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F:
É vedado, também, o fornecimento de informações cadastrais
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inexatas ou incompletas – nome, endereço, CPF, e-mail - no ato da
,
ES
matrícula.
ND
ME
O descumprimento dessas vedações implicará o imediato
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cancelamento da matrícula, sem prévio aviso e sem devolução de
valores pagos - sem prejuízo da responsabilização civil e criminal do SO
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infrator.
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Em razão da presença da marca d’ água, identificadora do nome e

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recomenda-se a sua impressão no modo econômico da impressora.

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S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
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responsabilização civil e criminal.
CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 1-

PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO
AULA 5
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Text 1: Software projects
33
03
While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why software
49
projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of software
F:
development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting project success
CP
(Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software engineering lacks a general
model with which to investigate such failures. To date, studies have
,
5
ES
tended to be surveys of the factors thought to play some part in a failure.
ND
Several researchers have argued that a simple model of accidents is
ME
insufficient for dealing with modern technology. A causal-chain model of
A
accidents is useful to investigate the failure of a specific component
UZ
10 through wear and tear, or the attribution of the cause can be established
through application of a "but” for test. Given the cause, similar accidents
SO
DE
can be prevented by checking the same component for wear and tear or
other flaws such as structural cracks. However, it is a less useful model
A
NI
when investigating accidents which causes are ultimately not due to

WA
15 physical weaknesses but are due to interactions between components or

the failure of the system itself.
49
Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents, the

41
alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several

34
grounds. The first is that looking back along the causal chain requires a
33
20 "stopping rule" to determine when to cease investigating deeper into the

90
system which, it is argued, can be somewhat arbitrary in the choice of

4
F:
cause (Leveson, 2004). The second reason is that such investigative

CP
techniques tend to focus attention on the proximate event most closely

associated with the accident and direct attention away from the latent,
S,
25 contributory causes.
DE
Where, in the past, it may have been sufficient to seek direct causes of
N
ME
an accident, modern socio-technical systems can produce accidents that

are the result of the interaction of different parts of the system rather
A
UZ
than a failure of any one part of the system, Turner & Pidgeon (1997)
SO
30 reviewed official investigations into non-natural disasters to arrive at a

view that many disasters were man-made and entirely foreseeable. In a
DE
major contrast to causal models of accidents, the authors argued that the
A
conditions for the disasters he investigated largely originated from

NI
decisions made by upper management.

WA

The view that there was ample evidence of impending disaster available
9
35
14
if only someone paid it any attention appears to be shared by
44
investigators other than Turner. However such hindsight bias has been
33
criticized by several researchers, most notably Dekker (2005). Hindsight
03
bias ignores the reality that most operational decisions are made under
49
40 ambiguous circumstances based on sparse and ambiguous evidence.
F:
Instead, Dekker argues, investigators must try hard to understand the
CP
circumstances of the time and put aside knowledge of the outcome.
To reason more fully about the interaction of different parts of a socio-
,
ES
technical system. several researchers have proposed a system theoretic
ND
45 model in which the system is expressed as a hierarchy of control levels.
ME
Each level of the hierarchy is considered to act on the level below it
A
through the imposition of constraints and directions to achieve emergent
UZ
properties and to receive feedback. A more useful model for considering
total risk was a "top-down, systems oriented approach based on system
SO
DE
50 control theoretic concepts" This approach gave a control structure
embedded in an adaptive socio-technical system. Such a model shows
A
NI
how different parties contribute to safety regardless of their

WA
organizational affiliations. [CESPE/UNB/TCU/ ACE-TI/2009]

[Jon McBride, A model for investigating software accident. In: Journal of
49
Research and Practice in Information Technology, vol. 40, n° l, Feb. 2008

41
(adapted)]
34
33
Judge the following items according to the text

4 90
41. A causal-chain model of accidents is effective in investigating

F:
accidents which causes are solely due to failures of the system. ( )

CP
S,
42. A top-down systems oriented approach shows how different parties

DE
may contribute to safety, considering their organizational affiliations. ( )

N
ME
43. As Dekker has posed, investigators should focus on the circumstances

A
of the time and disregard knowledge of the outcome. ( )

UZ
SO
44. The current models employed to investigate software accidents do not

DE
appear to be suited to the task. ( )

A
NI
45. Accidents in software development projects and products are nothing

WA
new and neither are they likely to cease. ( )

In the text:
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14
44
46. "shortage" (L-1) can be correctly replaced by abundance.( )
33
03
47. “which” in “lacks a general model with which to investigate such
49
failures (L-4/5) refers to “investigate”
F:
CP
48. "wear and tear" (L-10) is the same as loss or damage resulting
from ordinary use and exposure. ( )
,
ES
ND
49. "cracks" (L- 13) means breakage. ( )
ME
A
50. “due to physical weaknesses" (L-14/15) is synonymous with
UZ
because of. ( )
SO
DE
51. "outcome" (L-42) is closest in meaning to upshot.
A
NI
WA
USEFUL TIPS
49
Não sei quanto a você, porém eu não sabia o significado de top-down

41
approach, termo técnico do informatês; portanto nada melhor do

34
consultar na santa Internet. No site da Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia,

33
encontrei:
4 90
F:
“A top-down approach is essentially the breaking down of a system to

CP
gain insight into its compositional sub-systems. In a top-down approach

an overview of the system is first formulated, specifying but not detailing
S,
any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater

DE
detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire

N
ME
specification is reduced to base elements.”

A
UZ
E, por fim, qual é a USEFUL TIP aqui? A mais óbvia possível, mas que
SO
vem a provar o meu ponto: você tem que ser seletivo ao extremo no seu
estudo de vocabulário. Tente fazer sua tradução do parágrafo acima. No
DE
final desta aula, apresento a minha tradução para que você possa
A
confrontar.
NI
WA

ANSWERS & COMMENTS
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41. E
33
A causal-chain model of accidents is effective in investigating accidents
03
which causes are solely due to failures of the system.
49
Um modelo rede-causa de acidentes (falhas) é eficaz na investigação de
F:
acidentes cujas causas são exclusivamente devido a falhas no sistema
CP
COMMENT: O autor do texto declara que tal modelo é eficaz para
verificar ‘the failure of a specific component’ (= a falha de um
,
ES
componente específico) devido ao uso e à depreciação; porém é menos
ND
útil quando se trata de falhas não relacionadas com fraquezas físicas, mas
ME
devidas a interações entre componentes ou a falha de sistema em si.
A
UZ
42. E
A top-down, systems oriented approach shows how different parties may
SO
DE
contribute to safety, considering their organizational affiliations.
Um método orientado para sistemas ‘top down’ (= método descendente)
A
NI
demonstra como diferentes partes contribuem para a segurança, levando-

WA
se em consideração suas interligações organizacionais.

