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Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) is a digital datalink system for transmission of short, relatively
Navigation
simple messages between aircraft and ground stations via radio or satellite. The protocol, which was designed by ARINC to replace their VHF
Main page voice service and deployed in 1978,[1] uses telex formats. SITA later augmented their worldwide ground data network by adding radio stations to
Contents provide ACARS service. Over the next 20 years, ACARS will be superseded by the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) protocol for
Featured content Air Traffic Control communications and by the Internet Protocol for airline communications.
Current events
Contents
Random article
1 History of ACARS
1.1 Introduction of ACARS systems
Interaction 1.2 OOOI events
1.3 Flight management system Interface
About Wikipedia
1.4 Maintenance Data Download
Community portal
1.5 Interactive Crew Interface
Recent changes
2 How it works
Contact Wikipedia
2.1 VHF subnetwork
Donate to Wikipedia 2.2 SATCOM and HF subnetworks
Help 2.3 Datalink message types
3 Example transmissions
Toolbox 3.1 Departure delay downlink
3.2 Weather report uplink
What links here 3.3 FDAMS message downlink
Related changes 4 Aircraft equipment
Upload file 5 Datalink Service Provider
Special pages 6 Ground End System
Permanent link 7 ARINC Specifications
Cite this page 8 Acronyms and Glossary
9 GIS and Data Discovery
10 See also
Print/export
11 References
Create a book 12 External links
Download as PDF
Printable version Demo Version - Winnovative Software Components
History of ACARS [edit]
Prior to the introduction of datalink, all communication between the aircraft (i.e., the flight crew) and personnel on the ground was performed
Languages
using voice communication. This communication used either VHF or HF voice radios, which was further augmented with SATCOM in the early
Deutsch 1990s. In many cases, the voicerelayed information involves dedicated radio operators and digital messages sent to an airline teletype system
Français or its successor systems.
Italiano
Nederlands
Introduction of ACARS systems [edit]
Norsk (bokmål) The Engineering Department at Aeronautical Radio, Inc (ARINC), in an effort to reduce crew workload and improve data integrity, introduced the
Polski ACARS system in July 1978. The first day operations saw about 4000 transactions. A few experimental ACARS systems were introduced
Português earlier but ACARS did not start to get any widespread use by the major airlines until the 1980s.
Русский The original ARINC development team was headed by Crawford Lane and included Betty Peck, a programmer, and Ralf Emory, an engineer. The
Suomi terrestrial central site, a pair of Honeywell Level 6 minicomputers, (AFEPS) software was developed by subcontractor, Eno Compton of ECOM,
中文 Inc.
Although the term ACARS is often taken into context as the datalink avionics linereplaceable unit installed on the aircraft, the term actually
refers to a complete air and ground system. The original meaning was Arinc Communications Addressing and Reporting System. [citation needed]
Later, the meaning was changed to Airline Communications, Addressing and Reporting System.
On the aircraft, the ACARS system was made up of an avionics computer called an ACARS Management Unit (MU) and a Control Display Unit
(CDU). The MU was designed to send and receive digital messages from the ground using existing VHF radios.
On the ground, the ACARS system was made up of a network of radio transceivers, managed by a central site computer called AFEPS (Arinc
Front End Processor System), which would receive (or transmit) the datalink messages, as well as route them to various airlines on the
network.
The initial ACARS systems were designed to the ARINC standard 597. This system was later upgraded in the late 1980s to the ARINC 724
characteristic. ARINC 724 addressed aircraft installed with avionics supporting digital data bus interfaces. This was subsequently revised to
ARINC 724B, which was the primary characteristic used during the 1990s for all digital aircraft.[clarification needed] With the introduction of the
724B specification, the ACARS MUs were also coupled with industry standard protocols for operation with flight management system MCDUs
using the ARINC 739 protocol, and printers using the ARINC 740 protocol. The industry has defined a new ARINC characteristic, called ARINC
758, which is for CMU systems, the next generation of ACARS MUs.[citation needed]
OOOI events [edit]
One of the initial applications for ACARS was to automatically detect and report changes to the major flight phases (Out of the gate, Off the
ground, On the ground, and Into the gate); referred to in the industry, as OOOI. These OOOI events were determined by algorithms in the
ACARS MUs that used aircraft sensors (such as doors, parking brake and strut switch sensors) as inputs. At the start of each flight phase, the
ACARS MU would transmit a digital message to the ground containing the flight phase, the time at which it occurred, and other related
information such as fuel on board or origin and destination. These messages were primarily used to automate the payroll functions within an
airline, where flight crews were paid different rates depending on the flight phase.
