CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. AC GENERATOR 2
2. EDDY CURRENTS 3
3. ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE 4
4. ALTERNATING CURRENT THROUGH 7
DIFFERENT CIRCUITS
5. PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT 11
6. ADMITTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE 13
7. POWER IN AN AC CIRCUIT 13
8. POWER FACTOR 15
9. WATTLESS CURRENT 16
10. TRANSFORMERS 16
SOLVED EXAMPLES 18 - 21
EXERCISE - I 22 - 23
EXERCISE - II 24 - 25
EXERCISE - III 26 - 33
ANSWER KEY 34 - 35

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ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. AC GENERATOR
One method to induce an emf or current in a loop is through a change in the loop’s orientation or a
change in its effective area. As the coil rotates in a magnetic field B, the effective area of the loop (the
face perpendicular to the field) is A cos Ѳ, where Ѳ is the angle between A and B. This method of
producing a flux change is the principle of operation of a simple ac generator. An ac generator converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

AC Generator
The basic elements of an ac generator are shown in figure. It consists of a coil mounted on a rotor shaft.
The axis of rotation of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The coil (called
armature) is mechanically rotated in the uniform magnetic field by some external means. The rotation of
the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change, so an emf is induced in the coil. The ends of the coil
are connected to an external circuit by means of slip rings and brushes.
When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed ω, the angle Ѳ between the magnetic field vector
B and the area vector A of the coil at any instant t is Ѳ = ω t (assuming Ѳ = 0º at t = 0). As a result, the
effective area of the coil exposed to the magnetic field lines changes with time, the flux at any time t is
ΦB = BA cos Φ = BA cos ω t
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is then,

Є=-N dΦ B
=-NBA
d
(cos ω t)
dt dt
Thus, the instantaneous value of the emf is
Є = NBA ω sin ω t ...(i)
where NBA ω is the maximum value of the emf, which occurs when sin ω t = ±1. If we denote NBA ω as
Є 0, then Є = Є 0 sin ω t ...(ii)
Since the value of the sine function varies between +1 and -1, the sign, or polarity of the emf changes
with time. The emf has its extreme value when Ѳ = 90º or Ѳ = 270º, as the
change of flux is greatest at these points.
The direction of the current changes periodically and therefore the current is called alternating current
(AC). Since ω = 2πv,
Є = Є 0sin 2π v t ...(iii)
where v is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil.
Note that Eq. (ii) and (iii) give the instantaneous value of the emf and Є varies between + Є 0 and - Є 0
periodically.

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1.1 An alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field

In commercial generators, the mechanical energy required for rotation of the armature is provided by
water falling from a height, for example, from dams. These are called hydro-electric generators.
Alternatively, water is heated to produce steam using coal or other sources. The steam at high pressure
produces the rotation of the armature. These are called thermal generators. Instead of coal, if a nuclear
fuel is used, we get nuclear power generators. Modern day generators produce electric power as high
as 500 MW, i.e., one can light up 5 million 100 W bulbs! In most generators, the coils are held stationary
and it is the electromagnets which are rotated. The frequency of rotation is 50 Hz in India.
In certain countries such as USA, it is 60 Hz.

2. EDDY CURRENTS
We have studied the electric currents induced in well defined
paths in conductors like circular loops. Even when bulk pieces
of conductors are subjected to changing magnetic flux, induced
currents are produced in them. However, their flow patterns
resemble swirling eddies in water. This effect was discovered
by physicist Foucault (1819-1868)
and these currents are called eddy currents.

Consider the apparatus shown in figure. A copper plate is

allowed to swing like a simple pendulum between the pole pieces
of a strong magnet. It is found that the motion is damped and in
a little while the plate comes to a halt in the magnetic field.
Magnetic flux associated with the plate keeps on changing as
the plate moves in and out of the region between magnetic poles.
The flux change induces eddy currents in the plate. Directions
of eddy currents are opposite when the plate swings into the
region between the poles and when it swings out of the region.
Eddy currents are undesirable since they heat up the core and
dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat. Eddy currents are
minimized by using laminations of metal to make a metal core.
The laminations are separated by an insulating material like
lacquer. Eddy currents
are used to advantage in certain applications like:

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(i) Magnetic braking in trains: Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in some electrically
powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose
the motion of the train. As there are no mechanical linkages, the braking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic damping: Certain galvanometers have a fixed core made of nonmagnetic metallic
material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and
bring the coil to rest quickly.
(iii) Induction furnace: Induction furnace can be used to produce high temperatures and can be utilised
to prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals. A high frequency alternating current is passed
through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The eddy currents generated in the metals
produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter (analogue type) rotates due
to the eddy currents. Electric currents are induced in the disc by magnetic fields produced by
sinusoidally varying currents in a coil.
You can observe the rotating shiny disc in the power meter of your house.

3. ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

An alternating current or voltage is the variation of current or voltage respectively whose magnitude and
direction vary periodically and continuously with time. For current or voltage to be alternating (i) magnitude
should be constant (ii) alternate half cycle is positive and half negative. The simplest type of alternating
current I and voltage V have a sinusoidal variation whose instantaneous value is given by
I = I0 sin (ωt + φ)
V = V0 sin (ω t + φ)
where φ is initial phase
Graphs of some of the alternating current and voltage cases:

Where I0 and V0 denote the peak values of the current and e.m.f. respectively and is the angular
2π
frequency. The time period T of alternating current is given by T =
ω
1 ω
The frequency f, of alternating current is given by f = =
T 2π

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Average value of alternating current: The average value of current over time t is defined as
t
∫ i dt
0
Iavg = t where i is instantaneous value of the current.
∫ dt
0
For sinusoidal variation of current and voltages
T

∫i sin(ω t + Ѳ)dt
0
0
Case I: Average value over complete cycle = =0
T
∫ dt
0
Similarly Vavg = 0
Case II: Average value over half cycle
T/2
∫ i0sin(ω t + Ѳ)dt
2I0
iavg = 0
=
T/2 π
∫ dt
0
2 V0
Similarly Vavg =
π
Ex. 1 A electric heater draws 2.5 A from a 220-V, 60- Hz power supply, find
(a) the average current
(b) the average of the square of the current
(c) the current amplitude
(d) the supply voltage amplitude.
Sol. (a) The average of sinusoidal AC values over any whole number of cycles is zero.
(b) RMS value of current = Irms = 2.5 A
So, (I 2 ) = (I ) 2 = 6.25A 2
av rms

Im
(c)Irms =
2
So , Current amplitude = 2I rms = 2(2.5A) = 3.5 A

Vm
(d)V rms =220V =
2
So, Supply voltage amplitude

Vm = 2 (V rms ) = 2 (220V)= 311 V.

3.1 Effective Current and Voltage

Since the average value over a time period of sinusoidal alternating current or voltage is zero, a D.C.
ammeter or voltmeter does not show any deflection for alternating current circuits. Therefore alternating
current ammeter or voltmeters are used which measure the average or effective values of the current and
voltage and are based on ‘measuring’ the root mean square values of current and voltage. The root mean
square value of an alternating current is that steady current which when passed through a resistor will
produce the same amount of heat as the actual alternating current shall develop when passed for the
same time. It is denoted by Irms

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The magnitude of I rms is given by

3.2 Power in Alternating Current Circuit

Average power in alternating current circuit over time t is defined as
t

∫ Vi dt
0
Pavg = t
∫ dt
0

where V and i are instantaneous values of voltage and current respectively

Let V = V0 sin ω t
i = i0 sin (ω t - φ)
Average power over a cycle
T

∫ V0i0sin ω t-sin(ωt-φ)dt
Pavg= 0
T
∫ dt
0

T
2 1
V0i0 (sin ω tcosφ --
∫ 2
sin 2 ω tsin φ) dt
0
=
T

1
= 2 V0i0 cos Φ = Vrms · irms cos Φ
The term cos Φ is known as power factor.
It is said to be leading if current leads voltage, lagging if current lags voltage. Thus, a power factor of 0.5
lagging means current lags the voltage by 60° (as cos-10.5 = 60°). The product of Vrms and irms gives the
apparent power. While the true power is obtained by multiplying the apparent power by the power
factor cos Φ. Thus,
Apparent power = Vrms × irms
and True power = apparent power × power factor
For Φ= 0°, the current and voltage are in phase. The power is thus, maximum (= Vrms × irms). For
Φ = 90°, the power is zero. The current is then stated wattless. Such a case will arise when resistance in
the circuit is zero. The circuit is purely inductive or capacitive. The case is similar to that of a frictionless
pendulum, where the total work done by gravity upon the pendulum in a cycle is zero.

