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Matthew Barsottelli, P.E., M.ASCE1 and Onur Avci, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE2
1
Project Manager, AECOM USA Inc, 20 Exchange Place, 12th Floor, New York, NY,
10005, USA. Email: matthew.barsottelli@aecom.com
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Qatar University, P.O. Box
2713, Doha, Qatar. Email: onur.avci@qu.edu.qa
ABSTRACT
As the transportation infrastructure in the United States is aging and expanding
rapidly, demolition and replacement of the existing systems has increasing
importance. Highway bridge demolition has become increasingly significant as the
bridges reaching their service design life require rehabilitation or replacement.
Highway widening to meet capacity increase also involves partial or total removal of
highway bridges. This paper presents the fundamentals of highway bridge demolition
by explaining the systematic deconstruction, crane usage, and the engineering
involved with this process.
The bridge structure is analyzed for different excavator positions and different stages
of the demolition. The excavator body weight and the hammer tip weights are
considered separately for different cases of demolition sequence.
The engineering work required for cranes involves support design for crane bases
(tracks or outriggers), pick plan and pick weights (pick sequence, radii, clearances,
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center of mass, lay-down area), and rigging design (wire rope slings, stability of
structure while being picked, local failures of the object being picked or the rigging
components).
INTRODUCTION
The engineered deconstruction and removal of an existing structure is called
demolition. More theoretically, demolition is systematic deconstruction such that no
potential energy is released in an unplanned way.
The general sequence in a highway bridge demolition typically starts with the
removal of the concrete deck. Concrete can either be hammered to the ground or
panelized and moved away from the bridge. Sometimes shielding is placed under the
bridge so that concrete debris does not fall into a waterway, traffic, or property below.
After concrete is removed, the girders are removed from the structure with a crane or
excavator (equipped with grapple or shear attachment) and lowered to grade.
It is not mandatory to remove the concrete first. However, the concrete weighs so
much relative to the steel on a typical highway bridge that one would need a much
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larger crane to remove both concrete and steel at the same time. This is typically
impractical and uneconomical.
Every stage during the process needs to be analyzed in detail, and the important
information clearly presented in the demolition plan drawings to be used in the field.
a) Traffic Under the Bridge b) New and Old Bridges Next to Each other
Figure 2 – The Structure Removed is in Proximity to Other Structures.
3) The equipment being used in the demolition is very expensive, and a well-
engineered demolition plan assists the contractor to choose equipment capable
of the task.
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MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING DEMOLITION AND DEMOLITION
ENGINEERING
“Wrecking Ball!”
DEMOLITION ECONOMY
Generally the demolition engineer is hired by the demolition contractor, and the
demolition submittal is reviewed by the State or City Department of Transportation
(D.O.T).
On the other hand, if a contractor tries to demolish a bridge with very tiny equipment
on the bridge (e.g. 5000 lbs), there may be no need for an engineer. However it
would be so uneconomical to the contractor that they would never prefer this option.
Using larger equipment brings greater need for engineering.
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Figure 3 – The AASHTO Design Truck and Hydraulic Excavator
The controlling load case for a bridge is when an excavator is hammering the deck
since it imposes concentrated loads and dynamic effects of the hammer impacts. This
case is shown below in Figure 4, known as the “leverage position”, where the
operator pushes down on the boom to apply more load on to the hammer tip to break
the concrete more efficiently. By doing this, the front tracks lift off the pavement and
the bridge is subjected to a reaction at the hammer tip and reactions at the back of
each excavator tracks. This controls for the deck design, and most often the sub-
structure design.
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For equipment located on grade (like a crane) it is more economical for the contractor
to use a smaller crane. It is important for the engineer to correctly determine pick
weights and crane radius / geometry since the full extent of the allowable crane chart
may be utilized but never exceeded.
Generally defined, a crane is a power operated machine for lifting or lowering a load
and moving it horizontally which uses wire rope in which the hoisting mechanism is
an integral part of the machine. The girders for conventional demolition is typically
picked and removed by cranes (in some cases a hydraulic excavator is used instead).
There are two main types of cranes: Crawler cranes (Figure 5) and hydraulic cranes
with outriggers (Figure 6).
Crawler cranes have large tracks called crawlers, a main body, a counter weight, and
the boom of the crane. Due to its large size, crawler cranes have to be driven to the
site on separate trailers and assembled at the site.
Hydraulic cranes with outriggers; can be driven to the site since it is its own mobile
unit. Typically the counterweight is transported separately. It has four outriggers that
support the entire weight of the crane while performing picks (the wheels are not
designed as such).
For girder removal with a crane sitting on grade the contractor and engineer must
determine the smallest crane (for economy) that can safely perform all picks.
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Figure 6 – Hydraulic Crane with Outriggers
For the determination of crane loads imposed on the crane support structure, there are
programs available to find reactions under the outrigger or the tracks for every lift. A
heavy lift at a large radius produces higher loads in one outrigger or one crawler track
(in various load patterns). The crane sits either on soil, pavement, a building, or a
substructure (a city street that’s above a subway) so it is important to determine that
the imposed loads during the maximum lift can be supported safely.
The loads of the critical picks are translated down to what supports the crane, and
deflection is a very important parameter. If a crane boom is for example, 300 ft in
length with a pick radius of 200 ft, a small settlement deflection at the support will
produce a huge deflection at the end of the boom, likely toppling the crane.
A crawler with dunnage is shown in Figure 7. Sometimes steel plate sits on wood but
typically wood goes directly under the tracks or outrigger without the steel. An
outrigger is shown in Figure 8; the wheels of the crane are off the ground. Four
outriggers support the crane.
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The engineer is especially needed when dunnage has to span over a structure, or is
located directly over an underground utility.
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Engineered Pick Plan Design:
Anytime something is lifted with a crane, it is called a “pick” in the demolition and
crane use terminology. Determination and presentation of pick sequence, lift radii,
load charts, crane configuration, geometry (clearances of the boom and all crane
components to adjacent structures or equipment), center of mass of each pick,
dunnage details, rigging, and lay-down area are all very important parameters that
need to be considered in the pick plan design. These items are to be shown on an
engineered pick plan. At all stages of the design the demolition engineer must work
closely with the contractor to choose the best crane location and pick sequence.
Lay-down area: When something is lifted with the crane, it needs to be decided
where that piece is going and it has to get there without exceeding the capacity of the
crane (if the lay-down area is at a greater radius than the initial pick).
Determining the geometry clearances: Often there is a structure in the way during
crane operations, and for small pick radii it may be the piece being lifted. It is very
important the boom doesn’t touch anything during the entire operation. The crane
boom is basically a column (subject to compression and bending) that is assumed to
have zero capacity to be hit or tapped. Four feet (minimum) is typically used for the
clearance distance as a standard rule of thumb between the boom and another
structure.
Crane Manufacturer’s load charts: Shows the possible configurations of the crane
and the corresponding lift capacities at particular pick radii. There are many ways to
set the crane up with different booms, attachments, and counter weights. The pick
plans specifically indicate all of these critical configuration parameters.
Rigging design: The wire rope (or synthetic material) that attaches the pick to the
crane “hook” (called a block) is rigging. The rigging forces are determined based on
geometry and statics, and compared with the industry / manufacturer standards.
Other aspects of rigging design include preventing local failures of the object being
picked. Rigging geometry can impose inward pulling forces on the component being
picked and this needs to be incorporated in the design.
REFERENCES
Singh, S., Mirzakashani, M., Hagh, A., (2008). “Dual Deconstruction”, ASCE Civil
Engineering Magazine, Volume 78, Number 4, 60-67.