Flight management system Interface [edit]
In addition to detecting events on the aircraft and sending messages automatically to the ground, initial systems were expanded to support new
interfaces with other onboard avionics. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, a datalink interface between the ACARS MUs and Flight
management systems (FMS) was introduced. This interface enabled flight plans and weather information to be sent from the ground to the
ACARS MU, which would then be forwarded to the FMS. This feature gave the airline the capability to update FMSs while in flight, and allowed
the flight crew to evaluate new weather conditions, or alternate flight plans.
Maintenance Data Download [edit]
It was the introduction in the early 1990s of the interface between the FDAMS / ACMS systems and the ACARS MU that resulted in datalink
gaining a wider acceptance by airlines. The FDAMS / ACMS systems which analyze engine, aircraft, and operational performance conditions,
were now able to provide performance data to the airlines on the ground in real time using the ACARS network. This reduced the need for airline
personnel to go to the aircraft to offload the data from these systems. These systems were capable of identifying abnormal flight conditions and
automatically sending realtime messages to an airline. Detailed engine reports could also be transmitted to the ground via ACARS. The airlines
used these reports to automate engine trending activities. This capability enabled airlines to better monitor their engine performance and identify
and plan repair and maintenance activities.
In addition to the FMS and FDAMS interfaces, the industry started to upgrade the onboard Maintenance Computers in the 1990s to support the
transmission of maintenance related information realtime through ACARS. This enabled airline maintenance personnel to receive realtime data
associated with maintenance faults on the aircraft. When coupled with the FDAMS data, airline maintenance personnel could now start planning
repair and maintenance activities while the aircraft was still in flight.
Interactive Crew Interface [edit]
All of the processing described above is performed automatically by the ACARS MU and the associated other avionics systems, with no action
performed by the flight crew. As part of the growth of the ACARS functionality, the ACARS MUs also interfaced directly with a control display
unit (CDU), located in the cockpit. This CDU, often referred to as an MCDU or MIDU, provides the flight crew with the ability to send and receive
messages similar to today’s email. To facilitate this communication, the airlines in partnership with their ACARS vendor, would define MCDU
screens that could be presented to the flight crew and enable them to perform specific functions. This feature provided the flight crew flexibility in
the types of information requested from the ground, and the types of reports sent to the ground.
As an example, the flight crew could pull up an MCDU screen that allowed them to send to the ground a request for various weather information.
Upon entering in the desired locations for the weather information and the type of weather information desired, the ACARS would then transmit
the message to the ground. In response to this request message, ground computers would send the requested weather information back to the
ACARS MU, which would be displayed and/or printed.
Airlines began adding new messages to support new applications (Weather, Winds, Clearances, Connecting Flights, etc.) and ACARS systems
became customized to support airline unique applications, and unique ground computer requirements. This results in each airline having their
own unique ACARS application operating on their aircraft. Some airlines have more than 75 MCDU screens for their flight crews, where other
airlines may have only a dozen different screens. In addition, since each airline’s ground computers were different, the contents and formats of
the messages sent by an ACARS MU were different for each airline.
Demo Version - Winnovative Software Components
In the wake of the crash of Air France Flight 447, there has been discussion about making the ACARS into an "onlineblackbox."[2] If such a
system were in place, it would avoid the loss of data due to: (1) blackbox destruction, and (2) inability to locate the blackbox following loss of
the aircraft. However the cost of this, due to the high bandwidth requirements, would be excessive and there have been very few incidents where
the black boxes were not recoverable.
How it works [edit]
A person or a system on board may create a message and send it via ACARS to a system or user on the ground, and vice versa. Messages
may be sent either automatically or manually.
VHF subnetwork [edit]
A network of VHF ground radio stations ensure that aircraft can communicate with ground end systems in realtime from practically anywhere in
the world. VHF communication is lineofsight, and provides communication with groundbased transceivers (often referred to as Remote Ground
Stations or RGSs). The typical range is dependent on altitude, with a 200mile transmission range common at high altitudes. Thus VHF
communication is only applicable over landmasses which have a VHF ground network installed.