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4. ALTERNATING CURRENT THROUGH DIFFERENT CIRCUITS
4.1 Purely Resistive Circuit
If V = V0 sin (ω t) V ω=0
V V0
R
i
I= = sin (ω t)=I sin0 (ω t)
R R
Both voltage and current are in same phase.
Instantaneous Power dissipated = P = VI
= V0I0 sin2 (ω t)
Average power dissipated over a cycle
T
V
1 V0 I0 V0 I0
= P=T ∫ Pdt= 2 =
2 2
I or V
0 O
t
=> P = Vrms . Irms.
4.2 Purely Inductive Circuit

t
I

Let V = V0 sin ω t
dI
V –L =0
dt
Φ = 90°
I = I0 sin (ω t - π/2) Φ=0
V0 V=V
i
L
I0 =
ωL = Vrms = (ω L)Irms
Therefore, in purely inductive circuit
(i) the current lags behind the voltage in phase by π/2 , and
(ii) the quantity ω L is a measure of the effective opposition offered to the flow of an alternating current
by an inductor. It is denoted by XL and is called inductive reactance :
XL = ωL

XL XL

ω or f L
Thus inductance offers larger opposition to a.c. of higher frequency than to a.c. of lower frequency. Also
the average power consumed by an purely inductive circuit in a cycle is zero :
P = 0 As Φ= 90°
Since the current flows without any power loss, it is called wattless current. During one quarter cycle,
when the current increases, energy is stored in the inductance in the form of magnetic energy and during
the next quarter, when the current decreases, this energy is transferred back to the source. An inductance
coil with a high value of reactance and low resistance has got the property of opposing alternating current
without any significant power loss. Such a coil is called a choke coil.

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4.3 Purely Capacitive Circuit
If V = V0 sin ω t, Q = CV = CV0 sin (ω t) i
dq d
I= = (CV0 sin ω t) = ω CV0 cos ω t Φ=0
dt dt V C

As I = I0 sin (ω t +π/2)

V~ C
t
I

=> Vrms =
1 )Irms
where I0= ( ω C)V0 (
ωC

It shows that in a purely capacitor circuit

(i) the current leads the voltage in phase by π /2,
(ii) the quantity (1/ ω C) is a measure of the effective opposition offered to the flow of an alternating
current by capacitor. It is denoted by XC and is called capacitive reactance.
XC = 1/ ω C
C = constant ω = constant

XC XC

ω or f C
As XC Proportional to 1/ ω, a capacitor offers smaller opposition to AC of higher frequency than to AC of lower
frequency. The average power is zero. During one quarter cycle, energy is stored in the capacitor in the
form of electrostatic field, and this energy is delivered back to the source during the next quarter cycle.
4.4 The LR Series Circuit

VR
R VS
~V S
VL
L VL
IS
VR
If VR ,VL and VS are the r.m.s. voltages across R, L and the AC source respectively. Then

VS = VR2 V+ L
2

R 2 + 2 XL where IS is r.m.s. value of

=I Ssource current.
The total opposition to the current is called impedance and it is denoted by Z.
VS
Z= = R
2
+
2
XL = R
2 2
+ ω
2
L
IS
The phase angle Φ by which the applied voltage leads the current is
(ωL)
( XL ) –1
Φ = tan-1 =tan
R R

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Ex. 2 An alternating voltage of 220 volt r.m.s. at a frequency of 40 cycles/second is supplied to a circuit
containing a pure inductance of 0.01 H and a pure resistance of 6 ohms in series. Calculate (i) the
current, (ii) potential difference across the resistance, (iii) Potential difference across the inductance, (iv)
the time lag.
Sol. The impedance of L-R series circuit is given by
Z = [R2 + (ω L)2]1/2 = [(R)2 + (2 πfL)2]1/2
= [62 + (2 × 3.14 × 40 × 0.01)2]1/2 = 6.504 ohm
(i) R. M. S. value of current
є rms 220 volt
I rms = = =33.83 amp
Z 6.504ohm
(ii) The potential difference across the resistance is given by
VR = Irms × R = 33.83 × 6 = 202.83 volts
(iii) Potential difference across inductance is given by
VL = Irms × (ω L) = 33.83 × (2 × 3.14 × 0.01) = 96.83 volts
ωL
(iv) Phase angle Φ = Tan-1
R
So, Φ = Tan-1 (0.4189) = 2215◦ 46'
Φ Φ 1 22 ◦ 46'
Now time lag = =T= = = =0.01579 second
360 360 f 360 ◦ 40
4.5 The RC Series Circuit

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4.6 The LCR Series Circuit
For LCR series circuit,

VL
R VR

VS ~ VS
VL
L φ
C VC VC VR IS

2 2
R (VL –V C)

2
1
2
L –X C)
2
= R
2
+ ωL -
ωC
)
(
1
)
φ = tan-1 ( XL --- XC
) = tan
-1 ωC
R R

Ex. 4 A resistance R, and inductance L and a capacitor C all are connected in series with an a.c. supply. The
resistance of R is 16 ohm and for a given frequency, the inductive reactance of L is 24 ohm and capacitive
reactance of C is 12 ohm. If the current in the circuit is 5 amp, find
(a) the potential difference across R, L and C
(b) the impedance of the circuit
(c) the voltage of a.c. supply
(d) phase angle
Sol. (a) Potential difference across resistance
VR = iR = 5 × 16 = 80 volt
Potential difference across inductance
VL = i × (ωL) = 5 × 24 = 120 volt
Potential difference across condenser
VC = i × (1/C) = 5 × 12 = 60 volt

1 2
2
ω L - )
= (16)
2
+(24 -12) 2 = 20 ohm

(c) The voltage of a.c. supply is given by

r = IZ = 5 × 20 = 100 volt

(d)Φ = Tan-1 ( ωL-(1/ωC) )

R

= Tan-1 ( 24-12 ) = Tan -1

(0.75)=36°46’
16

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4.6.1 Resonance in LCR series circuit
1
At a particular angular frequency ω 0 of the source, when XL = XC or ω 0L = , the impedance of
ω0C
circuit becomes minimum and equal to R and, therefore, the current will be maximum. The circuit is then
said to be in resonance. The resonant angular frequency ω 0 and frequency v0 are given by
1 1
ω0 = , v0 =
LC 2π LC
The variation of r.m.s. current with the frequency of the applied voltage is shown in the figure. If the
applied voltage consists of a number of frequency components, the current will be large for the component
having frequency v0.
ω0 L
The Q factor of an LCR series circuit is given by Q=
R
Irms
A direct current flows uniformly throughout the cross-section of
the conductor. An alternating current, on the other hand, flows
mainly along the surface of the conductor. This effect is known
as skin effect. The reason is that when a.c. flows through a
conductor, the flux changes in the inner part of the conductor
are higher. vo v

5. PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT
Let us consider an alternating source connected across an inductance L in parallel with a capacitor C. The
resistance in series with the inductance is R and with the capacitor is zero.
Let the instantaneous value of emf applied be V and the corresponding current is i, iL and iC. Then,
i = iL + iC

j2

1
is known as admittance (Y). Therefore,
Z
2 3 2
1 R-j ω L R+ j (ω CR + ω LC - ω L)
Y= = + j ω C=
+ L
Z 2 2 2 2 2 2
R ω R + ω L
The magnitude of the admittance,