COMMENT: Para entender bem o que é o método ‘top down’ veja a
49
tradução, no final, do parágrafo apresentado anteriormente.

41
34
43. C
33
As Dekker has posed, investigators should focus on the circumstances of

90
the time and disregard knowledge of the outcome.

4
F:
Como propôs Dekker, os investigadores devem se concentrar nas

CP
circunstâncias temporais e desconsiderar o conhecimento do resultado

final.
S,
COMMENT: O autor utiliza-se de uma paráfrase no texto (L-41/41) e se

DE
vale to phrasal verb to put asside (= colocar de lado) para dizer o

N
ME
mesmo que esta afirmativa do examinador.

A
UZ
44. C
SO
The current models employed to investigate software accidents do not

appear to be suited to the task.
DE
Os modelos atuais empregados para verificar falhas com programas não

A
parecem ser satisfatórios para a realização da tarefa

NI
COMMENT: Apesar de afirmar que não faltam estudos sobre o motivo por
WA
que os projetos de sofware falham o autor declara que nesta área de

engenharia há carência de modelos de verificação a altura da amplitude
desta tarefa.

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45. E
44
Accidents in software development projects and products are nothing new
33
and neither are they likely to cease.
03
Acidentes no desenvolvimento de programas e produtos não são novidade
49
e provavelmente não tendem a cessar.
F:
COMMENT: Não consta do texto nenhuma informação que dê respaldo à
CP
afirmação do examinador.
,
ES
46. E
ND
"shortage" (L-1) can be correctly replaced by abundance.
ME
COMMENT: o substantivo shortage significa escassez; portanto não
A
pode ser substituído por abundance (= abundância)
UZ
47. E
SO
DE
“which” in “lacks a general model with which to investigate such failures
(L-4/5) refers to “investigate”
A
NI
COMMENT: O pronome ‘which”, aqui, se refere a general model.

WA
48. C
49
"wear and tear" (L-10) is the same as loss or damage resulting from
41
ordinary use and exposure.

34
COMMENT: a expressão wear and tear refere-se à perda ou dano

33
resultante do uso rotineiro e da exposição, do risco.

4 90
F:
49. C
CP
"cracks" (L-13) means breakage.

COMMENT: cracks (= rachaduras) & breakage (= quebras) apresentam
S,
significados equivalentes.
N DE
ME
50. C
“due to physical weaknesses" (L-14/15) is synonymous with because
A
UZ
of. ( )
SO
COMMENT: due to (= devido a) & because of (= por causa de)

apresentam significados equivalentes, também.
DE
A
51. C
NI
"outcome" (L-42) is closest in meaning to upshot.

WA
COMMENT: Ambas significam produto final, resultado final.

ANALYSIS OF TEXT 1
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1. As discourse markers, o que indicam as seguintes palavras:
44
a) while (L-1) - ___________________________________________
33
b) instead (L-41) - _________________________________________
03
49
2. Por que outra discourse marker você poderia substituir a palavra
F:
however (L-13)?
CP
________________________________________________________
,
ES
3. Explique a formação da palavra weaknesses (L-15).
ND
________________________________________________________
ME
A
4. Transponha para o infinitivo os seguintes irregular verbs do texto e
UZ
dê suas respectivas traduções:
a) thought (L-6) - _________________________________________
SO
DE
b) Driven (L-17) - _________________________________________
c) been (L-26) - ___________________________________________
A
NI
d) made (L-34) - __________________________________________

WA
e) gave (L-50) - ___________________________________________

49
5. Now do the opposite. Write the past tense and past participle of the
41
following irregular verbs from the text:

34
a) to deal - _______________________________________________
33
b) to wear - ______________________________________________
90
c) to tear - _______________________________________________
4
F:
d) to find - _______________________________________________
CP
e) to seek - ______________________________________________
f) to put - ________________________________________________
S,
DE
6. Translate the following fragments:

N
ME
a) While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why software

A
UZ
projects fail
SO
________________________________________________________
DE
b) or even the factors affecting project success

A
________________________________________________________
NI
WA
c) the field of software engineering lacks a general model

________________________________________________________
d) with which to investigate such failures

________________________________________________________

e) To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors
9
14
________________________________________________________
44
33
f) thought to play some part in a failure
03
________________________________________________________
49
F:
g) Several researchers have argued that a simple model of accidents
CP
________________________________________________________
,
ES
h) is insufficient for dealing with modern technology
ND
________________________________________________________
ME
i) the attribution of the cause can be established through application
A
UZ
________________________________________________________
j) Given the cause, similar accidents can be prevented SO

DE
________________________________________________________
A
NI
k) by checking the same component for wear and tear

WA
________________________________________________________
49
41
l) or other flaws such as structural cracks

34
________________________________________________________
33
90
m) Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents

4
________________________________________________________
F:
CP
n) the alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several
S,
grounds
DE
________________________________________________________
N
ME
o) direct attention away from the latent, contributory causes

A
________________________________________________________
UZ
SO
p) it may have been sufficient to seek direct causes of an accident

DE
________________________________________________________
A
NI
q) many disasters were man-made and entirely foreseeable

WA
________________________________________________________
r) largely originated from decisions made by upper management

________________________________________________________

s) such hindsight bias has been criticized by several researchers
9
14
________________________________________________________
44
33
t) put aside knowledge of the outcome
03
________________________________________________________
49
F:
u) through the imposition of constraints and directions
CP
________________________________________________________
,
ES
v) to achieve emergent properties and to receive feedback
ND
________________________________________________________
ME
A
w) a control structure embedded in an adaptive socio-technical system.
UZ
________________________________________________________
SO
DE
x) Such a model shows how different parties contribute to safety
________________________________________________________
A
NI
WA
y) regardless of their organizational affiliations

