BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

Viscosity and the Mechanisms of

Momentum Transport
 OUTLINE

• Viscosity and Newton’s law of viscosity

• Generalization of Newton’s law of viscosity
• Pressure and temp dependence of viscosity
• Determination of viscosity
• Gases
• Liquids
• Convective momentum transport

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 Newton’s law of viscosity

• Example - Flow between two large parallel

plates
• Expression

• Flux of x – momentum in y - direction

• Momentum flux / momentum transport
• Newtonian/Non-newtonian fluids
• Kinematic viscosity
• P & T effects on viscosity
17/01/2015 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Molecular stress tensor
• Molecular Stress
• Pressure
• Normal stresses
• Viscous (Shear) stresses
• Representations

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 Generalization of Newton’s
law
• Viscous stress (generalized)

• Time derivatives / time integrals should not

appear in the expression
• No viscous forces are present, if fluid is in a
state of pure rotation
• Fluid is isotropic
• Generalized form

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 Dilatational viscosity (k)

• Fluid dynamics problem – it is discarded

• Ideal mono-atomic gas : k =0
• Incompressible liquid : Divergence is zero

• Important in describing sound absorption in

polyatomic gases and fluid dynamics of
liquids containing gas bubbles

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 Viscosity – T and P dependence

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 Viscosity

• Critical viscosity

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 Determination of viscosity -
Gases
• Maxwell’s expression of viscosity

• Rigid sphere model

• Viscosity is independent of P and proportional to
sqrt(T)
• Gives good results for pressures upto 10 atms (T > Tc)

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 Determination of viscosity -
Gases
• Chapman – Enskog equation
• Intermolecular potential energy – Empirical expression is
Lennard-Jones potential (for non-polar gases)

• Lennard-Jones parameters (σ and ε)

• Collision diameter, Characteristic energy (Eqs. 1.4-11, 12,13)

• Expression for viscosity

• Collision integral for viscosity (Accounts for the details of the

paths that the molecules take during binary collision)
• Valid for Monatomic /Polyatomic gases

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 Determination of viscosity -
Gases
• Viscosity of gas mixtures (Chapman-Enskog
expression)

• Does not give very reliable results for gases consisting

of polar or highly elongated molecules.

20/01/2015 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Determination of viscosity -
Liquids
• Based on kinetic theory of transport properties
of monatomic liquids developed by Kirkwood
and co-workers
• Does not give easy to use results

• Eyring and coworkers

h : Planck’s constant
N : Avogadro’s No
V : Volume of a mole of a liquid
Tb: Normal boiling point

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 Convective momentum
transport
• Momentum transport by bulk flow of the fluid
• Convective momentum flux vectors

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 Convective momentum
transport
• Convective momentum flux tensor – ρvv

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 Combined momentum flux

• Used for setting up general momentum

balances

• Interpretation
• Φxy = combined flux of y-momentum across a surface
perpendicular to x direction by molecular and
convective mechanisms

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 Examples

• Determination of viscosity of gases at low

density

• CO2 at 200C, 300C, 800C and at 1 atm.

• Using Chapman-Enskog equation

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