A typical ACARS VHF transmission. Sample ACARS VHF transmission
Mode A
Block id 2
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
Flight CI5118
Label B9
Msg No. L05A
Message /KLAX.TI2/024KLAXA91A1
SATCOM and HF subnetworks [edit]
SATCOM provides worldwide coverage, with the exception of operation at the high latitudes (such as needed for flights over the poles). HF
datalink is a relatively new network whose installation began in 1995 and was completed in 2001. HF datalink is responsible for new polar
routes. Aircraft with HF datalink can fly polar routes and maintain communication with ground based systems (ATC centers and airline operation
centers). ARINC is the only service provider for HF datalink.
Datalink message types [edit]
ACARS messages may be of three types:
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC)
Airline Administrative Control (AAC)
ATC messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and Air traffic control. These messages are defined in ARINC Standard 623 .
ATC messages are used by aircraft crew to request clearances, and by ground controllers to provide those clearances.
AOC and AAC messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and its base. These messages are either standardized according
ARINC Standard 633 or defined by the users, but must then meet at least the guidelines of ARINC Standard 618 . Various types of messages
are possible, and these include fuel consumption, engine performance data, aircraft position, as well as free text data.
Example transmissions [edit]
Departure delay downlink [edit]
A pilot may want to inform his flight operations department that departure has been delayed by Air Traffic Control (ATC). The pilot would first
bring up a CMU MCDU screen that allows him to enter the expected time of the delay and the reason for the delay. After entering the information
on the MCDU, the pilot would then press a “SEND” key on the MCDU. The CMU would detect the SEND key being pushed, and would then
generate a digital message containing the delay information. This message may include such information as aircraft registration number, the
origination and destination airport codes, the current ETA before the delay and the current expected delay time. The CMU would then send the
message to one of the existing radios (HF, SATCOM or VHF, with the selection of the radio based on special logic contained within the CMU).
For a message to be sent over the VHF network, the radio would transmit the VHF signals containing the delay message. This message is then
received by a VHF Remote Ground Station (RGS).
The majority of ACARS messages are typically only 100 to 200 characters in length. Such messages are made up of a oneblock transmission
from (or to) the aircraft. One ACARS block is constrained to be no more that 220 characters within the body of the message. For downlink
messages which are longer than 220 characters, the ACARS unit will split the message into multiple blocks, transmitting each block to the
RGS (there is a constraint that no message may be made up of more than 16 blocks). For these multiblock messages, the RGS collects each
block until the complete message is received before processing and routing the message. The ACARS also contains protocols to support retry
of failed messages or retransmission of messages when changing service providers.
Once the RGS receives the complete message, the RGS forwards the message to the datalink service provider's (DSP) main computer system.
The DSP ground network uses landlines to link the RGS to the DSP. The DSP uses information contained in their routing table to forward the
message to the airlines or other destinations. This table is maintained by the DSP and identifies each aircraft (by tail number), and the types of
messages that it can process. (Each airline must tell its service provider(s) what messages and message labels their ACARS systems will
send, and for each message, where they want the service provider to route the message. The service provider then updates their routing tables
from this information.) Each type of message sent by the CMU has a specific message label, which is contained in the header information of the
message. Using the label contained in the message, the DSP looks up the message and forwards to the airline’s computer system. The
message is then processed by the airline’s computer system.
This processing performed by an airline may include reformatting the message, populating databases for later analysis, as well as forwarding the
message to other departments, such as flight operations, maintenance, engineering, finance or other organizations within an airline. In the
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example of a delay message, the message may be routed via the airline’s network to both their operations department as well as to a facility at
the aircraft’s destination notifying them of a potential late arrival.
The transmission time from when the flight crew presses the send key to send the message, to the time that it is processed within an airline’s
computer system varies, but is generally on the order of 6 to 15 seconds. The messages that are sent to the ground from the CMU are referred
to as a downlink message.
Weather report uplink [edit]
For a message to be transmitted to the aircraft (referred to as an uplink message), the process is nearly a mirror image of how a downlink is
sent from the aircraft. For example, in response to an ACARS downlink message requesting weather information, a weather report is
constructed by the airline’s computer system. The message contains the aircraft registration number in the header of the message, with the
body of the message containing the actual weather information. This message is sent to the DSP's main computer system.