________________________________________________________
49
41
34
33
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F:
CP
S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

GRAMMAR REVIEW: COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
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A) COMPARATIVES
33
03
From text 1:
49
“to determine when to cease investigating deeper into the system” (L-20
F:
/21)
CP
para determinar quando interromper a investigação mais profunda no
sistema
,
ES
ND
“However, it is a less useful model when investigating accidents which
ME
causes are ultimately not due to physical weaknesses” (L-18/19)
A
Contudo, é um modelo menos útil quando investiga acidentes cujas
UZ
causas não são em última análise devidas a fraquezas físicas
SO
DE
A expressão em negrito, no primeiro exemplo, mostra o adjetivo deep
(= profundo/ a) no grau comparativo de superioridade. No segundo
A
NI
exemplo temos a formação com less + adjective formadora do

WA
comparativo de inferioridade. Estude as diversas formas de

comparatives dos adjetivos e advérbios em inglês:
49
41
a) You use as + adj. / adv. + as to form the comparative of equality. In

34
negative statements not as (so) + adj./ adv. + as is used.

33
as easy as (tão fácil quanto) // as easily as (tão facilmente quanto)

90
as happy as (tão feliz quanto)// as happily as (tão felizmente quanto)

4
F:
as beautiful as (tão belo /a quanto) / as beautifully as (tão belamente

CP
quanto)
S,
b) you use the suffix ...er to form the comparative of superiority of

DE
“short” adjectives and adverbs. Thus, ...

N
ME
easier (than) (mais fácil que)

cleaner (than) (mais limpo que)
A
UZ
hotter (than) (mais quente que)

SO
c) With ‘long’ adjectives and adverbs you use more + adj. + than to form
DE
the comparative of superiority and less + adj. + than to form the

A
comparative of inferiority:
NI
more (less ) difficult than more(less) easily than

WA
more ( less ) complicated than more(less) didactically than

more ( less ) economical than more(less) seriously than

d) A few adjectives may form the comparative in both ways:

common commoner (than) or more(less) common (than)
9
14
simple simpler (than) or more (less) simple (than)
44
33
e) Irregular comparatives: Both farther and further function as
03
comparatives of the adjective or adverb far.
49
F:
You should use farther to refer to distance.
CP
Uncle Jason’s farm is farther south.
,
ES
A fazenda do Tio Jason é mais ao sul.
ND
ME
Further may be used to refer to distance as well, but unlike farther it
A
may mean ‘more’, ‘additional’.
UZ
For further information please contact Mr. Denver.
SO
DE
Para maiores informações entre em contato com o Sr. Denver.
A
NI
Other irregular comparatives:

WA
good (well) // better (than)

bad (badly) // worse (than)
49
little // less (than)

41
much (many) // more (than)

34
33
f) The definite article is used before adjectives and adverbs in all double
90
comparative constructions.
4
F:
CP
The harder I work, the greater my task seems to be.

Quanto mais duro eu trabalho, maior parece ser a minha tarefa.
S,
The sooner she leaves, the earlier she’ll get to the beach house.
DE
Quanto mais cedo ela partir mais cedo chegará à casa de praia.
N
ME
g) repeated adjective and adverb forms:

A
UZ
SO
It’s getting harder and harder (or more and more difficult) to pass
College Entrance Exams.
DE
Está ficando cada vez mais difícil passar nos exames Vestibulares.
A
NI
h) Last but not least, special attention must be paid to adjectives which
WA
are not qualified by more (than); in some good dictionaries you’ll find
the indication ‘no comparison’.
Ideal, foreign, superior, illegal, main, original, ...

B) SUPERLATIVES
9
14
44
From text 1:
33
“such investigative techniques tend to focus attention on the proximate
03
event most closely associated with the accident” (L-22/24)
49
tais técnicas investigativas tendem a concentrarem atenção no evento
F:
imediato mais intimamente associado com o acidente (com a falha)
CP
O text 1 não é pródigo em exemplos de adjetivos no grau superlativo,
,
ES
mas vamos procurar estudar resumidamente os principais casos de
ND
formação dos superlatives.
ME
A
Study these cases:
UZ
1.1. O sufixo ‘est’ é usado para formar o superlativo de adjetivos ‘curtos’
SO
DE
easy (the) easiest o / a+ fácil

A
NI
clean (the) cleanest o / a+ limpo/a

WA
hot (the) hottest o / a+ quente

old (the ) oldest o / a+ velho/a
49
41
1.2. Com adjetivos ‘longos’ usa-se the most / the least + adj. para
34
formar o superlativo.
33
90
the most / least difficult o / a mais (menos) difícil

4
F:
the most / least complicated o / a mais (menos) complicado

CP
the most / least economical o /a mais (menos) econômico

S,
1.3. Some irregular superlatives

DE
Alguns superlativos irregulares

N
ME
good the best o /a melhor

A
UZ
bad the worst o/ a pior

SO
little the least o/ a menos

much(many) the most o/a mais
DE
A
NI
NB: Não deixe de fazer o exercício sobre comparatives & superlatives

WA
no final desta.

VOCABULARY BUILD UP
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Mini-text 1: Court of Auditors of Portugal
33
03
Choose the best alternative in parentheses:
49
F:
Concomitant audit: Is exercised by means of carrying out audits of the
CP
administrative procedures related to acts and contracts that do not need
to be submitted to a priori audit or of the financial activity of public
,
ES
entities exercised [1. a) prior / b) before] to closure of the respective
ND
5 management period.
ME
The audit reports include observations and recommendations and may
A
originate proceedings for the [2. a) engagement / b) enforcement] of
UZ
liabilities. Concomitant audit also permits, in the event of determining the
illegality of a pending procedure or an act or contract that has not yet
SO
DE
10 been executed, to order that the respective act or contract be submitted
to a priori audit.
A
NI
A posteriori audit: Is exercised in order to evaluate the internal control

WA
and [3. a) decision-making / b) decision-made] systems and

appraise the financial fairness and regularity, legality or cost
49
15 effectiveness, efficiency and effectiveness of the financial management of

41
the entities subject to the Court’s control, including application of funds

34
from the European Union.

