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Color of chemicals
The color of chemicals is a physical property of chemicals that in most cases comes from the excitation of
electrons due to an absorption of energy performed by the chemical. What is seen by the eye is not the color
absorbed, but the complementary color from the removal of the absorbed wavelengths. This spectral
perspective was first noted in atomic spectroscopy.
The study of chemical structure by means of energy absorption and release is generally referred to as
spectroscopy.
Contents
1 Theory
2 Colors by wavelength
3 By category
4 Examples
4.1 Salts
4.2 Ions in flame
4.3 Gases
4.3.1 Bead tests
5 References
Theory
All atoms, and molecules are capable of absorbing and
releasing energy in the form of photons, accompanied by a
change of quantum state. The amount of energy absorbed
or released is the difference between the energies of the
two quantum states. There are various types of quantum
state, including, for example, the rotational and vibrational
states of a molecule. However the release of energy visible
to the human eye, commonly referred to as visible light,
spans the wavelengths approximately 380 nm to 760 nm,
depending on the individual, and photons in this range
usually accompany a change in atomic or molecular orbital
quantum state. The perception of light is governed by three
types of color receptors in the eye, which are sensitive to
different ranges of wavelength within this band.
The UV-vis spectrum for a compound that appears
The relationship between energy and wavelength is
orange in Dimethylformamide
determined by the equation:
where E is the energy of the quantum (photon), f is the frequency of the light wave, h is Planck's constant, λ is
the wavelength and c is the speed of light.
The relationships between the energies of the various quantum states are treated by atomic orbital, molecular
orbital, and Ligand Field Theory. If photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed by matter, then when we
observe light reflected from or transmitted through that matter, what we see is the complementary color, made
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up of the other visible wavelengths remaining. For example, beta-carotene has maximum absorption at 454 nm
(blue light), consequently what visible light remains appears orange .
Colors by wavelength
Below is a rough table of wavelengths, colors and complementary colors. This utilizes the scientific CMY and
RGB color wheels rather than the traditional RYB color wheel.[1]
Wavelength Complementary
Color
(nm) color
This can only be used as a very rough guide, for instance if a narrow range of wavelengths within the band 647-
700 is absorbed, then the blue and green receptors will be fully stimulated, making cyan, and the red receptor
will be partially stimulated, diluting the cyan to a greyish hue.
By category
The vast majority of simple inorganic (e.g. sodium chloride) and organic compounds (e.g. ethanol) are
colorless. Transition metal compounds are often colored because of transitions of electrons between d-orbitals
of different energy. (see Transition metal#Coloured compounds). Organic compounds tend to be colored when
there is extensive conjugation, causing the energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO to decrease, bringing
the absorption band from the UV to the visible region. Similarly, color is due to the energy absorbed by the
compound, when an electron transitions from the HOMO to the LUMO. Lycopene is a classic example of a
compound with extensive conjugation (11 conjugated double bonds), giving rise to an intense red color
(lycopene is responsible for the color of tomatoes). Charge-transfer complexes tend to have very intense colors
for different reasons.
Examples
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Orthovanadate VO3−
4 Colorless
Chromate CrO2−
4 Yellow
Dichromate Cr2O2−
7 Orange
Manganate(V) MnO3−
4 Deep blue
Manganate(VI) MnO2−
4 Dark green
It is important to note, however, that elemental colors will vary depending on what they are complexed with,
often as well as their chemical state. An example with vanadium(III); VCl3 has a distinctive reddish hue, whilst
V2O3 appears black.
Salts
Predicting the color of a compound can be extremely complicated. Some examples include:
Cobalt chloride is pink or blue depending on the state of hydration (blue dry, pink with water) so it is
used as a moisture indicator in silica gel. *Zinc oxide is white, but at higher temperatures becomes
yellow, returning to white as it cools.
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Ions in flame
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Lithium Li Red
Sodium Na Yellow/orange
Potassium K Lilac/violet
Rubidium Rb Pink/red
Strontium Sr Red
Barium Ba Green/yellow
Lead Pb Grey/White
Gases
Hydrogen H2 colorless
Oxygen O2 colorless
Bead tests
A variety of colors, often similar to the colors found in a flame test, are produced in a bead test, which is a
qualitative test for determining metals. A platinum loop is moistened and dipped in a fine powder of the
substance in question and borax. The loop with the adhered powders is then heated in a flame until it fuses and
the color of the resulting bead observed.
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Barium colorless
Calcium colorless
Chromium Dark yellow (hot), green (cold) green (hot and cold)
Copper green (hot), blue (cold) red, opaque (cold), colorless (hot)
Iron yellow or brownish red (hot and cold) green (hot and cold)
Magnesium colorless
Strontium colorless
References
1. http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/glossary_color/index1.html
2. Flame Tests (http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/flametests.html) at chemguide.co.uk
3. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press. 1985. ISBN 0-8493-0466-0.
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