Lec. (6) Thermodynamics Dr. Omar M.

Ali

Conservation of Mass Principle

The conservation of mass principle for a control volume states that:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
( )−( )=( )
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
∑ 𝑚̇ − ∑ 𝑚̇ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

where mcv = mfinal - minitial is the change in the mass of the cv during the
process.
𝑚̇in and 𝑚̇out are the total rates of mass flow into and out of the cv.
dmsystem/dt is the rate of change of mass within the cv boundaries.
The amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time is
expressed as:
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴
where = density of fluid, kg/m3.
Vavg = average fluid velocity normal to A, m/sec.
A = cross-sectional area normal to flow direction, m2.
1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴 𝑛
Vn = fluid velocity normal to cross section area, m/s.
Volume flow rate: is the volume of the fluid flowing through a cross
section per unit time.
𝑉̇ = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴 = 𝑚̇/𝜌
Mass balance for steady state

∑ 𝑚̇ = ∑ 𝑚̇
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Lec. (6) Thermodynamics Dr. Omar M. Ali

Example 1: A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal (1 gal. = 3.7854
Litre) bucket. The inner diameter of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm at the
nozzle exit (Figure). If it takes 50 s to fill the bucket with water, determine (a) the
volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose, and (b) the average velocity of
water at the nozzle exit.

Example 2: Air is flowing in a 0.2-m-diameter pipe at a uniform velocity of 0.1 m/s.

The temperature is 25◦C and the pressure is 150 kPa. Determine the mass flow rate.

First Law of Thermodynamics for Open System

Open systems are associated with the idea conservation of energy within a
system, which have a steady flow, the first law to such system is known as
Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE):-
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
1
= 𝑚 [(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 𝑚(𝑉22 − 𝑉12 ) + 𝑚𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )]
2
Where the enthalpy h = u + pV
Applications of Open Systems SFEE
a. Turbines or Compressors
Turbine: is a device that drives the electric generator in steam, gas, or
hydroelectric power plants, the
Compressor: is a device used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
If the SFEE is applied to the expansion of a fluid in a turbine as
shown:
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
Q = 0. (adiabatic)
KE=0 (neglected)
Lec. (6) Thermodynamics Dr. Omar M. Ali

PE=0 (No difference in the head)

𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
Example 3: The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and
the exit conditions of the steam are as indicated in Figure.
(a) Compare the magnitudes of h, ke, and pe.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine.
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam. (G)

Example 4: Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K.
The mass flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the
process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible,
determine the necessary power input to the compressor.

b. Throttling valve
Throttling valves: are flow-restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.
If the SFEE is applied to the throttling valve as shown:
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
W = 0. (No displacement work on the fluid)
Q = 0 (adiabatic)
Lec. (6) Thermodynamics Dr. Omar M. Ali

KE=0 (velocities are small or similar)

PE=0 (No difference in the head)
𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 0
ℎ1 = ℎ2
Example 5: Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as saturated
liquid at 0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa. Determine the quality of
the refrigerant at the final state and the temperature drop during this process.

c. Diffuser and Nozzle

A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
If the SFEE is applied to the diffuser as shown:
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
W = 0. (No displacement work on the fluid)
Q = 0 (adiabatic)
PE=0 (No difference in the head)
The SFEE reduces to:
∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0
𝑢22 − 𝑢12
ℎ1 − ℎ2 =
2
Example 6: Steam at 0.6 MPa and 200◦C enters an insulated nozzle with a velocity of
50 m/s. It leaves at a pressure of 0.15 MPa and a velocity of 600 m/s. Determine the
final temperature if the steam is superheated in the final state and the quality if it is
saturated.
Lec. (6) Thermodynamics Dr. Omar M. Ali

d. Heat Exchanger
Heat exchangers: are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange
heat without mixing.
Special cases:
Condenser: the fluid phase change from vapor state to liquid state.
Evaporator: the fluid phase change from liquid state to vapor stat.
If the SFEE is applied to the heat exchanger as shown:
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
W = 0. (No displacement work on the fluid)
PE=0 (No difference in the head)
KE = 0 (velocities are small or similar)
The SFEE reduces to:
𝑄 = ∆𝐻
𝑄 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 −ℎ1 )