The DSP transmits the message over their ground network to a VHF remote ground station in the vicinity of the aircraft. The remote ground
station broadcasts the message over the VHF. The onboard VHF radio receives the VHF signal and passes the message to the CMU (with the
internal modem transforming the signal into a digital message). The CMU validates the aircraft registration number, and processes the message.
The processing performed on the uplink message by the CMU depends on the specific airline requirements. In general, an uplink is either
forwarded to another avionics computer, such as an FMS or FDAMS, or is processed by the CMU. For messages which the CMU is the
destination, such as a weather report uplink, the flight crew can go to a specific MCDU screen which contains a list of all of the received uplink
messages. The flight crew can then select the weather message, and have the message viewed on the MCDU. The ACARS unit may also print
the message on the cockpit printer (either automatically upon receiving the message or upon flight crew pressing a PRINT prompt on the MCDU
screen).
FDAMS message downlink [edit]
Messages are sent to the ground from other onboard systems in a similar manner as the delay message example discussed previously. As an
example, an FDAMS system may have a series of algorithms active to monitor engine exceedance conditions during flight (such as checking
engine vibration or oil temperature exceeding normal operating conditions). The FDAMS system, upon detecting such an event, automatically
creates an engine exceedance condition message, with applicable data contained within the body of the message. The message is forwarded to
the CMU, using what is referred to as ARINC 619 data protocols. The CMU would then transmit the message to the ground. In this case, the
service provider routing table for an engine exceedance message is typically defined to have the message routed directly to an airline’s
maintenance department. This enables airline maintenance personnel to be notified of a potential problem, in real time.
There are three major components to the ACARS datalink system:
Aircraft equipment
Service provider
Ground processing system
Aircraft equipment [edit]
The heart of the datalink system on board the aircraft is the ACARS Management Unit (MU). The older version of MU is defined in ARINC
Characteristic 724B . Newer versions are referred to as the Communications Management Unit (CMU) and are defined in ARINC Characteristic
758 .
Aircraft equipment consists of airborne end systems and a router. End systems are the source of ACARS downlinks and the destination for
uplinks. The MU/CMU is the router. Its function is to route a downlink by means of the most efficient airground subnetwork. In many cases, the
MU/CMU also acts as an end system for AOC messages.
Typical airborne end systems are the Flight Management System (FMS), datalink printer, maintenance computer, and cabin terminal. Typical
datalink functions are:
FMS sends flight plan change requests, position reports, etc. Receives clearances and controller instructions.
Printer as an end system, can be addressed from the ground to automatically print an uplink message.
Maintenance Computer downlinks diagnostic messages. In advanced systems, inflight troubleshooting can be conducted by technicians
on the ground by using datalink messages to command diagnostic routines in the maintenance computer and analyzing downlinked results.
Cabin Terminal Often used by flight attendants to communicate special needs of passengers, gate changes due to delays, catering, etc.
ACARS messages are transmitted over one of three airground subnetworks.
VHF is the most commonly used and least expensive. Transmission is lineofsight so VHF is not available over the oceans.
SATCOM provides worldwide coverage (except in polar regions) by means of the INMARSAT satellite network. It is a fairly expensive service.
HF is the most recently established subnetwork. Its purpose is to provide coverage in the polar regions where SATCOM coverage is
unreliable.
The router function built into the MU/CMU determines which subnetwork to use when routing a message from the aircraft to the ground. The
airline operator provides a routing table that the CMU uses to select the best subnetwork.
Datalink Service Provider [edit]
The role of the datalink service provider (DSP) is to deliver a message from the aircraft to the ground end system, and vice versa.
Because the ACARS network is modeled after the pointtopoint telex network, all messages come to a central processing location. The DSP
routes the message to the appropriate end system using its network of land lines and ground stations. Before the days of computers, messages
would come in to the central processing location and be punched to paper tape. The tape would be physically carried to the machine connected
to the intended destination. Today the routing function is done by computer, but the model remains the same.
There are currently two primary service providers of ground networks in the world (ARINC and SITA), although specific countries have
implemented their own network, with the help of either ARINC or SITA. ARINC operates a worldwide network and has also assisted the CAAC in
China, as well as Thailand and South America with the installation of VHF networks. SITA has operated the network in Europe, Middle East,
South America and Asia for many years. They have also recently started a network in the US to compete with ARINC.