+ ω CR + ω L C - ω L)
2 3 2 2
R
Y=|Y|=
R2 ω + 2L
2

The admittance will be minimum, when

2 3
ω CR + ωL2C - ω L= 0
1 2
R
ω=
L2
LC
It gives the condition of resonance and the corresponding frequency,

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ω 1 1 -R2
F= =
2π 2 π LC L2
is known as resonance frequency. At resonance frequency admittance is minimum or the impedance is
maximum. Thus, the parallel circuit does not allow this frequency from the source to pass in the circuit.
Due to this reason the circuit with such a frequency is know as rejecter circuit.
1
If R = 0, resonance frequency is same as resonance frequency in series circuit.
2 π LC
At resonance, the reactive component of Y is real. The reciprocal of the admittance is called the parallel
resistor or the dynamic resistance. The dynamic resistance is thus, reciprocal of the real part of the
admittance.
2 2
R2 +ω L
Dynamic resistance =
R
2
1 R
Substituting ω =
2
- 2
LC L
L
we have, dynamic resistance =
CR
V0 V0CR
.’. peak current through the supply = =
L/CR L
V0
The peak current through capacitor = = ω 0 CV
. The ratio of the peak current through capacitor
1/C ω
and through the supply is known as Q-factor.
V0ω C ωL
Thus, Q-factor = =
V 0CR /L R

This is basically the measure of current magnification. The rejector circuit at resonance exhibits current

ωL
magnification of , similar to the voltage magnification of the same ratio exhibited by the series acceptor
R
circuit at resonance.
At resonance the current through the supply and voltage are in phase, while the current through the
capacitor leads the voltage by 90°.

Ex. 5 For the circuit shown in figure. Current in inductance is 0.8 A while in capacitance is 0.6A. What is the
current drawn from the source.

Sol. In this ac circuit є = є0sin ω t is applied across an inductance and capacitance in parallel, current in
inductance will lag the applied voltage while across the capacitor will lead,
V π
and so, IL= sin (ω t - ) = - 0.8cos ω t
XL 2

=
V
IC = sin (ω t +π ) 0.6cos ω t
XC 2
So the current drawn from the source,
I = IL + IC = -0.2cos ω t, i.e., |I0| = 0.2 A

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6. ADMITTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE
6.1 Admittance
(a) The reciprocal of the impedance of an ac circuit is called admittance. It is represented by Y .
1
.’. Admittance =
Impedance
1
Y=
Z
(b) The unit of admittance is (ohm)-1 or mho.
6.2 Susceptance
(a) The reciprocal of the reactance of an ac circuit is called susceptance. It is represented by S.
1
.’. Susceptance =
Reactance
1
or S =
X
(b) The unit of susceptance is (ohm)-1 or mho.
(c) The susceptance of a coil of inductance L is called inductive susceptance. It is equal to the
reciprocal of inductive reactance.
1
.’. Inductive susceptance =
Inductive reactance
(d) The susceptance of a capacitor of capacitance C is called capacitive susceptance. It is equal to
the reciprocal of capacitive reactance.
1
.’. Capacitive susceptance =
Capacitive reactance
1 1
SC= = =ωC mho
XC 1/ ω C
6.3 Conductance
(a) The reciprocal of resistance of a circuit is called conductance. It is represented by G.
1
.’. Conductance =
Resistance
1
or G=
R
(b) The unit of conductivity is also (ohm)-1 or mho.
7. POWER IN AN AC CIRCUIT
In an electric circuit the rate of dissipation of power or the work done by the current in one second
is called power of the circuit. It is equal to the product of the current and the voltage (or emf)
Thus,
electrical power = (current in the circuit) × (voltage in the circuit)
Unit of power is watt or joule/s.
1joule
1 Watt =
1second
1 horse power = 746 watt
There is a phase difference between the voltage (emf) and the current, i.e., they are not in phase.
Thus the power in an ac circuit also depends upon the phase difference between the voltage and the
current.
There are three terms used for power in an ac circuit.
(a) Instantaneous power,
(b) Average power,
(c) Virtual power

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7.1 Instantaneous power
(a) The power in an ac circuit at an instant is called instantaneous power.
(b) Suppose in a circuit E = E0 sin ω t and I = I0 sin (ω t - φ) ampere.
(c) Instantaneous power
Pinst = EI
= (E0 sin ω t) [I0 sin (ω t - φ)]
= E0 I0 sin2 ω t cos φ - E0I0 cos ω t sin ω t sin φ
= (E0 sin ω t) [(I0 cos φ) sin ω t] + (E0 sin ω t) [(I0 sin φ) sin (ω t - π /2)]
(d) Instantaneous power has two parts
(e) Its value may be positive, negative or zero.
7.2 Average power
(a) The average of instantaneous power in an ac circuit over a full cycle is called average power.
(b) Pav =P inst

= E0 I0 sin 2 ω t cos φ +0 E0 I cos ω t sinω tsin φ

1
E0 I0 cos φ - 0
=2
1
Because sin2 ω t =2
and sin ω t =cos ω t = 0

1 E0 I0
.’. Pav = E0 I0 cos φ = cos φ
2 2 2
= Erms Irms cos φ
7.3 Alternating Voltage applied to a resistor
Power supplied to a resistor
Although average values of voltage as well as current for full cycle are zero, average power consumed
or dissipated in resistor R given by Joule's Law is not zero.
Instantaneous Power dissipated in resistor,
P = I2 R = (I02 sin2 ω t) = I02 R sin2 ω t ...(3)
Average power in a cycle,
P = average of (I2R) = average of (I02 R sin2 ω t)
= I02 R (average of sin2 ω t) ...(4)

As sin2 ω t 1
= 2 (1 - cos 2 ω t), we get
= 1 (1 - average of cos 2 ω t)
Average of sin2 ω t ...(5)
2
Average of cos 2 ωt for full cycle = <cos 2 ωt>
T )
1
= ∫cos 2 ω tdt= T
(
1 ( sin2 ω t
2ω
) 0
T0
1
= [sin2 ω T -0]
2ωT
π
[sin 2 x T x T- 0]
1
= = 0
2Tω
.’. <cos 2ωt> =0 ...(6)

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Substituting the value of eqn. (vi) in eqn. (v), we get

Average of sin2 ω t 1 1 ...(7)

= 2 (1 - 0) = 2
Using the value of eqn. (7) in eqn. (4), we have
2
= 1 Io R
P 2
.’.Effective power or average power,
2
P= ( ) I0
R i.e., P = I2rms R ...(8)
2
Ex.6 In an ac circuit the phase difference between the current and the voltage is π /2. If the current in the circuit
is 1A (rms) and voltage 100 volt (rms), then the power dissipated in the circuit will be -
Sol. Power dissipated in the circuit = Erms Irms cos φ but φ = π /2
cos φ /2 = 0
Power dissipated = 0

8. POWER FACTOR
The factor cos φ present in the relation for average power of an ac circuit is called power factor
P ac P av
so cos φ =
E= Irms rms Pv
Thus, ratio of average power and virtual power in the circuit is equal to power factor.
Power factor is also equal to the ratio of the resistance and the impedance of the ac circuit.
R
Thus, cos φ =
Z
Power factor depends upon the nature of the components used in the circuit.
If a pure resistor is connected in the ac circuit then
φ = 0, cos φ = 1
E I E 20
.’. Pav = 0 0 = =Erms Irms
2 2R
Thus the power loss is maximum and electrical energy is converted in the form of heat.
If a pure inductor or a capacitor are connected in the ac circuit, then
φ = ± 90º, cos φ = 0
.’. Pav = 0 (minimum)
Thus there is no loss of power.
If a resistor and an inductor or a capacitor are connected in an ac circuit, then
φ ≠ 0 or ± 90º
Thus φ is in between 0 & 90º.
If the components L, C and R are connected in series in an ac circuit, then
X (ω L -1/ ω L) R
tan φ = = and cos φ =
R R Z
R
= [R 2 .’. Power factor
+ (ω L-1/2ω
] /C) ]1/2
R
cos φ =
Z
Power factor is a unitless quantity.
If there is only inductance coil in the circuit, there will be no loss of power and energy will be stored
in the magnetic field.
If a capacitor is only connected in the circuit, even then there will be no loss of power and energy will
be stored in the electrostatic field.
In reality an inductor and a capacitor do have some resistance, so there is always some loss of
power.
In the state of resonance the power factor is one.

