Single-Pipe flows, Pipeline

with pump or turbine

By: Engr. Waseem Shah
CED, UET-P
Lecture-04
CE-212 Fluid Mechanics-II
Contents
• Introduction
• Single-Pipe flows
• Rigorous Method
• Hit-&-Trial method
• Direct method
• Non-Rigorous/Empirical equations
• Pipelines with pumps
• Pipelines with turbines

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Introduction
• In previous lectures you were familiarized with the mechanics of flows through
conduits.
• In this lecture all that knowledge is put into line with engineering problems relating
flows in pipes (or conduits).
• How will you fulfill the water demand of a certain locality?
• Naturally your instincts will be to search for water reservoir, once located you will
probably like to deliver it to the end users.
• You have a limited lump of money, and as an engineer you have to adjust your
glasses according to it.
• Mind that any design problem in engineering is a hit-&-trial method, generally
speaking.
• Nearly all (but not all) design problems involve implicit functions (variable involved
on both side of equation) rather than explicit (variable on one side only).
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Introduction
• Some problems may involve application of more than one theory and thus an
optimum solution may thus be reached and decided for implementation.
• For example, in sanitary system design with pipes the flow in pipes will most
likely be gravity flow (with free surface, open channel flow problem) but
during heavy rainy days it may become pressure flow.
• In above example, most likely, you will come across different design of the
sanitary system, it is thus all resorted to your engineering judgement.
• As same as you learn analyzing a single beam or column and thus design it,
onwards you extend it to design a multistory building, same is the
expectation from you here to learn single pipe flow and thus combine it to
analyze any piping network.
• Computerized solutions are very helpful in regard to practical problems,
which you will appreciate at the end of the semester.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Introduction

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Introduction

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Single-Pipe Flow
• Single-Pipe Flow: When the fluid is flowing along only one pipe between two
points, is called single pipe flow. We can design or evaluate a given design of single-
pipe flow problem using the following governing equations;
4𝑄 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝐷𝑉
(i) 𝑉 = (ii) ℎ𝑓 = (iii) 𝑅 =
𝜋𝐷2 2𝐷𝑔 𝑣
• There can be three types of problem faced when dealing with single-pipe flow
problems.
• Head Loss problem: For example, when deciding about the height of water levels to be
maintained or comparing efficiencies of pipes in terms of energy consumed etc.
• Discharge problem: When dealing with distribution of water in a community or operating a
certain plant like water treatment plant.
• Sizing problem: When determining the most optimum cost of the project or when there is no
restriction on size of pipes used or when geometric design is important.
• Sizing problem is rarely addressed since definite nominal sizes are available in the
market, which are used in the analysis and thus set according to engineering
judgement.
• A given problem is important because of its application, e.g. you may like to reduce
head losses in a distribution system but you may maximize it in heating system.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Single-Pipe Flow (Type-1 Problem)
• Most engineering fluid flows occur in transitionally rough zone of turbulent flow
where friction factor is a function of both R and e/D.
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf
Type-2: Discharge Problem D, hf , g, L, e, v Q or V
Type-3: Sizing Problem Q or V, hf , g, L, e, v D
• Type-1 problem i.e. determining friction head loss is a straight forward problem
and we can readily solve for it using three equations given (i), (ii) & (iii) in
combination. First we calculate V if Q is given, then R, then e/D, then f from
Haaland or coolebrook equ. or moody diagram, then hf is obtained from Darcy-
Weisbach equation.
• Sometimes if hL is known to us then by H1-hL=H2 , from which we can also obtain;
hf=hL-hL,minor
• However, minor losses may be ignored for a pipe length more than 1000diameters.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Single-Pipe Flow (Type-2 Problem)
• When Type-2 & Type-3 problems are juxtaposed, we resort to hit-and-trial method,
but a direct method is also available.
Start here
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf
Type-2: Discharge Problem D, hf , g, L, e, v Q or V f
Type-3: Sizing Problem Q or V, hf , g, L, e, v D f=f’=
?
V
• Not knowing Q or V means we do not know R and thus f.
• We have to establish a relation between f and V. From (ii) and (iii) f' R
2𝑔𝐷ℎ𝑓 e/D
𝐷𝑉
𝑉= , 𝑅=
𝐿𝑓 𝑣
The f is assumed and V calculated, with V, R is calculated, from e/D and R, f is
calculated, if the assumed f and calculated f are matching then V is the answer if
they do not match then the V is again calculated starting with the calculated f and so
on. Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Single-Pipe Flow (Type-3 Problem)
• When Type-2 & Type-3 problems are juxtaposed, we resort to hit-and-trial method,
but a direct method is also available.
Start here
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf
Type-2: Discharge Problem D, hf , g, L, e, v Q or V f
Type-3: Sizing Problem Q or V, hf , g, L, e, v D f=f’=
?
D
• Not knowing D means we do not know R and thus f.
• We have to establish a relation between f and V. From (i) and (ii)
1 f' R
5
8𝐿𝑄2 𝐷𝑉
D= 𝑓 , 𝑅= e/D
𝜋2 𝑔ℎ𝑓 𝑣
The f is assumed and D calculated, with D, R & e/D are calculated, from which f is
calculated, if the assumed f and calculated f are matching then D is the answer if
they do not match then the D is again calculated starting with calculated f and so on.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-1 Problem)
• A 20in diameter galvanized iron pipe 2miles long carries 4cfs of water at 60⁰F.
Find head loss.
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf

