Assignment No 4 (Systems of Linear Equations)

1. Determine algebraically whether the following systems of equations have a unique solution, no
solution, or an infinite number of solutions. Draw graphs to illustrate your answers.
3 x 1 + 2x 2 = 6
(a)
9 x 1 + 6 x 2 = 36

3x 1 + 2x 2 = 6
(b)
9x 1 + 4 x 2 = 36

x1 − 5x 2 = 5
( c)
6 x 1 − 30 x 2 = 30

2.Find conditions on the coefficients a11, a12, a21, a22, b1, b2 so that the system of equations

a11 x + a12 y = b1
has (a) a unique solution, (b) no solution, and (c) an infinite number of
a 21 x + a 22 y = b2
solutions.

3. Write the systems of equations in (a) and (b) in vector form, as a matrix equation Ax = b, and in
its augmented matrix (Alb) form
3x 1 − 3x 2 + 4x 3 = 6 x 1 + 3x 2 + 7x 3 + 8x 4 = − 2
(a) 5 x 1 + 2x 2 − 3 x 3 = 7 (b) 3 x 1 + 2x 2 − 5 x 3 − x 4 = 7
− x 1 − x 2 + 6x 3 = 8 3 x 2 + 6x 3 − 6x 4 = 5

3. Write the system of equations, the matrix equation and the augmented matrix form corresponding
to the vector equation

 1   − 3  0   10 
       
 0   6   6   − 2
x 1  − x 2   + x 3   =  
−6 −1 −4 0
       
 7   9   11   5 
       

5. For each of the following matrices, find the appropriate elementary row operations to describe
the transformation from one matrix to the next. Also continue the row reduction until the matrix is
in row echelon form.
  1 4 6 3 1 4 6 3 
   
(a)  2 6 3 0 → 0 − 2 −1 − 6
 4 2 5 4  0 − 18 − 3 − 8 
   

3 4 1 3  1 − 4 1 1
   
(b)  2 8 0 2  →  1 4 0 1 
0 8 3 0 0 8 3 0
   

6. For each of the following augmented matrices do the following. Determine whether the matrix is
in row-echelon form as defined. If the matrix is in row-echelon form, identify the leading elements,
leading rows, leading columns, and non-leading columns.

 3 2 1 10   3 2 1 10 
     3 2 1 10 
(a)  0 4 2 8  (b)  4 0 2 8  (c)  
 0 0 − 7 14   0 0 − 7 14   0 4 2 8 
   

3 2 1 10  3 2 1 10 
   
0 3 1 6 0 4 2 8 0 4 2 8
(d)   (e)   (f) 
0 0 1 5 0 0 −7 14 0 0 −7 14 
   
0 0 0 0  6 
 0 0 0

7. For each of the following systems of equations, do the following:

i) Write down the corresponding augmented matrix.
ii) Use Gaussian elimination to transform the augmented matrix into row-echelon form.
iii) Solve the system of equations writing your answers in vector form.

x 1 − 2x 2 + 3 x 3 = 11 2x 1 − 2x 2 + 4 x 3 = − 3
(a) 2x 1 − x 2 + 3 x 3 = 10 (b) 3x 1 − 3x 2 + 6x 3 = − 4
4x 1 + x 2 − x 3 = 4 5 x 2 + 2x 3 = 9

x 1 + 2x 2 + 4 x 3 = 10 x 1 − 4 x 2 − 5 x 3 = 11
(c) − 3 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 15 x 3 = 15 (d) 2x 1 − x 2 − x 3 = 2
− 2x 1 − x 2 + x3 = −5 3 x 1 + 9 x 2 + 12x 3 = 30
8. For each of the following augmented matrices, find a reduced row-echelon form. Then write
down all solutions of the corresponding system of equations and try to give a geometric
interpretation of the solutions.
2 4 1 4   1 2 3 4 1
   
(a)  0 1 2 − 2  (b)  0 − 1 5 6 2 
0 0 −1 2  0 0 1 7 3
   

9. For each of the following augmented matrices, without solving, decide whether or not the
corresponding system of linear equations has a unique solution, no solution of infinitely many
solutions.
 3 2 1 10   3 2 1 10 
     3 2 1 10 
(a)  0 4 2 8  (b)  4 0 2 8  (c)  
 0 0 − 7 14   0 0 − 7 14   0 4 2 8 
   

3 2 1 10  3 2 1 10 
   
0 3 1 6 0 4 2 8 0 4 2 8
(d)   (e)   (f) 
0 0 1 5 0 0 −7 14 0 0 −7 14 
   
0 0 0 0  6 
 0 0 0

10. Determine which values of k, if any, will give (i) a unique solution (ii) no solution (iii) infinitely
many solutions to the system of equations
x + y + kz = 2 x + 2 y + kz = 1
(a) 3 x + 4 y + 2z = k (b) − x + ky − z = 0
2x + 3 y − z = 1 kx − 4 y + kz = − 1