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9. WATTLESS CURRENT
The component of current whose contribution to the average power is nil, is called wattless current.
The average of wattless power is zero because the average of second component of instantaneous
power for a full cycle will be
= Eo sin ω t(I0 sinφ)sin(ω t -π/ 2) 0
The component of current associated with this part is called wattless current. Thus the current (I0 sin
φ) sin (ω t - π /2) is a wattless current whose amplitude is I0 sinφ.
If rms value of current in the circuit is Irms, then the rms value of wattless current will be Irms sin φ.
Wattless current lags or leads the emf by an angle π /2.
Rms value of wattless current
I0
= Irms sin φ = sin φ
2
I 0X
=
2 Z

Since sin φ = X , where X is the resultant reactance of

Z
the circuit.

10. TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a device used to convert low alternating voltage at higher current into high alternating
voltage at lower current and vice-versa. In other words, a transformer is an electrical device used to
increase or decrease alternating voltage.
10.1 Types of Transformers
(i) Step-up transformer : The transformer which converts low alternating voltage at higher current
into a high alternating voltage at lower current is called step-up transformer.
(ii) Step-down transformer : The transformer which converts high alternating voltage at lower current
into a low alternating voltage at higher current is called is called step-down transformer.
Principle : A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction. An e.m.f. is induced in a coil,
when a changing current flows through its nearby coil.
Construction : It consists of two separate coils of insulated wire wound on same iron core. One of the
coils connected to a.c. input is called primary (P) and the other winding giving output is called secondary
(S) winding or coil.

EP P S ES Load

Core
(A)
Theory : When an alternating source of e.m.f. Ep is connected to the primary coil, an alternating current
flows through it. Due to the flow of alternating current in the primary coil, an alternating magnetic flux
induces an alternating e.m.f. in the secondary coil (Es). Let Np and Ns be the number of turns in the
primary and secondary coils respectively. The iron core is capable of coupling the whole of the magnetic
flux φ produced by the turns of the primary coil with the secondary coil.

16
AC
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the induced e.m.f. in the primary coil,
dφ
Ep = -Np ...(1)
dt
The induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil,

Es = -Ns dφ
...(2)
dt
Es Ns
=
Dividing (2) by (1), we get Ep Np
Ns
where N p = K, the transformation ratio or turns ratio.

Es =
Ns
Then =K
Ep Np
K < 1 for step down transformer. In this case Ns < Np and Es < Ep i.e. output alternating voltage < Input
alternating voltage.
K > 1 for step up transformer. In this case Ns > Np and Es > Ep i.e. output alternating voltage is greater
than the input alternating voltage.
For an ideal transformer (in which there are no energy losses), Output power = Input power ...(iii)
Let Ip and Is be the current in the primary and secondary coils respectively.
Then Output power = EsIs ; Input power = EpIp
Es Ip
From equation (iii), EsIs = EpIp or =
Ep Is
1
In general, Eα
I
For same power transfer, voltage increases with the decrease in current and vice-
versa. Thus, whatever is gained in voltage ratio is lost in the current ratio and vice-versa. So, a step-up
transformer increases the alternating voltage by decreasing the alternating current and step-down
transformer decreases the alternating voltage by increasing the alternating current.

Output power EsIs

For a transformer, efficiency, η = =
EpIp
Input power
For an ideal transformer, efficiency, η is 100%. But in a real transformer, the efficiency varies from
90-99%. This indicates that there are some energy losses in the transformer.

17
SOLVED EXAMPLES

18
AC

19
AC

AC
Ex.6 A current of 4 A flows in a coil when connected Ex.7 A coil of resistance 20 and inductance
to a 12 V dc source. If the same coil is 0.5 henry is switched to dc 200 volt supply.
connected to a 12 V, 50 rad/s ac source a Calculate the rate of increase of current:
current of 2.4 A flows in the circuit. Determine (a) at the instant of closing the switch and
the inductance of the coil. Also find the power (b) after one time constant.
developed in the circuit if a 2500 F capacitor (c) Find the steady state current in the circuit.
is connected in series with the coil.

V
I i.e., Z
Z I 2.4 at t = 0, = 400 A/S
dt L
2 2 2 2 2
or, R XL 5 (as Z R XL ) (b) at t =

so, X 2L = 52 - R2 = 52 - 32 = 42 di = 400 e-1 = 148 A/S

dt
i.e., XL = 4
but as, XL = L, (c) Since steady current is at t = and steady
current i0 = 400 A
XL 4
L= = 0.08
50
Ex.8 What is average and r.m.s. current over half
Now when the capacitor is connected to the
cycle if instantaneous current is given by
above circuit in series,
i = 4 sin t + 3 cos t.
1 Given i = 4 sin t + 3 cos t.
As XC = Sol.
C
4 3
1 10 3 =5 sin t cos t
= 5 5
–
50 2500 1 125
= 5 sin ( t + )
=8
2 5 2
L

= 32 (4 -8) 2
=5 Comparing with i = i0sin( t + )
i0 = 5 A
V 12
and henceI 2.4 A
Z 5 5
A
so, Pav = VrmsIrms cos irms = 2

R
= (Irms × Z) × Irms × 10
Z iavg = A

2
i.e., Pav I rms R (2.4)2 3 17.28W.

20
AC
Ex.9 A 100 V a.c source of frequency 500 Hz is
1 1 1 1 15 3
connected to a series LCR circuit with 1
L = 8.1 mH, C = 12.5 mF and R = 10 . L L 1 L 2 5 10 50 10
Find the potential difference across the
10
i.e.,L H
resistance.
3
Sol. Inductive reactance,
V 10 1
XL = 2 × 500 × 8.1 × 10-3 = 25.434 Irms in L1 = = ,
L 1 2 50 5 50
Capacitive reactance,
V 10 1
106 Irms in L2 =
XC 25.478 L2 2 50 10 100
2 500 1
XL = XC 1 1 3
Irms in circuit =
This is the condition of resonance. This means 50π 100π 100π
that total potential drop occurs across the
resistance only. Ex.2 A 0.21 H inductor and a 12 resistor are

connected in series to a 20 V, 50 Hz ac source.

NowV VR 2 VL–VC 2
VR
Calculate the current in the circuit and the phase
VR = 100 V.
angle between the current and the source
Ex.10 Two inductances of 5.0 H and 10.0 H are voltage.
connected in parallel circuit. Find the equivalent
inductance and r.m.s. voltage in each inductor
Sol.: Impedance Z R 2 ωL 2
and in mains circuit when connected to a source
of 10 V AC.
Sol. Let E = E0 sin t 12 0.21 H
2
12 2 3.14 50 0.21 2
E0
)= sin t-
I = I0 sin( t -
2 L 2 V S
2
20 V, 50 Hz 12 65.94 2
(since current legs by )
2 = 67
where L is equivalent inductance of circuit.
Vrms 220
CurrentI rms 3.28A
E0 π E0 π
I1 = ωL
sin ωt- ,I2 sin ωt- Z 67
1 2 ωL2 2
V S
L I 65.94
Phase angle tan –1 tan –1
I1 IR 12
5.0 H I
V R

I2 10.0 H = tan-1 (5.495)

I = 78.690 .

Ex.3 A resistance R, an inductance L and capacitor

10 V ACV
C are connected in series with an AC supply
I = I1 + I2 where R = 16 , inductive reactance XL = 24
and capacitive reactance XC = 12 . If the
E0
sin t– current in the circuit is 5 ampere find
L 2
(a) P.D. across R, L and C
E0 E0 (b) impedance of circuit,
= sin t– sin t–
L1 2 L2 2 (c) voltage of AC supply and
(d) phase angle.