• Solution: In table 8.1 (franzini) for galvanized iron; e=0.0005 ft & at 60⁰F;
v=1.217x10-5 ft2/sec (Table A.1, franzini).
4(4)
• L=2mi=10560 ft, and e/D=(0.0005(12))/20=0.0003, 𝑉 = 20 = 1.833 fps
𝜋(12)2
20
(12)1.833
• 𝑅= = 2.51𝑥105 > Rcr=2000; flow is turbulent
1.217𝑥10−5
1 0.0003 1.11 6.9
• = −1.8 log +  f= 0.01709 (Using Haaland Equation)
𝑓 3.7 2.51𝑥105
0.01709(10560)1.8332
 ℎ𝑓 = 20 = 5.65 𝑓𝑡
2( )(32.2)
12 Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Example: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-3 Problem)
• A galvanized iron pipe 18000 ft long must convey ethyl alcohol (v=2.3x10-5
ft2/sec) at a rate of 135gpm. If the friction head loss must not be more than
215ft. Determine the pipe size theoretically required.
Problem Type Given Find
Type-3: Sizing Problem Q or V, hf , g, L, e, v D

• Solution: In table 8.1 (franzini) for galvanized iron; e=0.0005 ft, v=2.3x10-5
4(0.301) 0.383
ft /sec, and e/D=(0.0005(12))/20=0.0003, 𝑉 =
2
2 = 2 fps
𝜋𝐷 𝐷
0.383
𝐷( ) 16590
𝐷2
• 𝑅= = 0.00225 ft3/s = 1 USgpm (US Gallon per min)
2.3𝑥10−5 𝐷 0.000064 m3/s = 1USgpm

0.383 2
𝑓(18000)( )
𝐷2
• ℎ𝑓 = 215 =  D = 0.718𝑓 1/5
2(𝐷)(32.2)
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Example: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-3 Problem)
Excell Sheet created for this - in same folder it lies with Name
"for Lecture 4"
16590 0.383
• Usable equations in the problem: 𝑅=
𝐷
,𝑉 = 𝐷2
, D = 0.718𝑓 1/5
Try f D (ft) e/D R Calculated f’ Remarks
0.0300 0.356 0.001404 46800 (turbulent) 0.02501 Try Again, because f and f’ are not equal
0.0250 0.343 0.001456 48500 (turbulent) 0.02504 No need to try again because f’=f
Start here
D=0.343ft = 4.12 in. (designed)
• The starting f is to be decided intelligently, it is f
recommended that you start at f=0.0300 because
it is the mid-range value of f as confirmed on Moody
f=f’
=?
D
diagram and this value has been proven to give less
number of iterations, mathematically. f' R
e/D

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Some Comments
• The actual roughness of the pipe, e, varies both in distribution and size,
therefore, sensitivity of the variables of interest, hf, Q and D, should be noted
as under.
1 5
• As can be proved from equ. (i),(ii) and (iii); ℎ𝑓 ∝ 𝑓, Q ∝ &D∝ 𝑓
𝑓
• Since f increases as e/D increases because with passage of time the absolute
roughness, e, increases due to clogging or material imperfections of pipe.
• With f being increased, hf does increase, Q does decrease.
• The effect is more significant in hf due to f raised to power 1 and less
observable due to f raised to power ½.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Single-Pipe Flows by Direct Methods
• Type-1 problem needs iterations when you are using Coolebrook equation,
but its iterative solution can be avoided once you use Haaland equation or
Moody diagram for the calculation f.
• So use Haaland equation or Moody diagram for direct solution of head loss
problem (Type-1).
• This does not override iterative process, because Coolebrook equation is
more accurate than Haaland equation, and thus imagine the cost of your
project.
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf
Type-2: Discharge Problem D, hf , g, L, e, v Q or V
Type-3: Sizing Problem Q or V, hf , g, L, e, v D
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Single-Pipe Flows by Direct Methods
• On the other hand, Type-2 and Type-3 problems can be solved by direct
method. Only Type-2 problem is converted here and Type-3 is intentionally
left for you to understand it yourself.
1 𝐿
• You know from Darcy-Weisbach equation that; =𝑉 , Using this
𝑓 2𝑔𝐷ℎ𝑓
𝐷𝑉
equation and 𝑅 = in Coolebrook equation, we get;
𝑣

