
Oriented strand board (OSB) is a performance - rated Minimum Tensile Strength: Fu=310 MPa (45 ksi)
structural wood-based panel engineered uniformity, All Cold Formed steel section Capacities are calculated
according to the AISI specification.

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 578 A.K Sharma, Abhilash Shukla, C.K. Singh

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF OSB SHEATHED Capacity

SHEAR WALLS
Constraint 9.68 0.73
Analytical Models of Shear Walls and Analysis Results
Four different computer models have been analyzed and Defined
two model explained. The properties of the models and Model Yield
analysis results are described below. To check the analysis
results the models are determined according to Shear wall Capacity
design guide, 1998 by American Iron and Steel Institute Link Defined 10.08 0.76
and IBC 2006.
Model Yield
MODEL 1-Fastener Spacing at Panel Edges: 152 mm
(6 in) Capacity
Dimensions: 2.44m x 2.44m Link Defined 15.20 1.15
Screw Spacing: 152 mm on centre at perimeter and 305
mm on centre in field. Model Nominal
Number of Constraints or nonlinear-links defined: 85 Shear Capacity

Steel Frame and Meshed Shell of Staadpro 2006 model

Geometric and Material properties of Sections used in
Analysis of shear wall with screw spacing 152 mm on
centre at perimeter
Web Flange Lip Thickness Fy / Fu
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
Studs 89 41.2 12.5 0.84 228/310 Lateral Force vs. Displacement Curve for 15 cm Screw
Spacing Model
Tracks 89 32 0 0.84 228/310
Lateral force is increased up to first nonlinear link yielded
• End Studs are Back to Back and the corresponding displacement is obtained as yield
Unit wall shear capacities are obtained from analyses and displacement. After yield point lateral force is increased
values are divided by IBC values for wind forces to incrementally as other links are yielded up to the frame
compare the results. The results are defined as Normalized become unstable and the corresponding displacements are
values according to IBC values for wind forces. read. By this way, lateral capacity vs. displacement curve
is obtained.
Analysis Results for Shear Wall with screw spacing
152 mm on centre at perimeter MODEL 2-Fastener Spacing at Panel Edges: 51 mm (2 in)
Dimensions: 2.44m x 2.44m
Wall Shear Normalized Screw Spacing: 51 mm on centre at perimeter and 150
Capacity Values mm on centre in field.
Number of Constraints or nonlinear-links defined: 237
(kN/m) According to
IBC values for
wind forces
IBC values for 13.27 1.0
wind forces
Capacity
IBC values for 10.21 0.77
Steel frame and meshed shell of staadpro model
seismic forces

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 577-580
 Model Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Residential Structure for 579
Application to Seismic Design

Geometric and Material properties of Sections used in

Analysis of shear wall with screw spacing 51 mm on
centre at perimeter

Web Flange Lip Thickness Fy / Fu

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
Studs 89 41.2 12.5 0.84 228/310
Tracks 89 32 0 0.84 228/310
• End Studs are Back to Back

Analysis Results for Shear Wall with screw spacing 76

mm on centre at Perimeter

Wall Shear Normalized

Capacity Values
(kN/m) According to Lateral Force vs. Displacement Curve for 10 cm Screw
Spacing Model
IBC values for
wind forces Graphical Summary and Comparison of Analyses for
Different Screw Spacing
IBC values for 27.87 1.0
wind forces The analyses are performed for the models with four
different screw spacing and the wall shear capacities for
Capacity yield and nominal stages are obtained. The results are
summarized and compared with IBC 2006 values.
IBC values for 23.71 0.85
seismic forces Summary of Wall shear Capacities for different screw
spacing and different cases
Capacity
Constraint 24.44 0.88 Unit Wall Shear Unit Wall Shear
Defined Capacity (kN/m) Capacity (kN/m)
Model Yield IBC values for
Capacity wind forces 13.27 27.87
Link Defined 24.14 0.87 IBC values for
Model Yield seismic forces 10.21 23.71
Capacity Constraint
Link Defined 29.05 1.05 Defined Model 9.68 24.44
Model Nominal Yield Capacity
Shear Capacity Link Defined

In this model with 305 mm screw spacing on centre in Model Yield 10.08 24.44
field the maximum screw shear force doesn’t occur at the Capacity
perimeter but occur in the field connections, then the field
screw spacing is decreased to 150 mm on centre in field, Link Defined
the maximum screw shear force occur at the perimeter as Model Nominal 14.34 32.79
expected and the capacity is increased to 24.14 kN/m.
Lateral force is increased up to first nonlinear link yielded Shear Capacity
and the corresponding displacement is obtained as yield
displacement. After yield point lateral force is increased The explanations in the legends of the graphs refer to the
incrementally as other links are yielded up to the frame following analyses results:
become unstable and the corresponding displacements are
1. “IBC values for wind forces” refer to Table 2211.2(1)
read. By this way, lateral capacity vs. displacement curve
is obtained. of IBC 2006 “nominal shear values for wind forces in

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering

ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 577-580
 580 A.K Sharma, Abhilash Shukla, C.K. Singh
pounds per foot for shear walls framed with cold-
formed steel studs”
2. “IBC values for seismic forces” refer to Table
2211.2(3) of IBC 2006 “nominal shear values for
seismic forces in pounds per foot for shear walls
framed with cold-formed steel studs”
3. “Constrained Defined Model Yield Capacity” refers
to the yield capacity of the model that OSB-steel
connections are defined as constraints.
Comparison of Constraint defined Model yield Capacity
with IBC nominal shear values for wind and seismic
forces
Comparison of Nonlinear Link defined Model yield
Capacity with IBC nominal shear values for wind and
seismic forces
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 577-580
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions were drawn from the study
1. Oriented Strand boards sheathed shear walls have
significant shear capacity to resist against lateral
forces caused by earthquake and wind.
2. The shear wall capacity can be increased by
increasing the screw spacing on perimeter. The shear
capacity increases 2.28 times if the perimeter screw
spacing decreases from 15 cm to 5 cm, assuming that
all the other parameters are constant.
3. A consistency has been achieved with the analytical
model results and International Building Code (IBC
2006) table values for nominal shear values for shear
walls framed with cold-formed steel studs.
4. Using X-bracing together with OSB sheathed walls
both decreases the axial forces on the diagonal
bracing and end studs. The contribution of gypsum
board cladding on the interior side of the wall to the
lateral load capacity, effect of openings in long shear
walls and the performance of horizontal floor
diaphragms can be studied in further studies.
REFERENCES
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insaat, 18, 2001, pp. 48-49
[2] Akbas B., Shen J., Dincer T., “Effect of Oriented
Strand Board Panels on the Lateral Stiffness of
Lightweight Frames”, International IASS Symposium
on Lightweight Structures in Civil Engineering,
Warsaw, Poland, 24-28 June, 2002.
[3] Anonymous: Celik yapilara talep artiyor, Dünya
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[4] APA, The Engineered Wood Association, Form
No:TT-020, “Recommended Bearing Strength of
wood Structural Panels to be used with fastener yield
equation”, (2002)
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