21
AC

Sol.:

(a) VR = 5 x 16 = 80 V, VL = I x ωL = 5 x 24
= 120 V, VC = 1 / Cω = 5 x 12 = 60 V

1
(b) Z = 𝑅2 + ω𝐿 − ω𝐶 2
= 16 2 + 24 − 12 2 = 20 Ω

(c) E = IZ = 5 x 20 = 100 V

ω𝐿 − ω1𝐶 24 − 12
(d) Φ = tan-1 = tan-1
𝑅 16

= tan-1 (0.75) = 36˚46´

Xc –6
8 1
ωC 50 2500 10 at resonance, XL = XC or L=
C
When capacitor is connected in series,

1 1
2 5
C -4 =
Z R
2
(XL- XC) 2
3
2
(8 4)
2
5Ω ωL (4 10 ) 2 2 10

(1/32) F
R 3
Power factor, cos =
Z 5

Power developed P = I2rms Z cos = (2.4)² × 3

= 17.28 W.

22
AC

VL

Source Voltage
VL - V C

45˚
i
VR

VC

23
AC
EXERCISE
EXERCISE - I- I
Q.1 The resistance of a coil for direct current (dc)
is 10Ω. When alternating current (ac) is sent
through it; will its resistance increase, decrease
or remain the same?
Q.2 Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate
power in an A.C. circuit.
Q.3 What is impedance ? Derive a relation for it in
an A.C. series LCR circuit. Show it by a vector.
Q.4 An A.C. supply E = E0 sin ω t is connected to a
series combination of L, C and R. Calculate Q.17
the impedance of the circuit and discuss the
phase relation between voltage and current.
Q.5 What is the relation between peak value and
root mean square value of alternating e.m.f.?
Q.6 Is there any device which may control the direct
current without dissipation of energy?
Q.7 What is the phase relationship between current
and voltage in an inductor?
Q.8 Find the reactance of a capacitance C at f Hz.
Q.9 Prove that an ideal capacitor connected to an
A.C. source does not dissipate power.
Q.10 State the principle of an A.C. Generator.
Q.11 How are the energy losses reduced in a
transformer?
Q.12 Discuss the principle, working and use of a
transformer for long distance transmission of
electrical energy.
Q.13 (a) What will be the instantaneous voltage for
A.C. supply of 220 V and 50 Hz?
(b) In an A.C. circuit, the rms voltage is
100 2 V. Find the peak value of voltage and
its mean value during a positive half cycle.
Q.14 What should be the frequency of alternating
200 V so as to pass a maximum current of
0.9 A through an inductance of 1 H ?
Q.15 An alternating e.m.f. of 100 V (r.m.s.), 50 Hz
is applied across a capacitor of 10 µF and a
resistor of 100W in series. Calculate (a) the
reactance of the capacitor ; (b) the current
flowing ; (c) the average power supplied.
Q.16 The effective value of current in a 50 cycle A.C.
circuit is 5.0 A. What is the value of the current
1/ 300 s after it is zero ?
A pure capacitor is connected to an ac source
of 220 V, 50 Hz. What will be the phase
difference between the current ana applied emf
in the circuit.
Q.18 A 100 Ω resistance is connected to a 220 V,
50 Hz A.C. supply.
(a) What is the rms value of current in the
circuit?
(b) What is the net power consumed over a
full cycle?
Q.19 A pure inductance of 1 henry is connected
across a 110 V,70 Hz source. Find
(a) reactance (b) Current (c) peak value of
current.
Q.20 A series circuit contains a resistor of 10 Ω, a
capacitor and an ammeter of negligible
resistance. It is connected to a source of
220 V - 50 Hz. If the reading of an ammeter is
2.0 A, calculate the reactance of the capacitor.
Q.21 A series LCR circuit connected to a variable
frequency 230 V source and L = 5.0 H, C =
80 µF, R = 40Ω.
(a) Determine the source frequency which
drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the
amplitude of current at the resonating frequency.
(c) Determine the rms potential drops across
the three elements of the circuit. Show that the
potential drop across the LC combination is
zero at the resonating frequency.
24
AC
Q.22 A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor and a Q.27
60 µF capacitor in series is connected to a 230
V, 50 Hz supply. The resistance of the circuit is
negligible.
(a) Obtain the current amplitude and rms
values.
(b) Obtain the rms values of potential drops
across each element.
(c) What is the average power transferred to
the inductor?
(d) What is the average power transferred to
the capacitor?
(e) What is the total average power absorbed
by the circuit ? ['Average' implies 'averaged
over one cycle'.]
Q.28
Q.23 Answer the following questions:
(a) In any A.C. circuit, is the applied
instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum
of the instantaneous voltages across the series
elements of the circuit? Is the same true for
rms voltage?
(b) A capacitor is used in the primary circuit Q.29
of an induction coil.
(c) An applied voltage signal consists of a
superposition of a D.C. voltage and an A.C.
voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists Q.30
of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show
that the D.C. signal will appear across C and
the A.C. signal across L.
(e) Why is choke coil needed in the use of
fluorescent tubes with A.C. mains? Why can
we not use an ordinary resistor instead of the
choke coil ?
A 2µF capacitor, 100Ω resistor and 8 H
inductor are connected in series with an A.C.
source. What should be the frequency of this
A.C. source, for which the current drawn in
the circuit is maximum ? If the peak value of
e.m.f. of the source is 200 V, find for maximum
current, (i) the inductive and capacitive
reactance of the circuit; (ii) total impedance of
the circuit; (iii) peak value of current in the
circuit; (iv) the phase relation between voltages
across inductor and resistor; (v) the phase
difference between voltage across inductor and
capacitor.
A step-down transformer converts a voltage
of 2200 volt into 220 volt in the transmission
line. Number of turns in primary coil is 5000.
Efficiency of the transformer is 90% and its
output power is 8 kW. Calculate (i) number of
turns in the secondary coil (ii) input power.
What will be the effect on inductive reactance
XL and capacitance XC, if frequency of ac
source is increased ?
The frequency of ac is doubled, what happens
to (i) inductive reactance (ii) capacitive
reactance ?

Q.24 A pure inductance of 1.0 H is connected across

a 110 V, 70 Hz source. Find (a) reactance
(b) current (c) peak value of current.

Q.25 An inductance of negligible resistance, whose

reactance is 22 ohm at 200 hertz is connected
to a 220 volt, 50 hertz power line. What is the
value of the inductance and reactance ?

Q.26 An electric lamp marked 220 V D.C.

consumes a current 10 A. It is connected to a
250 V - 50 Hz A.C. mains through a choke.
Calculate the inductance of the choke required.