2𝑔𝐷ℎ𝑓 𝑒/𝐷 2.51𝑣 𝐿

𝑉 = −2 log +
𝐿 3.7 𝐷 2𝑔𝐷ℎ𝑓
For Type-2 problem we know all the inputs to the above equation and thus we
directly get V from it without iteration and thus discharge from Q=AV.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Example: Single-Pipe Flows
• The water at 20°C in a 10-m-diameter, 2-m-high aboveground swimming pool
is to be emptied by unplugging a 3-cm-diameter, 25-m-long horizontal plastic
pipe attached to the bottom of the pool. Determine the initial rate of dis-
charge of water through the pipe and the time it will take to empty the
swimming pool completely assuming the entrance to the pipe is well-
rounded with negligible loss. Take the friction factor of the pipe to be 0.022.
Using the initial discharge velocity, check if this is a reasonable value for the
friction factor.
Answers:
Try out your own intelligence &
1.01 L/s, 86.7 h
solve it !!

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Single-Pipe Flows
• Determine the flow rate of self compacting concrete through a hose of 4cm
of 30m length connected to a pump which adds a total head of 400ft at the
inlet which reduces to 350ft at the outlet of the hose when measured. The
hose has been used for 06 months and its current roughness is 0.096mm.
The concrete is expected to have an absolute viscosity of 1000 to 1800 times
that of water at 20⁰C.
• How much time is required to fill 19columns each of 18”x18” and 10ft height.
• If such a system costs Rs. 500/hour, what is the total cost to fill 19 columns?
Try out your own intelligence &
solve it !!

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Single-Pipe Flows
• What should be a=? and b=? If a/b=0.75 and air should be flowing at 3m/s
and 5⁰C in a duct along the wall of length 30m in the corridor of CED building
first floor. The duct has a roughness of 0.0005 ft. The energy lost by air is
expected to be 0.50m per meter length of the duct.

Try out your own intelligence &

solve it !!

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Application of Single-Pipe flow
• Water at 10°C flows from a large reservoir to a smaller one through a 5-cm-
diameter cast iron piping system, as shown. Determine the ele-vation z1 for a
flow rate of 6 L/s.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Application of Single-Pipe flow
• The piping system involves 89 m of piping, a sharp-edged entrance (KL=0.5),
two standard flanged elbows (KL=0.3 each), a fully open gate valve (KL=0.2),
and a submerged exit (KL=1.06). We choose points 1 and 2 at the free
surfaces of the two reservoirs. Noting that the fluid at both points is open to
the atmosphere (and thus P1=P2=Patm) and that the fluid velocities at both
points are zero (V1=V2=0), the energy equation for a control volume between
these two points simplifies to;
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 − ℎ𝐿 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾1 2𝑔 𝛾2 2𝑔
𝑍1 = ℎ𝐿 + 𝑍2 , Now hL is to be known!
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2
Where; ℎ𝐿 = + σ 𝐾𝐿
𝐷 2𝑔

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Application of Single-Pipe flow
σ 𝐾𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + 2𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + 𝐾𝐿 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 + 𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 0.5 + 2 𝑥0.3 + 0.2 + 1.06 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔
For f=? The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 10°C are p=999.7 kg/m3 and
µ=1.307x10-3 kg/m·s. The roughness of cast iron pipe is e=0.00026 m.
V=(4x0.001x5)/3.14x(0.05)2=3.06 m/s.
R=pVD/µ= 999.7x3.06x0.05/1.307x10-3 = 117,000 > 2000, So the flow is turbulent.
Also; e/D=0.00026/0.05=0.0052

Using Coolebrook equation (or Moody diagram); f=0.0315

0.0315𝑥89 3.062
ℎ𝐿 = + 2.36 = 27.9𝑚
0.05 2𝑥9.81

𝑍1 = ℎ𝐿 + 𝑍2 = 27.9+4 = 31.9 m.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Application of Single-Pipe flow
Note that fL/D=56.1 in this case, which is about 24 times the total minor loss
coefficient (=2.36). Therefore, ignoring the sources of minor losses in this case
would result in about 4 percent error.
The head loss can be reduced significantly (from 27.9 to 16.0 m) by replacing
the cast iron pipes by smooth pipes such as those made of plastic (verify it!).
It can be shown that the total head loss would be 24.8 m if the pipe between
the two reservoirs were straight at the ground level (thus eliminating the
elbows and the vertical section of the pipe).