33
A posteriori audit is [4. a) pursued / b) procured] via verification of

90
accounts or audits of entities of the State, autonomous regions, local

4
F:
20 councils, public institutes, social security institutions, associations

CP
involving public bodies, public-sector companies, companies whose shares

are partly owned by the public sector, concessionaire companies,
S,
foundations and entities of any nature that have a public shareholding or

DE
benefit from public financing, in this case in order to inspect the

N
ME
25 application of such financing.

The audits may focus [5. a) over / b) upon] a wide array of different
A
UZ
matters. Questions related to public procurement may be subject to a

SO
specific audit but are also addressed in most of the audits made of
entities in order to evaluate the management activity of a specific year.
DE
30 The audits are concluded through the approval of a report, including the
A
respective observations and recommendations, which are submitted to

NI
the Public Prosecution Service [6. a) wherever / b) whenever] they

WA
indicate facts that generate liabilities as the basis for initiating any
eventual legal proceedings.
Visit: http://www.tcontas.pt/en/workgroups/gtcc.shtm

BRIEF EXPLOITATION OF MINI TEXT 1
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14
44
1. Traduza os seguintes fragmentos:
33
03
a) carrying out audits of the administrative procedures (L-1/2)
49
_______________________________________________________
F:
b) in the event of determining the illegality of a pending procedure –
CP
(L-8/9)
_______________________________________________________
,
ES
c) appraise the financial fairness and regularity (L-14)
ND
_______________________________________________________
ME
d) companies whose shares are partly owned by the public sector –
A
(L-21/22)
UZ
_______________________________________________________
e) have a public shareholding or benefit from public financing
SO
DE
(L-23/24)
_______________________________________________________
A
NI
f) a wide array of different matters (L-23/24)

WA
_______________________________________________________
g) they indicate facts that generate liabilities (L-31/32)
49
_______________________________________________________
41
h) as the basis for initiating any eventual legal proceedings (L-33/34)

34
_______________________________________________________
33
4 90
F:
VERB TENSES FROM MINI TEXT 1

CP
a) Escreva 5 exemplos de construções verbais no present simple:

S,
_______________________________________________________
N DE
ME
b) Escreva 5 exemplos de construções verbais na passive voice:

_______________________________________________________
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

MOCK TEST
Teste Simulado
9
14
44
Flowers Generate More Jobs than Agriculture in Brazil
33
03
A pioneering study just released by Brazil's IBGE (Brazilian Institute of
49
Geography and Statistics) in Rio de Janeiro on the production of flowers
F:
and ornamental plants shows that cultivation of flowers provides more
CP
jobs than agriculture in Brazil.
The work confirms that the planting of flowers and ornamental plants
,
ES
already employs, on the average, double the number of workers engaged
ND
in agriculture and livestock-raising and predominates on properties with
ME
less than 10 hectares.
A
Based on the 1995-96 Agricultural Census, the study, Characterization
UZ
of the Brazilian Flower and Ornamental Plant Productive Sector, is the first
investigation of its type.
SO
DE
The flower sector, according to the IBGE, has great export potential and
represents a significant alternative for the generation of jobs and income
A
NI
on small properties.
WA
The study discovered 7,561 properties, leased lands, partnerships, or

rural occupancies that, between August, 1995, and July, 1996, earned
49
US$ 108.6 million US$ 65.7 million of which came from the production of
41
flowers and ornamental plants on a total area of 434,935 hectares.

34
Of the 2,963 rural establishments in which the production of flowers

33
and ornamental plants was the principal activity, the vast majority
90
(1,941) had less than 10 hectares, and 10,014 of the 21,844 employees
4
F:
of these establishments worked on properties with fewer than 10 hectares

CP
of occupied area.
The average number of workers per establishment was 7.4, double the
S,
average for Brazilian agriculture as a whole (3.7 workers per

DE
establishment). (By Nielmar de Oliveira, Agência Brasil , 27 /10 / 2004,

N
ME
Translator: David Silberstein)

A
UZ
SO
Write (T) in parentheses if you it’s true or (F) if you think it’s
false:
DE
A
1. According to the text, only agriculture provides more jobs than the
NI
cultivation of flowers. ( )
WA
________________________________________________________

2. There are twice as many people employed in the planting of flowers
9
14
and ornamental plants than in agriculture and livestock raising. ( )
44
________________________________________________________
33
03
3. The Brazilian Flower and Ornamental Plant Productive Sector had never
49
been investigated before by any similar study. ( )
F:
________________________________________________________
CP
4. In the period 1995 /1996 an area of 434,935 hectares was being used
,
ES
for the production of flowers and ornamental plants.
ND
________________________________________________________
ME
A
5. Most rural establishments mainly used for the production of flowers
UZ
and ornamental plants were huge properties. ( )
________________________________________________________
SO
DE
6. The average number of workers per establishment was half the

A
NI
average for Brazilian agriculture as a whole. ( )

WA
________________________________________________________
49
41
34
33
4 90
F:
CP
S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

JUST FOR FUN
9
14
44
PICTURE TEST
33
03
49
F:
CP
,
ES
ND
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA
49
41
34
33
4 90
F:
CP
This guy is making a [a) path / b) pass] at the woman.

S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

EXERCISES
9
14
44
I. Anything goes – Choose the better alternative iin parentheses.
33
03
1. How many (drops / cans) of beer did you drink last night?
49
T: _______________________________________________________
F:
CP
2. Can’t you wait a little longer until I finish my presentation? Your
interruption seems so (untimely / timeless) to me.
,
ES
T: _______________________________________________________
ND
ME
3. (As usual /As usually) Karen is late for our class.
A
T: _______________________________________________________
UZ
4. Employees decided to go on strike to fight for better (working /
SO
DE
worked) conditions.
T: _______________________________________________________
A
NI
WA
5. Laborers at that time had to fight for the reduction of their (working /
worked) day.
49
T: _______________________________________________________
41
34
6. My father says that he is extremely (proud / pride) of his

33
accomplishments.
90
T: _______________________________________________________
4
F:
CP
7. Before the election various politicians had promised to improve the

(living / livable) condition of those poor communities.
S,
T: _______________________________________________________
N DE
ME
8. That and other social (issues / exits) will be discussed during the
conference.
A
UZ
T: _______________________________________________________
SO
9. The next (round / route) of talks in Doha will be crucial,’ he said.