25
AC
EXERCISE - II
Q.1 In the given current, find the ratio of i1 to i2
where i1 is the initial (at t = 0) current and i2 is
steady state (at t = oo) current through the
battery.
L capacitor.
Q.2 Find the dimension of the quantity ,
RCV
where symbols have usual meaning.
Q.3 In the circuit shown, initially the switch is in
position 1 for a long time. Then the switch is
shifted to position 2 for a long time. Find the
total heat produced in R2.
Q.4 Two resistors of 10Ω and 20Ω and an ideal
inductor of 10H are connected to a 2V battery
as shown. The key K is shorted at time t = 0.
Find the initial (t = 0) and final (t ->oo) currents
through battery.
Q.5 An emf of 15 volt is applied in a circuit
containing 5 H inductance and 10 Ω resistance.
Find the ratio of the currents at time t = oo and
t = 1 second.
Q.6 In the circuit shown in figure switch S is closed
at time t = 0. Find the charge which passes Q.13
through the battery in one time constant.
Q.7 Two coils, 1 & 2, have a mutual inductance =
M and resistances R each. A current flows in
coil 1, which varies with time as: I1 = kt2 , where
K is a constant and 't' is time. Find the total
charge that has flown through coil 2, between
t = 0 and t = T.
Q.8 In a L-R decay circuit, the initial current at
t = 0 is I. Find the total charge that has flown
through the resistor till the energy in the inductor
has reduced to one-fourth its initial value.
Q.9 A capacitor C with a charge Q0 is connected
across an inductor through a switch S. If at
t= 0, the switch is closed, then find the
instantaneous charge q on the upper plate of
Q.10 An inductor of inductance 2.0mH,is connected
across a charged capacitor of capacitance
5.0 µ F,and the resulting LC circuit is set
oscillating at its natural frequency. Let Q denote
the instantaneous charge on the capacitor, and
I the current in the circuit .It is found that the
maximum value of Q is 200 µ C.
(a) when Q=100 µ C,what is the value of
|dI/dt| ?
(b) when Q=200 µ C ,what is the value of I ?
(c) Find the maximum value of I.
(d) when I is equal to one half its maximum
value, what is the value of |Q|.
Q.11 Find the value of an inductance which should
be connected in series with a capacitor of
5 F, a resistance of 10Ω and an ac source of
50 Hz so that the power factor of the circuit is
unity.
Q.12 In an L-R series A.C circuit the potential
difference across an inductance and resistance
joined in series are respectively 12 V and 16V.
Find the total potential difference across the
circuit.
A 50W, 100V lamp is to be connected to an
ac mains of 200V, 50Hz. What capacitance is
essential to be put in series with the lamp.
Q.14 In the circuit shown in the figure the switched
S1 and S2 are closed at time t = 0. After time
t = (0.1) ln 2 sec, switch S2 is opened. Find
the current in the circuit at time t = (0.2)ln2 sec.
26
AC
Q.15 Find the values of i1 and i2
(i) immediately after the
switch S is closed.
(ii) long time later, with S closed.
(iii) immediately after S is open.
(iv) long time after S is opened.
Q.16 Suppose the emf of the battery, the circuit
shown varies with time t so the current is given
by i(t) = 3 + 5t, where i is in amperes & t is in
seconds.
Take R = 4Ω, L = 6H
& find an expression
for the battery emf as
function of time.
Q.17 Two parallel vertical metallic rails AB & CD
are separated by 1 m. They are connected at
the two ends by resistance R1 & R2 as shown
in the figure. A horizontally metallic bar L of
mass 0.2 kg slides without friction, vertically
down the rails under the action of gravity. There
is a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.6T
perpendicular to the plane of the rails, it is
observed that when the terminal velocity is
attained, the power dissipated in R1 & R2 are
0.76 W & 1.2 W respectively. Find the terminal
velocity of bar L & value R1 & R2.
Q.18 In the LR circuit
shown, what is the
variation of the current
I as a function of time?
The switch is closed at
time t = 0 sec.
Q.19 A current of 4 A flows in a coil when connected
to a 12 V dc source. If the same coil is
connected to a 12V, 50 rad/s ac source a
current of 2.4 A flows in the circuit. Determine
the inductance of the coil. Also find the power
developed in the circuit if a 2500 µ F capacitor
is connected in series with the coil.
Q.20 An LCR series circuit with 100Ω resistance is
connected to an ac source of 200 V and angular
frequency 300 rad/s. When only the
capacitance is removed, the current lags behind
the voltage by 60°. When only the inductance
is removed, the current leads the voltage by
60°. Calculate the current and the power
dissipated in the LCR circuit.
Q.21 A box P and a coil Q are connected in series
with an ac source of variable frequency. The
emf of source at 10 V. Box P contains a
capacitance of 1 µ F in series with a resistance
of 32Ω coil Q has a self-inductance 4.9 mH
and a resistance of 68Ω series. The frequency
is adjusted so that the maximum current flows
in P and Q. Find the impedance of P and Q at
this frequency. Also find the voltage across P
and Q respectively.
Q.22 A series LCR circuit containing a resistance of
120Ω has angular resonance frequency
4 × 105 rad s-1. At resonance the voltages
across resistance and inductance are 60 V and
40 V respectively. Find the values of L and C.
At what frequency the current in the circuit lags
the voltage by 45°?
Q.23 An inductor of inductance L = 400 mH and
resistors of resistances R1 = 2Ω and R2 = 2Ω
are connected to a battery of e.m.f. E = 12V
as shown in the figure. The internal resistance
of the battery is negligible. The switch S is
closed at time t = 0. What is the potential drop
across L as a function of time? After the steady
state is reached, the switch is opened. What is
the direction and the magnitude of current
through R1 as a function of time?
E L
R 1
S R 2
Q.24 In an LR series circuit, a sinusoidal voltage
V = Vo sin ω t is applied. It is given that
ω
L = 35mH, R = 11Ω, Vrms= 220 V, = 50Hz
2π
and π = 22/7. Find the amplitude of current
in the steady state and obtain the phase
difference between the current and the voltage.
Also plot the variation of current for one cycle
on the given graph.
V
O T/4 T/2 3T/4 T t
27
AC

EXERCISE - III
Single Correct Question Which one(s) of the following graphs could
Q.1 A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of have caused i2 to behave as give above.
length 10 cm is situated in uniform magnetic
field perpendicular to plane of loop. The
magnetic induction is 0.1 tesla and resistance (A)
of connector (R) is 1 ohm. The sides AB and
CD have resistances 2 ohm and 3 ohm
respectively. Find the current in the connector
during its motion with constant velocity one (B)
metre/sec.

(C)

1 1
(A) A (B) A (D)
110 220
1 1
(C) A (D) A
55 440
Q.4 For L-R circuit, the time constant is equal to
Q.2 A square coil ABCD is placed in x-y plane with (A) twice the ratio of the energy stored in the
its centre at origin. A long straight wire, passing magnetic field to the rate of dissipation of
through origin, carries a current in negative z-
energy in the resistance
direction. Current in this wire increases with
(B) ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic
time. The induced current in the coil is :
field to the rate of dissipation of energy in
the resistance
(C) half the ratio of the energy stored in the
magnetic field to the rate of dissipation of
energy in the resistance
(D) square of the ratio of the energy stored in
(A) clockwise (B) anticlockwise the magnetic field to the rate of dissipation
(C) zero (D) alternating of energy in the resistance

Q.3 An electric current i1 can flow either direction
through loop (1) and induced current i2 in loop
(2). Positive i1 is when current is from 'a' to 'b'
in loop (1) and positive i2 is when the current
is from 'c' to 'd' in loop (2) In an experiment,
the graph of i2 against time 't' is as shown below
Q.5 In the adjoining circuit, initially the switch S is
open. The switch ‘S’ is closed at t = 0. The
difference between the maximum and minimum
current that can flow in the circuit is

(A) 2 Amp (B) 3 Amp

(C) 1 Amp
(D) nothing can be concluded

28
AC
Q.6 The ratio of time constant in build up and decay Q.11 L, C and R represent physical quantities
in the circuit shown in figure is inductance, capacitance and resistance. The
combination which has the dimensions of
frequency is

1 R 1 R
(A) and (B) and
RC L RC L
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 3 : 2
(C) 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 3 C
(C) LC (D)
L
Q.7 In an L-R circuit connected to a battery of
constant e.m.f. E switch S is closed at time
t = 0. If e denotes the magnitude of induced Q.12 A coil of inductance 5H is joined to a cell of
e.m.f. across inductor and i the current in the emf 6V through a resistance 10Ωat time t = 0.
circuit at any time t. Then which of the following The emf across the coil at time t = ln 2 s is:
graphs shows the variation of e with i ? (A) 3V (B) 1.5 V
(C) 0.75 V (D) 4.5 V

(A) (B) Q.13 The network shown in the figure is part of a

complete circuit. If at a certain instant, the
current I is 5A and it is decreasing at a rate of
103 As-1 then VB-VA equals
(C) (D)

