Citric Acid Cycle, Electron 7

Transport Chain, and

Oxidative Phosphorylation
Aconitase. Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate.Aconitase forms
CONTENTS cis-aconitate as an enzyme-bound intermediate in this
PATHWAY REACTION STEPS reversible reaction.
Citric Acid Cycle—Acetyl-CoA to CO2 Isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate undergoes oxidative
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation—
decarboxylation, producing the 5-carbon α-ketoglutarate.
NADH/H+/FADH2 and O2 to H2O
Oxidative decarboxylation produces free CO2 and NADH.
REGULATED REACTIONS α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The 5-carbon α-ketoglutarate
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to succinyl-CoA. This
Regulation of Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative
produces the second CO2 and one more NADH.
Phosphorylation
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Succinyl-CoA to Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Succinate thiokinase. CoA is removed from succinyl-CoA,
producing free succinate; this is coupled with substrate-level
INTERFACE WITH OTHER PATHWAYS
phosphorylation of GDP to GTP.
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
RELATED DISEASES
Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
OAA Citrate

●●● PATHWAY REACTION STEPS NADH IC

NAD; NAD;
Citric Acid Cycle—Acetyl-CoA to CO2
Malate NADH CO2
The citric acid cycle (CAC) accepts the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA
molecule and oxidizes it completely to CO2 and H2O. Energy
is obtained in three forms: NADH, FADH2, and GTP. Note H2O
KG
that in comparison with the glycolytic pathway, none of
Fumarate NAD;
the CAC intermediates are phosphorylated. The CAC
FADH2 NADH
comprises two smaller energy-capturing pathways (Fig. 7-1):
(1) four reactions that assimilate acetyl-CoA and then remove FAD
CO2
both of its carbon atoms as CO2 to produce succinate, and GTP GDP+Pi
Succinate S-CoA
(2) four reactions that convert succinate back to oxaloacetate
(OAA).
CoA
Citrate to Succinyl-CoA Figure 7-1. Steps in the citric acid cycle pathway. IC,
Citrate synthetase. Acetyl-CoA condenses with OAA to form isocitrate; KG, α-ketoglutarate; S-CoA, succinyl-CoA; OAA,
citrate and free CoA. oxaloacetate.