DE
T: _______________________________________________________
A
NI
10. Captain Dubois and his (crew / troupe) welcome you on board.
WA
T: _______________________________________________________

II. Supply the correct particle so as to form a PHRASAL VERB that

completes the mini dialogs. Follow the model:
9
14
44
Model
33
A. “Did you select the green tie?”
03
B. “No, I didn’t pick it out.”
49
1.
F:
A. “Does little Jimmy resemble his grandfather”?
CP
B. “Not at all. He doesn’t take ________ him.”
2.
,
ES
A. “Can’t you assist your mother with the daily chores?”
ND
B: “Yes, I can help her _______.”
ME
3.
A
A. “Are the rebels ready to surrender?”
UZ
B. “ No, they’ll never give _______.”
4.
SO
DE
A. “Why did they cancel the show? “
B. They called it ________ because of the storm.
A
NI
5.
WA
A. ”Your shoes have become useless, haven’t they?”

B: “Yes, they’re totally worn ________.”
49
41
34
III. – Complete the sentences with the correct past form of the
33
verbs in bold, and then translate them.

4 90
F:
1. Mrs. Hill was _________ to the hospital, and she’s still recovering from
CP
her case of flu. [TAKE]

_________________________________________________________
S,
DE
2. Joseph, Mrs. Hill’s nephew, said that his aunt had _______ the flu
N
ME
during her trip back to the farm. [CATCH]

_________________________________________________________
A
UZ
SO
3. At first Mrs. Hill had _______ for her cure by taking her usual
homeopathic pills. [SEEK]
DE
_________________________________________________________
A
NI
4. Soon she had _______ all hope of curing her illness with the usual
WA
medicine. [LOSE]
_________________________________________________________
5. She ______ to take antibiotics every 12 hours during 10 days. [HAVE]

_________________________________________________________

IV. DISCOURSE MARKERS ENSEMBLE – Consulte a lista das
9
14
principais palavras e locuções marcadoras do discurso se precisar:
44
33
Choose the correct option.
03
49
1. _________ the rain, the firefighters kept on looking for survivors.
F:
(a) In spite (b) Despite (c) However (d) Regardless
CP
_______________________________________________________
,
ES
2. Eric passed the test; __________ he’s eligible to enroll for the course.
ND
(a) meanwhile (b) therefore (c) however (d) in short
ME
_______________________________________________________
A
UZ
3. Linda reads and writes English well. _______ she’s of British descent.
(a) thus (b) then (c) nonetheless (d) besides
SO
DE
_______________________________________________________
A
NI
4. Mercedes has a strong Spanish accent, _________ her sister, Maria,

WA
has a very slight accent, almost imperceptible.

(a) thus (b) as well as (c) whereas (d) hence
49
_______________________________________________________
41
34
5. _________ the fact that he had a headache, he declined the invitation

33
to the banquet.
90
(a) Because (b) Due to (c) Hence (d) As a result

4
F:
_______________________________________________________
CP
6.__________ he had a headache, he declined the invitation to the

S,
banquet.
DE
(a) Because (b) Due to (c) Hence (d) As a result

N
ME
_______________________________________________________
A
UZ
7. Adam had a sore throat, __________ he went to the doctor’s.

SO
(a) so (b) next (c) then (d) likewise

_______________________________________________________
DE
A
8. One of the suspects covered his face with his shirt and the others did
NI
___________.
WA
(a) likewise (b) indeed (c) in fact (d) further

_______________________________________________________

9. __________ I was extremely tired I decided to go to the dance.
9
14
(a) Namely (b) However (c) Accordingly (d) Even though
44
_______________________________________________________
33
03
10. George plays the piano, __________ his brother plays the trumpet.
49
(a) since (b) moreover (c) while (d) however
F:
_______________________________________________________
CP
V. COMARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES - Choose the best option:
,
ES
ND
1. Julia is beautiful, I agree. But Denise is ________.
ME
A) more beautiful.
A
B) most beautiful.
UZ
C) beautifully.
D) much beautidul.
SO
DE
2. Of all the dresses I've seen so far, this one is ________.

A
A) the nice.
NI
B) nicest.
WA
C) the nicest.
49
D) most nice.
41
34
3. Don was __________ taller than his brother.

33
A) more.
90
B) like.
4
C) as.
F:
D) much.
CP
S,
4. This sandwich is bad, but that one is _______.

DE
A) worst.
N
B) wurst.
ME
C) worse.
A
D) badder.
UZ
SO
5. Kaká was the _______ soccer player that year.

DE
A) better.
B) best.
A
NI
C) most good.
WA
D) goodestr.

6. Silvia isn’t so short. She’s _______ tall as her cousin.
9
14
A) that.
44
B) even.
33
C) as.
03
D) more.
49
F:
7. Teresopolis is far from Rio. But Poços de Caldas is even __________.
CP
A) further.
B) farther.
,
ES
C) more far.
ND
D) farthest.
ME
A
8. Neither of those dictionaries is expensive. But that one is ________.
UZ
A) the cheapest.
B) the cheaper.
SO
DE
C) much expensive.
D) cheaper.
A
NI
WA
9. Those three bags are not heavy. But this one is ____________.
A) light.
49
B) the lighter.
41
C) the lightest.
34
D) more lighter.
33
90
10. The more I study English, _________ it becomes to learn it.

4
F:
A) easier.
CP
B) the easier.
C) the easiest.
S,
D) much easy.
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

ANSWERS
9
14
ANALYSIS OF TEXT 1
44
33
1. As discourse markers, as palavras while (= enquanto) & instead
03
(= ao invés disso) estão indicando contraste ou oposição.
49
F:
2. A palavra however (= entretanto), como discourse marker, poderia
CP
ser substituída por nevertheless.
,
ES
3. A palavra weaknesses corresponde ao substantivo fraquezas formado
ND
com o acréscimo do sufixo –NESS ao adjetivo weak (= fraco/a).
ME
A
4. Infinitive of irregular verbs from the text:
UZ
a) thought (to think ) – pensar // b) Driven (to drive) – dirigir // c)
SO
DE
been (to be) – ser, estar // d) made (to make) – fazer // e) gave (to
give) - dar
A
NI
WA
5. Past tense and past participle of the irregular verbs from the text:
49
a) to deal (dealt, dealt) – lidar com // b) to wear (wore, worn) –

41
usar, vestir // c) to tear (tore, torn) – rasgar // d) to find (found,

34
found) – encontrar, achar// e) to seek (sought, sought)- procurer // f)

33
to put (put, put) – por, colocar.

