Thermodynamics: Mohammed Asif

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Ph : 9391326657,
Mohammed Asif 64606657
THERMODYNAMICS
The branch of physics which deals with the heat energy and other forms of energies is
called Thermodynamics. P, V, T are thermodynamic variables (These are inter convertible)
 JOULES LAW: - The amount of work performed is directly proportional to the
amount of heat produced
d ra g g e d
W H I C E V
 W  JH
W  JH
mgh  J m s  
x
m
gh  JS   Work done against
friction so some ice is melted
gh W=JML
h P .E  heat 
JS  mg  x  JML
 mgx
M
JL
W=JH
Bullet
 V is stopped
 all its K. E is converted into heat energy
I C E V is
W = J H
1 M
m v 2  J  ms  
2 Stopped before coming to rest mass of
v2 ice melted is M
 JS   W = J H
v
1
M v2  J  m L
 v2 2
 
2 JS Mv 2
m
2 JL
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065.
Ph: 040 – 64606657, 9391326657. www.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1
 ZEROTH – LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: - If 2 systems A and B are separately in
thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
Internal Energy: - U  U k  U p
C
D IA T H E R M A L W A L L
A D IA B A T IC
A
L
A B
L
 INDICATOR DIAGRAM: - A graphical representation of the state of system, with the help
of two thermodynomical variable is called as Indicator – Diagram.
P
A B
P P (P 2 ,V 2 )
1 (P 1 ,V 1 ) 2
E X P A N S IO N C O M P R E S S IO N
(P 2 ,V 2 )
P 2 B P 1 A ( P 1 ,V 1 )
O V
V 1 2 V V 2
V 1
 AREA UNDER P – V – diagram is numerically equal to work done

W  PV
Ex: -
1)
W = Area of Rectangle
P   P2  P1    V2  V1 
P 2
P 1
V 1 V 2 V
2)
P
P W = Area of Triangle
2
1
  P2  P1    V2  V1 
2
P 1
V 1 V 2 V
3)
P
W = Area of the circle

P r1
2   r1 r2
r2

 P2  P1   v2  v1 

P 
1 2  2 
V 1 V 2 V
4)
P
P r1
2
W 
 P2  P1   v2  v1 
 
r2 2  2 
P 1
V 1 V 2 V
 WORK DONE IN NON – CYCLIC PROCESS: -

1)
P B
A C W = Area under A B C D E A
E D V
2)
P
C
W = Area under A B C A
B
A
V
3)
W = Area under A B C D E F A
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas are confined within a cylinder by a massless spring
loaded with a frictionless piston of negligible mass and of cross – sectional area 4 X 10 -3 m2 .
The spring is initially in its relaxed state. Now the gas is heated by a heater for sometime.
During this time the gas expands and does 50 J of work in moving the piston through a distance
of 0.1m. The temperature of the gas increases by 50 K. Calculate the spring constant and the
heat supplied by the heater?
2. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas are confined within a cylinder by a massless and
frictionless spring loaded piston of cross – sectional area 4 X 10 -3 m2 . The spring is initially in
its relaxed state. Now the gas is heated by an electric heater, Placed inside the cylinder, for
sometime. During this time the gas expands and does 50 J of work in moving the piston
through a distance of 0.10 m. The temperature of the gas increses by 50 K. Calculate the spring
constant and the heat supplied by the heater?
3. An ideal gas with adiabatic exponent r is heated at constant pressure. It absorbs Q amount of
heat. Determine the fractions of heat absorbed in raising the internal energy and performing the
work.
4. A piston can freely move inside a horizontal cylinder closed from both ends. Initially the piston
separates the inside space of the cylinder into two equal parts each of volume V0 , in which an
ideal gas is contained under the same pressure P 0 and at the same temperature. What work has
to be performed in order to increase isothermally the volume of one part of gas n times
compared to that of the other by slowly moving the piston?
5. Consider the cyclic process ABCA, shown in figure performed on a sample of 2 mole of an
ideal gas. A total of 1200 J of heat is withdrawn from the sample in the process. Find the work
done by the gas during the part BC?
6. Figure shows the variation in the internal energy U with the volume V of 2.0 moles of an ideal
gas in a cyclic process abcda. The temperature of the gas at b and c are 500 K and 300 K
respectively. Calculate the heat absorbed by the gas during the process.
7. A gas expands in a piston – cylinder device from volume V1 to V2 the process being described
a
by P   b, a and b are constants find work done in the process.
v
8. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A  B  C  A , If the net heat supplied to the gas in
the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process C  A is ___
9. A thermodynamic system is taken through the closed cyclic P Q R S p process. The net work
done by the system is ____
SOLUTIONS
1. L = initial position of piston when spring is relaxed. When the gas is

heated, it expands and pushes the piston up by a distance x, (say).
The spring is compressed.
F=kx k
F kx P
PS   ( pressure exerted on the gas by the spring) 0
A A M
 P  Po  PS L x
kx
 Po  G as
A
 Increase in volume dv = A . dx.