Until recently, each area of the world was supported by a single service provider. This is changing, and both ARINC and SITA are competing and
installing networks that cover the same regions.
Ground End System
Demo Version - Winnovative Software Components [edit]
The ground end system is the destination for downlinks, and the source of uplinks. Generally, ground end systems are either government
agencies such as CAA/FAA, or airline operations headquarters. CAA end systems provide air traffic services such as clearances. Airline
operations provides information necessary for operating the airline efficiently, such as gate assignments, maintenance, passenger needs, etc. In
the beginning most airlines created their own legacy host systems for managing their ACARS messages. In more recent times a few offthe
shelf products are available to manage the ground hosting.
ARINC Specifications [edit]
Much of the processing performed by the CMU as well as basic requirements of the hardware are defined by ARINC specifications . The
following is a list of the major ARINC specifications that define standards that govern many aspects of ACARS systems:
ARINC documents and their specifications
ARINC Design Guidance for Avionics Equipment. Includes definition of Aircraft Personality Module (APM), required for ARINC 758 CMU
607 installation.
ARINC Specification for receiving and broadcasting ARINC 429 broadcast data (data transfer between avionics LRUs). ARINC 429 is the
429 one way communication data bus (one pair of data bus use for transmit data and another pair of data bus use for receive data)
Defines the air / ground protocols for communicating between the ACARS / CMU and VHF ground systems. Also defines the
ARINC
format of the ACARS messages sent by the ACARS / CMU as well as received by the ACARS CMU. The format of this message
618
is called a Type A message. This characteristic has been updated to define the future VDL Mode 2 AOA operation.
Defines the protocols for the ACARS / CMU to use to transfer file data between other avionics in the aircraft. ARINC 619 covers file
ARINC
protocols that are used to interface with FMS, FDAMS, Cabin Terminal, Maintenance Computers, SATCOM systems and HF
619
Voice Data Radios.
Defines groundtoground communication protocols. This includes the message format of messages routed between a service
ARINC
provider and an airline or other ground system. This is referred to as a Type B message (the air/ground Type A message is
620
reformatted to a Type B message for ground transmissions).
ARINC Describes the processing associated with sending ATC application messages over today’s ACARS links (including ARINC 623
622 ATC messages).
ARINC This characteristic identifies ATC related messages that can be generated or received by an ACARS MU / CMU system (does not
623 include FANS1 or FANSA messages that are processed by the FMS)
Specification for receiving and broadcasting ARINC 629 broadcast data (data transfer between avionics LRUs). ARINC 629 was
ARINC
introduce to use on B777 commercial airplane. ARINC 629 is the two ways communication data bus (one pair of data bus is use
629
for transmit and receive data).
Specification for VHF DIGITAL LINK (VDL) MODE 2. This specification provides general and specific design guidance for the
ARINC
development and installation of the protocols needed to exchange bitoriented data across an airground VHF Digital Link (VDL) in
631
an Open System Interconnection (OSI) environment.
ARINC
Specification for an ACARS MU for ARINC 724B wiring.
724B
ARINC
Specification for interfacing with Multipurpose Cockpit Display Units
739
ARINC
740
Specification for interfacing to cockpit Printers.
ARINC
744
Specification for a CMU relative to ARINC 758 wiring. This specification actually identifies various levels of functionality, these
ARINC
defining future growth phases for the CMU. Initial CMU systems which perform today’s ACARS functions are classified as Level
758
OA.
Twopart specification that defines a security framework for protecting ACARS datalink messages exchanged between aircraft and
ARINC ground systems. Security services include confidentiality, data integrity, and message authentication. Part 1, ACARS Message
823 Security (AMS), specifies the security protocol, and Part 2, Key Management, specifies lifecycle management of the
cryptographic keys necessary for secure and proper operation of AMS.
Acronyms and Glossary [edit]
It has been rumored that the introduction of datalink into the airline industry originated as part of a contest to see how many acronyms could be
developed around a specific technology. Whether this is true or not, the industry is at the point where acronyms are now nested within
acronyms. For example, AOA is an acronym for ACARS Over AVLC, where AVLC itself is an acronym for Aviation VHF Link Control and VHF is
also an acronym for Very High Frequency.