4 90
F:
6. Translate the following fragments:

CP
a) While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why software

S,
projects fail
DE
Embora não exista escassez de estudos das razões porque projetos de

N
ME
programas para computador falham

A
UZ
b) or even the factors affecting project success

SO
ou mesmo dos fatores que afetam o sucesso dos projetos

DE
c) the field of software engineering lacks a general model

A
a área de engenharia de programas para computador se ressente de um

NI
modelo genérico
WA
d) with which to investigate such failures

com o qual investigar tais falhas

e) To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors
9
14
até a presente data os estudos tenderam a ser pesquisas (levantamentos)
44
dos fatores
33
03
f) thought to play some part in a failure
49
considerados como tendo alguma participação numa falha
F:
CP
g) Several researchers have argued that a simple model of accidents
vários pesquisadores argumentaram que um modelo simples de acidentes
,
ES
ND
h) is insufficient for dealing with modern technology
ME
é insuficiente para lidar com a tecnologia moderna
A
UZ
i) the attribution of the cause can be established through application
SO
a atribuição da causa pode ser estabelecida através da aplicação
DE
j) Given the cause, similar accidents can be prevented

A
Dada a causa, acidentes similares podem ser evitados

NI
WA
k) by checking the same component for wear and tear

49
ao checar o mesmo componente sob o aspecto desgaste pelo uso e

41
depreciação
34
33
l) or other flaws such as structural cracks

90
ou outras imperfeições tais como quebras, rupturas estruturais

4
F:
m) Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents

CP
impulsionados pela necessidade de encontrar maneiras de prevenir

S,
acidentes futuros
N DE
n) the alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several
ME
grounds
A
os modelos alternativos rejeitam o modelo simples causa-rede com base

UZ
em vários aspectos
SO
DE
o) direct attention away from the latent, contributory causes

afastar a atenção das causas latentes que contribuem
A
NI
WA
p) it may have been sufficient to seek direct causes of an accident

pode ter sido suficiente procurar as causas diretas de um acidente, de
uma falha

q) many disasters were man-made and entirely foreseeable

muitos desastres foram causados pelo homem e eram inteiramente
9
14
previsíveis
44
33
r) largely originated from decisions made by upper management
03
originou-se grandemente de decisões tomadas pela diretoria
49
F:
s) such hindsight bias has been criticized by several researchers
CP
tal tendência em retrospectiva foi criticada por diversos pesquisadores
,
ES
t) put aside knowledge of the outcome
ND
colocar de lado o conhecimento do resultado final
ME
A
u) through the imposition of constraints and directions
UZ
através da imposição de restrições e orientações
SO
DE
v) to achieve emergent properties and to receive feedback
para alcançar propriedades emergentes e receber ‘feedback’
A
NI
WA
w) a control structure embedded in an adaptive socio-technical system.

Uma estrutura de controle embutida num sistema sócio-técnico adaptável
49
41
x) Such a model shows how different parties contribute to safety

34
tal modelo mostra como diferentes partes contribuem para a segurança

33
90
y) regardless of their organizational affiliations

4
F:
independentemente de suas ligações organizacionais

CP
TRANSLATION OF THE TOP-DOWN APPROACH PARAGRAPH

S,
DE
“A top-down approach is essentially the breaking down of a system to

N
ME
gain insight into its compositional sub-systems. In a top-down approach

an overview of the system is first formulated, specifying but not detailing
A
UZ
any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater

SO
detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire

specification is reduced to base elements.”
DE
Um método top-down consiste essencialmente no desmembramento

A
NI
das partes de um sistema para se ter uma idéia dos subsistemas que o
WA
compõem. Num método top-down uma supervisão do sistema é

inicialmente formulada, especificando mas não detalhando nenhum dos
subsistemas de primeiro nível. Cada subsistema é então esmiuçado em
maior grau de detalhe ainda, algumas vezes em muitos níveis adicionais
de subsistemas, até que as especificações estejam reduzidas aos seus
elementos básicos.
9
14
44
33
03
49
F:
CP
,
ES
ND
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA
49
41
34
33
4 90
F:
CP
S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

MINI TEXT 1
9
14
1. (a) prior (to) // 2. (b) enforcement // 3. (a) decision-making // 4.
44
(a) pursued // 5. (b) upon // 6. (b) whenever
33
03
ANALYSIS OF MINI TEXT 1
49
F:
Fragmentos:
CP
a) carrying out audits of the administrative procedures (L-1/2)
fazendo auditorias dos procedimento administrativos
,
ES
b) in the event of determining the illegality of a pending procedure
ND
– (L-8/9)
ME
determinando a ilegalidade de um procedimento pendente
A
c) appraise the financial fairness and regularity (L-14)
UZ
avaliar a justiça e regularidade financeiras
d) companies whose shares are partly owned by the public sector
SO
DE
– (L-21/22)
companhias cujas ações pertençam parcialmente ao setor público
A
NI
e) have a public shareholding or benefit from public financing (L-

WA
23/24)
tenham participação acionária pública ou se beneficiem de financiamento
49
público
41
f) a wide array of different matters (L-23/24)

34
uma vasta gama de diferentes assuntos

33
g) they indicate facts that generate liabilities (L-31/32)

90
indicam fatos e geram obrigações

4
F:
h) as the basis for initiating any eventual legal proceedings (L-

CP
33/34)
como a base para tomada de medidas legais.
S,
N DE
ME
VERB TENSES FROM MINI TEXT 1

A
UZ
a) Present simple: do not need (L-2) // include (L-6) // permits (L-8)

SO
// have (L-23) // benefit (L-24) // indicate (L-33) // generate (L-33)

DE
b) Passive voice: to be submitted (L-3) // has not yet been executed

A
(L-9/10) // is exercised (L-12) // is pursued (L-18) // are also

NI
addressed (L-28) // are concluded (L-30) // are submitted (L-31)

WA

PICTURE TEST
9
14
This guy is making a (b) pass at the woman.
44
Este cara está jogando uma cantada na mulher.
33
03
49
MOCK TEST
F:
CP
1. (F) De acordo com o texto o cultivo das flores e plantas ornamentais
fornece mais empregos do que a agricultura. Cuidado com a palavra
,
ES
‘only’ (= somente)
ND
ME
2. (T) Há duas vezes mais pessoas empregadas neste setor do que na
A
agricultura.
UZ
3. (T) Sim, foi a primeira vez que um estudo destes foi realizado.
SO
DE
4. (T) Idéia expressa no texto.

