EGMN 312: Thermal Science Lab

Lab Course Instructor: Prof. FrankGulla

Lab Report Title:

Assigned Lab Section & Team:

Date and Time Lab Conducted:

Date report was originally due:

TA Supervising:

Student’s Name:

Partners’ Name:

PLEDGE: ______________________________________
“"On my honor, I have neither given nor received aid on this assignment, and I am in
compliance with the VCU Honor System. I pledge that I have completed the experiment by attending
the lab session at the specific date and time. I pledge that this report was completed individually,
even though the experiment was performed within a group.
Objective:
In this experiment we are intended to measure different pressures at various
points along the Venturi meter at different flow rates in order to investigate Bernoulli’s
Equation and its effects. The end results show that Bernoulli’s Equation holds extensive validity
and Discharge Coefficient (CD) changes proportionally as it increases with increasing actual fluid
flow rate. This effect can be observed by installing manometers at different locations along the
venturi tube.

Theoratical Background:
The Venturi effect is a jet effect; as with an (air) funnel, or a thumb on a garden hose, the
velocity of the fluid increases as the cross-sectional area decreases, with the static pressure
correspondingly decreasing. It’s an apparatus which has been used over numerous years for
estimating the rate of stream along a pipe. According to the laws governing fluid dynamics, a
fluid's velocity must increase as it passes through a constriction to satisfy the principle of
continuity, while its pressure must decrease to satisfy the principle of conservation of
mechanical energy. Thus any gain in kinetic energy a fluid may accrue due to its increased
velocity through a constriction is negated by a drop in pressure. An equation for the drop in
pressure due to the Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of Bernoulli's principle
and the continuity. The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state
of choked flow, where the fluid velocity approaches the local speed of sound. In choked flow
the mass flow rate will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure
environment.

The Venturi meter contraption utilized as a part of this investigation permits the stream rate of
water to be resolved from the weight distinction between the upstream and the throat. Albeit
just two manometer recordings; one at the throat and the other upstream, are expected to
figure the stream rate, extra recordings are embedded at a few different areas along the tube.
This makes the weight circulation estimation along the united disparate channel conceivable.

Figure 1 demonstrates working of the Venturi meter. Water is conceded from the pressure
driven seat supply valve and goes through an adaptable hose into the meter. Outside the ability
to control valve, which is mounted only downstream of the meter, another adaptable hose
prompts the estimating tank of the water driven seat. The piezometer recordings in the mass of
the Venturi tube are associated with vertical manometer tubes, mounted before scale set apart
in millimeters. A typical complex is interfaces all manometer tubes to finish everything. The
pneumatic force over the water level in the manometer tubes might be controlled by a little air
valve toward one side.

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However, mass flow rate for a compressible fluid can increase with increased upstream
pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the
velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a nozzle. Increasing source
temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus allowing for increased mass flow
rate. Consider the flow of an incompressible and inviscid fluid through the convergent-
divergent Venturi tube. Given that both the velocity and piezometer head are constant over
each of the sections considered, we might assume that flow to be one-dimensional so that the
velocity and the piezo metric head vary only in the direction of the tube length.

Procedure:
1. I started by opening the seat supply and control valve downstream of the meter.
2. I put the control valve close bit by bit to build weight and water level.
3. Once the water has ascended to an advantageous stature, I closed th deplete valve.
4. I utilized the modifying screws to get distinguishable reading over the majority of the
tubes.
5. To start the analysis I steadily modified the control valve to put increments in both
stream and the distinction amongst h1 and h2.
6. I closed the deplete valve and started timing the accumulation once the water comes to
zero stamp on scale. I followed 60 seconds and noted the volume of the gathered water
and tallness of h1 and h2. I opened seat valve and let the water to deplete.
7. I repeated stages 5 and 6 for 10 trials.

Results:
Table 1 compresses every one of the outcomes figured in first investigation. Measured flowrate
can be calculated by multiplying theoretical flow rate with discharge coefficient while
theoretical flow rate can be measured by utilizing condition and dimensions as given. At every
trial, can be assumed from the given range present in literature i.e. between 0.92 and 0.98.
then theoretical and measured flowrates are calculated and then plotting graph between (h1 –
h2)0.5 with actual flow rate which shows that (h1 – h2)0.5 increases with increase in flow rate. It is
shown in Figure 2. From the figure 3 the discharge coefficient is same.

Discussion
Theoratical flowrate can be calculated by using formula as equation 4 shows too. From
equation 4 and equation 5 we can generate a relation that discharge coefficient is ratio of
actual flowrate and theoretical flowrate Figure 2 between (h1 – h2)0.5 with actual flow rate
which shows that (h1 – h2)0.5 increases with increase in flow rate. From figure 3 it can be
concluded too that Discharge Coefficient also increases with increase in actual flow rate.

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Appendix:
Equation of continuity can be written as:
𝑢1 ∗ 𝐴1 = 𝑢2 ∗ 𝐴2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Equation 1

Similarly Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:

𝑢1^2 𝑢2^2
+ ℎ1 = + ℎ2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Equation 2
2𝑔 2𝑔

Solving both equations simultaneously, we get;

2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
u2 =√ 𝐴2 Equation 3
1−( )^2
𝐴1

Theoretical discharge rate can be obtained by multiplying throat area with with velocity.

2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
Q th = A2 * √ 𝐴2 Equation 4
1−( )^2
𝐴1

Actual flow rate can be calculated by multiplying this theoretical flowrate with coefficient of
venture meter or discharge coefficient.

2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
Q a = C * A2 * √ 𝐴2 Equation 5
1−( )^2
𝐴1

Figure 1: Venturi meter Apparatus

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 Observations and Results:
Table 1 Experimental Data Calculating Coefficient of Discharge

Trials A (h1) D (h2) Volume (L) Time (s) Qa Qth C (h1-h2) (h1-h2)^0.5
1 190 20 25 66 376800.9 396632.5 0.95 170 13.0384
2 198 40 25 69 363258.7 382377.5 0.95 158 12.56981
3 202 60 25 74 344375 362500 0.95 142 11.91638
4 210 80 25 76 329502.8 346845.1 0.95 130 11.40175
5 218 110 25 83 300330.4 316137.3 0.95 108 10.3923
6 232 130 25 89 291868.7 307230.2 0.95 102 10.0995
7 238 150 25 94 271099.5 285367.9 0.95 88 9.380832
8 250 170 15 61 258483.3 272087.7 0.95 80 8.944272
9 258 190 15 69 238309.8 250852.4 0.95 68 8.246211
10 264 210 15 78 212365.7 223542.8 0.95 54 7.348469

Variation of Differential Head with Flow

Rate
14
13
12
(H1-H2)^0.5

11
10
9
8
7
6
200000 225000 250000 275000 300000 325000 350000 375000 400000
FLOW RATE

Figure 1 Variation of Differential Head with Flow Rate

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 Discharge Coefficient Vs Flow rate
0.98

0.97
Discharge coefficient

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92
200000 230000 260000 290000 320000 350000 380000 410000
Flow rate

Figure 2 Discharge Coefficient Vs Flow rate

References:
White, F.M. (n.d.). Fluid Mechanics (4th Edition e.d). McGraw-Hills(White)