 Work done is given as
x x x
 kx 
W   P.dv    Po   . A. dx  Po A  dx  k  x . dx
o
A o o
1
w  Po A x  k x2
2
1
 50  1.013  10 5  4  10 3  0.1  k.  0.1  2
2
 k  1896 N / m
Po = 0.76 m of Hg
= 0.76 X 9.8 X 13600
 1.013  10 5 N / m 2
W = 50 J For the heat energy Q supplied by the heater, we use the
A = 4 X 10-3 m2 first law of thermodynamics
Q U  w  for mon oatomic gas C  3 R 
X = 0.1 m  V 
 2 
Now U  n CV T
3 3
V  n R  T   2  8.31  50
2 2
= 1246. 5 J
 Q  124 6 . 5  50
 1296 . 5 J
2. F  P1 A  k x
w   F.dx   P1 A  k x  dx
1
w  P1 A x  k x2
2
1
50  10 5   4  10 3   0.1   k  0.1  2
2
Solving we get k = 2000 N/m
H e a te r
dQ = du = dw
3
 n R T  50
2
3
  2  8.3  50  50
2
= 1245 + 50
dQ = 1295 Joule
3. At constant pressure heat absorbed by system is

Q  n C p T
And U  n CV T
U n CV T C 1
 fraction   V 
Q n CV T Cp r
From first law of thermodynamics, we know
w  Q  U
w Q  U U 1
Fraction  1   1
Q Q Q r
4. Let volume of chamber change by V. According to the

problem, the final volume of left chamber is n – times
final volume of right chamber.
 Vo V  n  vo   V P o VoT o
P o Vo To
n 1
V    Vo
n 1
As piston is moved slowly  K . E is zero. L R
By W. E – T, we can write
Wgas in right  Wgas in left  Wext   k .E
chamber chamber Agen t

 Wext Agen t   wgas  R   wgas  L  
We know that in isothermal process,
 Vf 
W  n R T n  
 Vi 
 Vo   V 
WL  Po Vo n  
 Vo 
 2n 
 Po Vo n 
 n  1 
 
 Vo   V 
WR  Po Vo n  
 Vo 
 2n 
 Po Vo n 
 n  1 
 
 2n   2n 
Wext agen t   Po Vo n    PoVo n  
n 1 n 1
2
n 1
 PoVo n 
 4 n 
Wext agen t
 
5. In the Cyclic process
U  0 T
C
 Q  U  W
 W  Q   U   1200  0
500 k B
W   1200 J
From C to A , V  0 300 k
A
 WCA 0
O
For the whole cycle V
WAB  WBC  WCA  W Now work done from A to B
In the process V  T so P = constant
 W  W   1200 J  P V n R T
AB BC
P  V n R  T
 3324 + WBC = - 1200 J
 WAB  P  V
WBC   4 524 J n R T
 2  8.31  500  300  
 3324 5
6. In the process a to b and c to d

U
As  U  0  T  0  or  T  con s tan t
Vf
a b 500 k
W  Pdv
Vi
we have PV  n R T
nRT
P d c 300 k
V
vf
nRT
W  
vi
v
.dv
V 0 2V 0 V
vf
dv vf  vf 
W nRT v
vi
 n R T 
 n V
 vi  n R T 

n 
vi 
2 vo
 Wab  n R Tb n  2 R  500 n 2  1000 R n 2
vo
v 1
Wcb  n R Tc n o  2 R  300 n   6 00 R n 2
2 vo 2
There is no volume charges from b to c and from d to a, so
Wbc  Wda  0
 W  Wab  Wbc  Wcd  Wda
= 1000 R l n 2 + 0 – 600 R l n 2 +0
= 400 R l n 2
 from FL O T Q  U  W
 0  4 00 R n 2
 Q  4 00 R n 2
v2 v2
a 
7. W  P .dv 
v2
  v  b  .dv
v1
v2
 a n v  bv 
v1
  a n v 2  bv 2    a n v 1  bv 1 
v 
w  a n  2   b  v2  v1 
 v1 
8. from AB
wAB  P  v B  v A 
2 B
C
 10  2  1  3
V (m )
 10 J 1
A
from B  C , V  con s tan t
P (N /m 2 )
 WBC  0 10
Given Q = 5 J
 W  WAB  WBC  WCA
5  10  0  wCA
WCA   5 J  it is an ti clock wize
9. W = Area Q MNR – Area PMNS

 100  10 3  300  200   10 6  300  10 3  300  200   10 6 P
P S
  10  30  J 200 kp
  20 J
100 kp R
Q
M N
100 cc 300 cc V
 FLOT: - It is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy

dQ = dU + dw
In other words
Suppose a heat Q is given to a system. This heat is partly used by system in doing work
against its surroundings and partly its internal energy gets increased and form energy
conservation principle.
Heat added to system Q > 0.
Q   U  W Heat removed from system Q < 0.
Work done by the system W > 0.
Work done on the system W < 0.

Thermodynamics: Mohammed Asif

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 AREA UNDER P – V – diagram is numerically equal to work done

W = Area of the circle

 WORK DONE IN NON – CYCLIC PROCESS: -

1. L = initial position of piston when spring is relaxed. When the gas is

 Increase in volume dv = A . dx.

3. At constant pressure heat absorbed by system is

4. Let volume of chamber change by V. According to the

6. In the process a to b and c to d

9. W = Area Q MNR – Area PMNS

 FLOT: - It is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy

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