A
NI
WA
5. (F) O texto fala em small properties (= pequenas propriedades) e

não em huge properties (enormes propriedades)
49
41
6. (F) On the contrary o texto fala em double (= dobro)

34
33
4 90
F:
CP
S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

ANSWERS / EXERCISES
9
14
44
I. ANYTHING GOES (= VALE TUDO)
33
03
1. How many cans of beer did you drink last night?
49
Quantas latas de cerveja você bebeu ontem à noite?
F:
CP
2. Can’t you wait a little longer until I finish my presentation? Your
interruption seems so untimely to me.
,
ES
Você não pode esperar um pouco mais até que eu termine minha
ND
apresentação? Sua interrupção me parece tão intempestiva.
ME
A
3. As usual Karen is late for our class.
UZ
Como de costume Karen está atrasada para nossa aula.
SO
DE
4. Employees decided to go on strike to fight for better working
conditions.
A
NI
Os empregados decidiram entrar em greve para lutar por melhores

WA
condições de trabalho.
49
5. Laborers at that time had to fight for the reduction of their working
41
day.
34
Os trabalhadores naquela ocasião tiveram que lutar pela redução da

33
jornada de trabalho.
4 90
F:
6. My father says that he is extremely proud of his accomplishments.

CP
Meu pai se diz muito orgulhoso de suas realizações.

S,
7. Before the election various politicians had promised to improve the

DE
living condition of those poor communities.

N
ME
Antes das eleições vários políticos haviam prometido melhorar as

condições de vida daquelas comunidades carentes.
A
UZ
SO
8. That and other social issues will be discussed during the conference.
Aquele e outros problemas sociais serão discutidos durante a conferência.
DE
A
9. The next round of talks in Doha will be crucial,’ he said.

NI
A próxima rodada de conversações em Doha será crucial, ele acrescentou.

WA
10. Captain Dubois and his crew welcome you on board.

O Capitão Dubois e sua tripulação lhes dão as boas vindas a bordo.

II. PHRASAL VERBS

1.
9
14
A: Does little Jimmy resemble his grandfather?
44
B: Not at all. He doesn’t take after him.
33
- O Jimmy se parece com o seu avô?
03
- Não, em nada. Não se parece com ele.
49
F:
2.
CP
A: Can’t you assist your mother with the daily chores?
B: Yes, I can help her out.
,
ES
- Você não pode ajudar sua mãe com as tarefas do dia-a-dia?
ND
- Sim, posso ajudá-la com isso.
ME
A
3.
UZ
A: Are the rebels ready to surrender?
B: No, they’ll never give in.
SO
DE
- Os rebeldes estão prontos para se render?
- Não, eles jamais se renderão.
A
NI
WA
4.
A. Why did they cancel the festival?
49
B. They called it off because of the storm.

41
- Por que eles cancelaram o festival?

34
- Cancelaram-no por causa da tempestade.

33
90
5.
4
F:
A: Your shoes have become useless, haven’t they?

CP
B: Yes, they’re totally worn out.

- Seus sapatos ficaram gastos, não ficaram?
S,
- Sim, estão completamente imprestáveis.

N DE
ME
III. PAST FORMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS:

A
UZ
1. Mrs. Hill was taken to the hospital, and she’s still recovering from her
SO
case of flu.
A Sra. Hill foi levada para o hospital e ainda está se recuperando da forte
DE
gripe.
A
NI
2. Joseph, Mrs. Hill’s nephew, said that his aunt had caught the flu
WA
during her trip back to the farm.

Joseph, o sobrinho da Sra. Hill, falou que ela havia pegado a gripe no
caminho de volta para a fazenda.

3. At first Mrs. Hill had sought for her cure by taking her usual
9
14
homeopathic pills.
44
A princípio a Sra. Hill procurou se curar com suas tradicionais pílulas
33
homeopáticas.
03
49
4. Soon she had lost all hope of curing her illness with the usual
F:
medicine.
CP
Logo ela havia perdido qualquer esperança de curar-se da sua doença
com os medicamentos habituais.
,
ES
ND
5. She had to take antibiotics every 12 hours during 10 days.
ME
Ela teve que tomar antibióticos a cada 12 horas durante dez dias.
A
UZ
IV. DISCOURSE MARKERS ENSEMBLE
SO
DE
1. [Despite] - Apesar da chuva os bombeiros continuavam a procurar
por sobreviventes.
A
NI
WA
2. [therefore] - Eric passou no teste; portanto está apto a matricular-se

no curso.
49
41
3. [besides] - Linda lê e escreve bem em inglês. Além disso, é de

34
descendência britânica.
33
90
4. [whereas] - Mercedes tem um sotaque espanhol forte enquanto que

4
F:
sua irmã, Maria tem um sotaque muito leve, quase imperceptível.

CP
5. [due to] - Devido ao fato de que ele estava com dor de cabeça ele
S,
recusou o convite para ir ao banquete.

N DE
ME
6. [because] - Porque ele estava com dor de cabeça, recusou o convite

para ir ao banquete.
A
UZ
SO
7. [so] - Adam estava com dor de garganta, portanto foi ao médico.

DE
8. [likewise] - Um dos suspeitos cobriu o rosto com sua camisa e os

A
outros fizeram o mesmo.

NI
WA
9. [even though] - Muito embora estivesse extremamente cansado

decidi ir ao baile.
10. [while] - George toca piano enquanto que seu toca trompete.