ACARS
Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
ACMS
Aircraft Condition Monitoring System
AMS
ACARS Message Security, as specified in ARINC 823
AOA
ACARS Over AVLC. With the introduction of VDL Mode 2, the ACARS protocols were modified to take advantage of the higher data rate
made possible by Mode 2. AOA is an interim step in replacing the ACARS protocols with ATN protocols.
ATN
Aeronautical Telecommunications Network. As air traffic increases, ACARS will no longer have the capacity or flexibility to handle the large
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amount of datalink communications. ATN is planned to replace ACARS in the future and will provide services such as authentication,
security, and a true internetworking architecture. Europe is leading the US in the implementation of ATN.
AVLC
Aviation VHF Link Control. A particular protocol used for aeronautical datalink communications.
CDU
Control Display Unit
CMF
Communications Management Function. The software that runs in a CMU, and sometimes as a software partition in an integrated avionics
computer.
CMU
Communications Management Unit. Successor to the MU, the CMU performs similar datalink routing functions, but has additional capacity
to support more functions. CMU standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 758.
FDAMS
Flight Data Acquisition and Management System
FMS
Flight Management System. FMS standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 702 and 702A.
HFDL
High Frequency Data Link is an ACARS communications media used to exchange data such as Airline Operational Control (AOC)
messages, Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) messages and Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) messages
between aircraft endsystems and corresponding groundbased HFDL ground stations.
HF
High Frequency. A portion of the RF spectrum.
LRU
Line Replaceable Unit. An avionics "black box" that can be replaced on the flight line, without downing the aircraft for maintenance.
MCDU
Multifunction Control Display Unit. A textonly device that displays messages to the aircrew and accepts crew input on an integrated
keyboard. MCDU standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 739. MCDUs have seven input ports and can be used with seven different
systems, such as CMU or FMS. Each system connected to an MCDU generates its own display pages and accepts keyboard input, when
it is selected as the system controlling the MCDU.
MIDU
MultiInput Interactive Display Unit (often used as a third cockpit CDU).
MU
Management Unit. Often referred to as the ACARS MU, this is an avionics LRU that routes datalink messages to and from the ground.
OOOI
Shorthand for the basic flight phases—Out of the gate, Off the ground, On the ground, In the gate.
POA
Plain Old ACARS. Refers to the set of ACARS communications protocols in effect before the introduction of VDL Mode 2. The term is
derived from POTS (Plain old telephone service) that refers to the wired analog telephone network.
SATCOM
Satellite Communications. Airborne SATCOM equipment includes a satellite data unit, high power amplifier, and an antenna with a
steerable beam. A typical SATCOM installation can support a datalink channel as well as several voice channels.
VDL
VHF Data Link
VHF
Very High Frequency. A portion of the RF spectrum.
GIS and Data Discovery [edit]
In 2002, ACARS was added to the NOAA Observing System Architecture. NOSA provides near real time WMS maps and an ID search from
the NOSA homepage.
See also [edit]
AIREP
PIREP
AMDAR
Airline teletype system
SELCAL
References [edit]
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain
unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations
where appropriate. (June 2009)
1. ^ Carlsson, Barbara, "GLOBALink/VHF: The Future Is Now" , The Global Link: 4, October 2002, retrieved 20070124
2. ^ OnlineBlackBox soll Crashs schneller aufklären . (German) SpiegelOnline. June 6, 2009. Accessed on: June 6, 2009.
External links [edit]
ARINC , inventors of ACARS
SITA , find the latest of ACARS data from SITA
acarsd , free ACARS decoder software for Linux/Windows
ACARS on NOSA
Aircraft report (AIREP) ∙ Automatic weather station (AWS) ∙ Automated airport weather station ∙ Dropsonde ∙ Hurricane Hunters ∙
Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) ∙ Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR) ∙ Pilot report (PIREP) ∙ SST buoys ∙ Tide gauge ∙
Weather balloon ∙ Weather buoy ∙ Weather ship
By region
Argo ∙ Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) ∙ Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) ∙
Worldwide
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) ∙ Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) ∙ FluxNet Project (FluxNet)
Citizens Weather Observer Program (CWOP) ∙ CoastalMarine Automated Network (CMAN) ∙ NEXRAD radar ∙
United States
Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) ∙ Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
Categories: Aviation terminology | Meteorological data and networks
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