Q.8 A current of 2A is increasing at a rate of 4 A/s (A) 20 V (B) 15 V

through a coil of inductance 2H. The energy (C) 10 V (D) 5 V
stored in the inductor per unit time is
(A) 2 J/s (B) 1 J/s Q.14 In the previous question, if I is reversed in
(C) 16 J/s (D) 4 J/s direction, then VB - VA equals
Q.9 Two identical inductance carry currents that (A) 5 V (B) 10 V
vary with time according to linear laws (as (C) 15 V (D) 20 V
shown in figure). In which of two inductance is
the self induction emf greater? Q.15 Two resistors of 10 Ω and 20 Ω and an ideal
inductor of 10 H are connected to a 2 V battery
as shown. The key K is inserted at time t = 0.
The initial (t = 0) and final (t ->oo) currents
through battery are

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) same
(D) data are insufficient to decide
Q.10 The current in the given circuit is increasing with
a rate a = 4 amp/s. The charge on the capacitor
at an instant when the current in the circuit is 2
1 1 1 1
amp will be : (A) A, A (B) A, A
15 10 10 15
(A) 4 µ C
(B) 5 µ C 2 1 1 2
(C) A, A (D) A, A
(C) 6 µ C 15 10 15 25
(D) none of these

29
AC
Q.16 In the circuit shown, the cell is ideal. The coil Q.19
has an inductance of 4H and zero resistance.
F is a fuse of zero resistance and will blow when
the current through it reaches 5A. The switch
is closed at t = 0. The fuse will blow :
An induction coil stores 32 joules of magnetic
energy and dissipates energy as heat at the rate
of 320 watts when a current of 4 amperes is
passed through it. Find the time constant of the
circuit when the coil is joined across a battery.
(A) 0.2 s (B) 0.1 s
(C) 0.3 s (D) 0.4 s

Q.20 The figure shows a part of a complete circuit.

The potential difference VB - VAwhen the
(A) just after t=0 current I is 5A and is decreasing at a rate of
(B) after 2s 103 As-1 is given by
(C) after 5s
(D) after 10s

(A) 15 V (B) 10 V
Q.17 In the circuit shown, X is joined to Y for a long (C) -15 V (D) 20 V
time, and then X is joined to Z. The total heat
produced in R2 is :
Q.21 In a L-R decay circuit, the initial current at t =
0 is I. The total charge that has flown through
the resistor till the energy in the inductor has
reduced to one-fourth its initial value, is
(A) L I / R (B) L I/ 2R

(C) LI/ 2 R (D) None

LE 2 LE 2
(A) (B) 2R22
2R12
Q.22 An inductor coil stores U energy when i current
is passed through it and dissipates energy at
LE 2 LE 2 R2
(C) (D) 2 the rate of P. The time constant of the circuit,
2R1R2 2R1 when this coil is connected across a battery of
zero internal resistance is
Q.18 The circuit shown has been operating for a long
time. The instant after the switch in the circuit 4U U
(A) (B)
labeled S is opened, what is the voltage across P P
the inductor VL and which labeled point (A or
2U 2P
B) of the inductor is at a higher potential ? Take (C) (D)
R1 = 4.0 Ω, R2 = 8.0 Ω, and L = 2.5 H. P U

L S
A B Q.23 The power factor of the circuit is 1/ 2 . The
capacitance of the circuit is equal to
R1 R2
= 12v

(A) VL = 12 V ; Point A is at the higher potential

(B) VL = 12 V ; Point B is at the higher potential
(C) VL = 6V ; Point A is at the higher potential (A) 400 µ F (B) 300 µ F
(D) VL = 6V ; Point B is at the higher potential (C) 500 µ F (D) 200 µ F

30
AC
Q.24 When a resistance R is connected in series with Q.29 An AC current is given by I = I0 + I1 sin wt
an element A, the electric current is found to then its rms value will be
be lagging behind the voltage by angle Ѳ 1. When (A) I 02 + 0.5I 1 2 (B) I0 2 + 0.5I0 2
the same resistance is connected in series with
element B, current leads voltage by Ѳ 2. When
(C) 0 (D) I 0 2
R, A, B are connected in series, the current
now leads voltage by Ѳ. Assume same AC
Q.30 The phase difference between current and
source is used in all cases, then :
voltage in an AC circuit is π/4 radian. If the
(A) Ѳ = Ѳ 2 - Ѳ 1
frequency of AC is 50 Hz, then the phase
(B) tan Ѳ = tan Ѳ 2 - tan Ѳ 1
difference is equivalent to the time difference :
Ѳ1 + Ѳ 2
(C) Ѳ = (A) 0.78 s (B) 15.7 ms
2
(C) 0.25 s (D) 2.5 ms
(D) None of these
Q.25 In the circuit, as shown in the figure, if the value Q.31 Power factor of an L-R series circuit is 0.6
of R.M.S current is 2.2 ampere, the power
and that of a C-R series circuit is 0.5. If the
factor of the box is
element (L, C, and R) of the two circuits are
joined in series the power factor of this circuit
is found to be 1. The ratio of the resistance in
the L-R circuit to the resistance in the C-R
circuit is
1 (A) 6/5 (B) 5/6
(A) (B) 1
2
4 3 3
3 1 (C) (D)
(C) (D) 3 3 4
2 2
Q.26 When 100 V DC is applied across a solenoid
a current of 1 A flows in it. When 100 V AC is Q.32 The effective value of current
applied across the same coil, the current drops i = 2 sin 100 ω t + 2 sin(100 ω t + 30°) is :
to 0.5 A. If the frequency of the AC source is
50 Hz, the impedance and inductance of the (A) 2A (B) 2 2 3
solenoid are: (C) 4 (D) None
(A) 100Ω, 0.93 H (B) 200Ω, 1.0 H
(C) 10Ω, 0.86H (D) 200Ω, 0.55 H Q.33 If I1, I2, I3 and I4 are the respective r.m.s. values
Q.27The power in ac circuit is given by of the time varying currents as shown in the
P = ErmsIrmscosφ. The vale of cos φ in series four cases I, II, III and IV. Then identify the
LCR circuit at resonance is: correct relations.
(A) zero (B) 1
1 1
(C) (D)
2 2
Q.28 In ac circuit when ac ammeter is connected it
reads i current if a student uses dc ammeter in
place of ac ammeter the reading in the dc
ammeter will be:
i
(A) 2 (B) 2i (A) I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 (B) I3 > I1 = I2 > I4
(C) I3 > I4 > I2 = I1 (D) I3 > I2 > I1 > I4
(C) 0.637 i (D) zero

31
AC
Q.34 In series LR circuit XL = 3R. Now a capacitor Multiple Correct Question
with XC = R is added in series. Ratio of new to Q.38 A circuit element is placed in a closed box. At
old power factor is time t=0, constant current generator supplying
(A) 1 (B) 2 a current of 1 amp, is connected across the
box. Potential difference across the box varies
1
(C) (D) 2 according to graph shown in figure. The
2 element in the box is :

Q.35 The current I, potential difference VL across

the inductor and potential difference VC across
the capacitor in circuit as shown in the figure
are best represented vectorially as

(A) resistance of 2Ω
(B) battery of emf 6V
(C) inductance of 2H
(A) (B) (D) capacitance of 0.5F

Q.39 The symbols L, C, R represent inductance,

capacitance and resistance respectively.
(C) (D) Dimension of frequency are given by the
combination
(A) 1 / RC (B) R / L
Q.36 In the shown AC circuit phase different
1
between currents I1 and I2 is (C) (D) C / L
LC

Q.40 An LR circuit with a battery is connected at

t = 0. Which of the following quantities is not
zero just after the circuit
(A) current in the circuit
(B) magnetic field energy in the inductor
(A) π -tan-1 xL (C) power delivered by the battery
2 R (D) emf induced in the inductor
xL - x C
(B) tan-1 Q.41 The switches in figures (a) and (b) are closed
R
at t = 0
(C) π + tan-1 xL
2 R
x L - x C + π/2
(D) tan-1
R

Q.37 In a series R-L-C circuit, the frequency of the

source is half of the resonance frequency. The (A) The charge on C just after t = 0 is EC.
nature of the circuit will be (B) The charge on C long after t = 0 is EC.
(C) The current in L just after t = 0 is E/R.
(A) capacitive (B) inductive
(D) The current in L long after t = 0 is E/R.
(C) purely resistive (D) data insufficient