V. Comparatives & Superlatives:
9
14
44
1. (A) - Julia is beautiful, I agree. But Denise is more beautiful.
33
Julia é bonita,concordo; mas Denise é mais bonita.
03
49
2. (C) - Of all the dresses I've seen so far, this one is the nicest.
F:
De todos os vestidos que eu vi até agora este é o mais bonito.
CP
3. (D) - Don was much taller than his brother.
,
ES
Don era bem mais alto que seu irmão.
ND
ME
4. (D) - This sandwich is bad, but that one is worse.
A
Este sanduíche é ruim, mas aquele é pior.
UZ
5. (B) - Kaká was the best soccer player that year.
SO
DE
Kaká foi o melhor jogador naquele ano.
A
NI
6. (C) - Silvia isn’t so short. She’s as tall as her cousin.

WA
Silvia não é tão baixinha. É da mesma altura que sua prima.

49
7. (B) - Teresopolis is far from Rio. But Poços de Caldas is even farther.
41
Teresópolis é distante do Rio, mas Poços de Caldas é mais distante ainda.

34
33
8. (A) - Neither of those dictionaries is expensive. But that one is the

90
cheapest.
4
F:
Nenhum desses dicionários é caro, mas aquele ali é o mais barato.

CP
9. (C) - Those three bags are not heavy. But this one is the lightest.
S,
Essas malas não são pesadas, mas esta aqui é a mais leve.
N DE
ME
10. (B) - The more I study English, the easier it becomes to learn it.
Quanto mais eu estudo inglês, mais fácil se torna para aprendê-lo.
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

Verifique se os objetivos da AULA 4 foram alcançados:
9
14
44
33
OBJECTIVES
03
OBJETIVOS
49
F:
CP
I. Learning from Past Exams - TCU / ACE – IT / 2009
Análise de Provas Anteriores - TCU / ACE – TI / 2009
,
ES
ND
II. Answers & Comments of text 1
ME
Respostas e Comentários do texto 1
A
UZ
III. Useful Tips – Being Selective when Building up vocabulary
Dicas Úteis - Construção de Vocabulário Seletivo
SO
DE
IV. Grammar Review – Summary of Comparatives & Superlatives

A
NI
Revisão gramatical – Resumo dos Comparativos & Superlativos

WA
V. Vocabulary Build Up – Mini text 1 - Court of Auditors of Portugal

49
Construção do Vocabulário – Mini texto 1 – tribunal de Contas de

41
Portugal
34
33
VI. Mock Test – “Flowers Generate More Jobs than Agriculture in

90
Brazil”
4
F:
Teste Simulado – As flores geram mais empregos do que a

CP
agricultura no Brasil
S,
VII. Just For Fun – Picture Test

DE
Só para divertir – Teste de Gravura

N
ME
VIII. Exercise Section

A
UZ
Seção de Exercícios
SO
IX. Answers & Comments

DE
Seção de Respostas & Comentários

A
NI
WA
9
14
44
33
03
49
F:
CP
,
ES
ND
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA
49
41
34
33
4 90
F:
CP
S,
N DE
ME
A
UZ
SO
DE
A
NI
WA

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W A N I A D E S O U Z A M E N D E S , C P F : 4 9 0 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 9

Ponto dos Concursos

O conteúdo deste curso é de uso exclusivo do aluno matriculado, cujo

Em razão da presença da marca d’ água, identificadora do nome e

CPF do aluno matriculado, em todas as páginas deste material,

recomenda-se a sua impressão no modo econômico da impressora.

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 1-

when investigating accidents which causes are ultimately not due to

15 physical weaknesses but are due to interactions between components or

Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents, the

alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several

20 "stopping rule" to determine when to cease investigating deeper into the

system which, it is argued, can be somewhat arbitrary in the choice of

cause (Leveson, 2004). The second reason is that such investigative

techniques tend to focus attention on the proximate event most closely

an accident, modern socio-technical systems can produce accidents that

30 reviewed official investigations into non-natural disasters to arrive at a

conditions for the disasters he investigated largely originated from

decisions made by upper management.

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 2-

how different parties contribute to safety regardless of their

organizational affiliations. [CESPE/UNB/TCU/ ACE-TI/2009]

Research and Practice in Information Technology, vol. 40, n° l, Feb. 2008

Judge the following items according to the text

41. A causal-chain model of accidents is effective in investigating

accidents which causes are solely due to failures of the system. ( )

42. A top-down systems oriented approach shows how different parties

may contribute to safety, considering their organizational affiliations. ( )

43. As Dekker has posed, investigators should focus on the circumstances

of the time and disregard knowledge of the outcome. ( )

44. The current models employed to investigate software accidents do not

appear to be suited to the task. ( )

45. Accidents in software development projects and products are nothing

new and neither are they likely to cease. ( )

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 3-

Não sei quanto a você, porém eu não sabia o significado de top-down

approach, termo técnico do informatês; portanto nada melhor do

consultar na santa Internet. No site da Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia,

“A top-down approach is essentially the breaking down of a system to

gain insight into its compositional sub-systems. In a top-down approach

any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater

detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire

specification is reduced to base elements.”

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 4-

ANSWERS & COMMENTS

demonstra como diferentes partes contribuem para a segurança, levando-

se em consideração suas interligações organizacionais.

tradução, no final, do parágrafo apresentado anteriormente.

As Dekker has posed, investigators should focus on the circumstances of

the time and disregard knowledge of the outcome.

Como propôs Dekker, os investigadores devem se concentrar nas

circunstâncias temporais e desconsiderar o conhecimento do resultado

COMMENT: O autor utiliza-se de uma paráfrase no texto (L-41/41) e se

vale to phrasal verb to put asside (= colocar de lado) para dizer o

mesmo que esta afirmativa do examinador.

The current models employed to investigate software accidents do not

Os modelos atuais empregados para verificar falhas com programas não

parecem ser satisfatórios para a realização da tarefa

que os projetos de sofware falham o autor declara que nesta área de

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLÊS –TCU - 2010 – page 5-

COMMENT: O pronome ‘which”, aqui, se refere a general model.

ordinary use and exposure.

COMMENT: a expressão wear and tear refere-se à perda ou dano

resultante do uso rotineiro e da exposição, do risco.