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Empirical/Non-Rigorous Equations for Single-Pipe
flow
• Hit-&-Trial method, is, a boring one, you happily agree, don’t you?
• Engineering is to seek a way of easiness…… Engineers have developed simple &
easy to use formula, applicable to limited fluid flow scenarios, based on
experiments amongst variables of interest in explicit forms.
• Hazen-Williams equation; with Rh, the hydraulic gradient line & S=hf/L
𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (BG-Units), 𝑉 = 0.849𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (SI-Units)
CHW ranges from 140 for very smooth pipe down to 80 for the roughest pipe.
• Manning formula; with Rh, the hydraulic gradient line & S=hf/L
1.486 2/3 1/2 1 2/3
𝑉= 𝑅ℎ 𝑆 (BG-Units) , 𝑉= 𝑅ℎ 𝑆1/2 (SI-Units)
𝑛𝑚 𝑛𝑚

‘nm’ ranges from 0.008 for very smooth pipe up to 0.035 for the roughest pipe.
• For pipes with dia>=2inches and V<=10fps (3m/s), above equations are accurate.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Empirical/Non-Rigorous Equations for Single-Pipe
flow
• Darcy-weisbach equation, Manning and Hazen-William equations can be used to
reach at a general form as given under;
hf=KQn
8𝑓𝐿
where K = 2 5 & 𝑛 = 2; for Darcy-weisbach equation with constant f.
𝜋 𝑔𝐷

4.727𝐿
K= & 𝑛 = 1.852; for Hazen-William equation (BG) and
𝐶𝐻𝑤 1.852 𝐷4.87

4.66𝐿𝑛𝑚2
K= & 𝑛 = 2; for Manning equation (BG)
𝐷16.3
• Once K is known for a given pipe, either hf or Q can be know for that pipe. K
depends on a pipe.
• Above equation between hf and Q is very important for Branching of pipes, pipes in
series or parallel and pipe networks. You will enjoy them in next two weeks.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Pipeline with Pump or Turbine

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Pipeline with Pump or Turbine
• You were made familiarized with the generic energy equation for real fluids
and steady flow in 2nd lecture.
• Using energy equation you can determine the hM. When hM is positive it
means that to displace fluid from point 01 to point 02 requires a pump, when
hM is negative it means the situation is such
that the flow from point 01 to point 02 will
provide a usable energy to be converted into
mechanical energy through turbine.
• The later case will occur if you consider point
02 as point 01 and vice versa in the given
figure on right side.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Pipeline with Pump
• Applying energy equation between point 1 and 2, we get;
ℎ𝑚 = ℎ𝐿 + (𝑍2 −𝑍1 ) + 𝑉22 /2𝑔 = ℎ𝐿 + ∆𝑍 + 𝑉22 /2𝑔
𝒉𝒑 = 𝒉𝑳 + ∆𝒁 + 𝑽𝟐𝟐 /𝟐𝒈
• When the outlet is sumbmersive in water then V2=0,  𝒉𝒑 = 𝒉𝑳 + ∆𝒁
The power requirement is thus P= 𝜸Qhp/550 (P in horsepower)

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Submersible Pumps
•

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Example: Pipeline with Pump
• Select a submersible pump for raising the water to 70ft above the water level
in a well in your house, where, suppose in your locality, water table is
normally reached at 60 to 120ft depth. The total head loss you calculated is
50ft & velocity at exit as 15fps (back calculation from time required to fill the
tank; you fix a time and use volume of tank to calculate Q and then V from it)
𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝒉𝒑 = 𝒉𝑳 + ∆𝒁 + = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟕𝟎 + = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝒇𝒕
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒙𝟑𝟐. 𝟐
• Let the pipe dia is 2in. So, A=3.14(2/12)2/4=0.0218 ft2 Z2-Z1= 70ft 2

• Q=AV=0.0218x15=0.327 cfs = 146.77 USgpm.

1
• So the operating point is P

(Q,hp)=(146.77 USgpm,121.6 ft) We have to search

for this point on the graphs provided by manufacturer.
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
Unfortunately, no
pump outa these
pumps can satisfy this
demand.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

 You have to reduce the
So Select 8FLC Pump head loss or search
some location where
water table is nearer
the ground surface.
Lets we reduce head
loss to 20 ft by using
less resistant system
where minor losses are
lesser. Then;
hp=20+70+1.55=90.55ft

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Pipeline with Turbine
• Since draft tube is considered integral part of the turbine, it renders V2=0, &
−ℎ𝑚 = ℎ𝐿 + (𝑍2 −𝑍1 ) + 𝑉22 /2𝑔 = ℎ𝐿 − ∆𝑍 + 0
−𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉𝑳 − ∆𝒁
The net head available to turbine after losses is  𝒉𝒕 = ∆𝒁 − 𝒉𝑳

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Pipeline with Turbine

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Pipeline with Turbine

Solve exercise problems 8.28.5 and 8.28.6

as practice problems from Franzini Book.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

 Q/A-Session

Question to learn more,

learn to question more.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P