32
AC
Q.42 For L - R circuit, the time constant is equal to Q.45 Two coil A and B have coefficient of mutual
(A) twice the ratio of the energy stored in the inductance M = 2H. The magnetic flux passing
magnetic field to the rate of the dissipation of through coil A changes by 4 Weber in 10
energy in the resistance. seconds due to the change in current in B. Then
(B) the ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic (A) change in current in B in this time interval is
field to the rate of dissipation of energy in the 0.5 A
resistance.
(B) the change in current in B in this time interval
(C) half of the ratio of the energy stored in the is 2A
magnetic field to the rate of dissipation of energy
(C) the change in current in B in this time interval
in the resistance.
is 8A
(D) square of the ratio of the energy stored in
(D) a change in current of 1A in coil A will
the magnetic field to the rate of dissipation
produce a change in flux passing through
energy in the resistance.
B by 4 Weber.
Q.43 An inductor L, a resistance R and two identical
bulbs B1 and B2 are connected to a battery Q.46 Two different coils have self inductance 8mH
through a switch S as shown in the figure. The and 2mH. The current in one coil is increased
resistance of coil having inductance L is also at a constant rate. The current in the second
R. Which of the following statement gives the coil is also increased at the same constant. At
correct description of the happenings when the a certain instant of time, the power given to the
switch S is closed? two coils is the same. At that time the current,
the induced voltage and the energy stored in
the first coil are I1, V1 and W1 respectively.
Corresponding values for the second coil at
the same instant are I2, v2 and W2 respectively.
Then:
(A) The bulb B2 lights up earlier than B1 and I1 1 I1
(A) = (B) =4
finally both the bulbs shine equally bright. I2 4 I2
(B) B1 light up earlier and finally both the bulbs
acquire equal brightness. W2 V2 1
(C) =4 (D) =
(C) B2 lights up earlier and finally B1 shines W1 V1 4
brighter than B2.
(D) B1 and B2 light up together with equal
Assertion Reason Question
brightness all the time.
Q.47 Statement-1 : When a circuit having large
Q.44 In figure, a lamp P is in series with an iron-core
inductance is switched off sparking occurs at
inductor L. When the switch S is closed, the the switch.
brightness of the lamp rises relatively slowly to Statement-2 : Emf induced in an inductor is
its full brightness than it would do without the
di
inductor. This is due to given by | є | = L
dt
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
(A) the low resistance of P
(B) the induced-emf in L statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
(C) the low resistance of L statement-1.
(D) the high voltage of the battery B (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

33
AC
Q.48 Statement-1 : When resistance of rheostat is Q.51 At the same instant, the magnitude of the
increased, clockwise current is induced in the potential difference in volt, across the ac source
ring. may be
Statement-2 : Magnetic flux through the ring
is out of the page and decreasing. 4+ 3 3
(A) 4+ 3 3 (B)
2

3 3
(C)1+ (D)2+
2 2

(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and Q.52 If the current at this instant is decreasing the
statement-2 is correct explanation for
magnitude of potential difference at that instant
statement-1.
across the ac source is
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for (A) Increasing (B) Decreasing
statement-1. (C) Constant (D) Cannot be said
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. Comprehension-II
The capacitor of capacitance C can be charged
Q.49 Statement-1 : Peak voltage across the (with the help of a resistance R) by a voltage
resistance can be greater than the peak voltage source V, by closing switch S1 while keeping
of the source in an series LCR circuit. switch S2 open. The capacitor can be
Statement-2 : Peak voltage across the connected in series with an inductor ‘L’ by
inductor can be greater than the peak voltage closing switch S2 and opening S1.
of the source in an series LCR circuit.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and V
statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and R C S1
statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. S2
L
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Comprehension Type Question

Comprehension-I Q.53 Initially, the capacitor was uncharged. Now,
switch S1 is closed and S2 is kept open. If time
In a series L-R circuit, connected with a constant of this circuit is τ, then
sinusoidal ac source, the maximum potential (A) after time interval τ, charge on the capacitor
difference across L and R are respectively 3 is CV/2
volts and 4 volts.
(B) after time interval 2τ, charge on the
capacitor is CV(1-e-2)
Q.50 At an instant the potential difference across
(C) the work done by the voltage source will
resistor is 2 volts. The potential difference in
be half of the heat dissipated when the
volt, across the inductor at the same instant will
be : capacitor is fully charged.
(A) 3 cos 30° (B) 3 cos 60° (D) after time interval 2τ, charge on the
(C) 3 cos 45° (D) None of these capacitor is CV(1-e-1)

34
AC
Q.54 After the capacitor gets fully charged, S1 is
opened and S2 is closed so that the inductor is
connected in series with the capacitor. Then,
(A) at t = 0, energy stored in the circuit is purely
in the form of magnetic energy
(B) at any time t > 0, current in the circuit is in
the same direction
(C) at t > 0, there is no exchange of energy
between the inductor and capacitor
(D) at any time t > 0, instantaneous current in

C
the circuit may V
L

Q.55 If the total charge stored in the LC circuit is

Q0, then for t >=0
(A) the charge on t he capacitor is

π +t
Q= Q 0cos ( 2 LC
)
(B) the charge on t he capacitor is

( π2
-t
Q= Q cos
0
LC
(C) the charge on t he capacitor is

d2Q
Q = -LC
dt 2
(D) the charge on t he capacitor is
1 d2Q
Q=-
LC dt 2

35
AC

ANSWERS KEY
EXERCISE - I
I0
Q.5 Ir.m.s. = Q.6 No
2
Q.7 The current lags behid the voltage by phase angel π/2.

1 1
Q.8 Capacitive reactance, XC = = 2 π fC
ωC
Q.10 It is based upon the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Q.11 (i) By using laminated iron core, we minimize loss of energy due to eddy currents. (ii) By selecting a
suitable materials for the core of a transformer, the hysteresis loss can be minizized.
Q.13 (a) ~~311 sin 314 t (b) 200 V, 127.4 V Q.14 50 Hz
Q.15 (a) 318.31 Ω (b) 0.314 A (c) 9.14 W Q.16 6.124 A
Q.18 (a) 2.20 A, (b) 484 W
Q.19 0.354 A
Q.20 109.5 Ω
Q.21 (a) 50 rad s-1, (b) 40 Ω, 8.1 A, (c) VLCrms = 1437.5 V, VCrms = 1437.5 V, VRrms = 230 V,

VLCrms = Irms [ω0L -

1
]=0
ω 0C
(a) For V = V0 sin ω t

V0 π
I= Sin ωt ; If R = 0
1 2
ω L- ωC

where - sign appears if ω L > I/ ω C, and + sign appears if ω L < I/ ω C.

I0 = 11.6 A, Irms = 8.24 A
(b) VLrms = 207 V, VCrms = 437 V
(c) Whatever be the current I in L, actual voltage leads current by π/2. Therefore, average power
consumed by L is zero.
(d) For C, voltage lags by π /2. Again, average power consumed by C is zero.
(e) Total average power absorbed is zero.
Q.23 (a) Yes. The same is not true for rms voltage, because voltages across different elements may not be in
phase.
(b) The high induced voltage, when the circuit is broken, is used to charge the capacitor, thus avoiding
sparks, etc.
(c) For dc, impendance of L is negligible and of C very high (infinite), so the D.C. signal appears across C.
For high frequency ac, impedance of L is high and that of C is low. So, the A.C.signal appears across L.
(e) A choke coil reduces voltage across the tube without wasting power. A resistor would wast power
as heat.
Q.24 (a) 440 Ω (b) 0.25 A (c) 0.354 A Q.25 1.75 × 10-2 H; 5.5 Ω
Q.26 0.446 H
Q.27 Resonant frequency = 39.79 Hz
(a) 2000Ω (ii) 100 Ω (iii) 2A (iv) 90° (v) 180°
Q.28 (i) 500 (ii) 8.9 kW

36
AC

EXERCISE - II

EXERCISE - III

37
ROUGH WORK