Documenti di Didattica
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Name: Ho Jo Yee
Student ID: 0321225
Students are required to attend at least FOUR OSH related talk / workshop, and submit this record & summary, together with
the prove of attendance (Certificate of attendance, attendance confirmation email, etc.).
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
Generally, the outline of this talk covers various risk identification methods such as HAZOP,
HAZID and QRA. Before moving on further, what does the word ‘risk’ signifies? Risk can be represented
with two keywords, consequences and probability. Consequences are the after effect of a hazard incident
while probability is how frequent will that hazard incident occur. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
evaluates the probability of an incident to occur along with the consequence. There are 6 steps to perform
QRA as shown below:
QRA method:
1. Part counts – Calculating the number of parts in a P&ID diagram as the failure rate at each part
varies.
2. Determining section volume and pressure – Parts with high pressure will have higher consequences
if any hazard occur.
3. Analyzing these consequences – Each source of ignition would be evaluated and the consequences
would be listed out.
4. Calculating the frequency (manning level) – The frequency of man hours spent on the part of the
plant would be considered.
5. Provide recommendations – Base on the information gathered, counter measurements to reduce the
risk will be imparted.
6. Determining individual risk – To evaluate the risk for each operator.
Hazard and operability study (HAZOP) analysis is a risk identification method which does not comprise
of anything beyond the process flow. HAZOP considers the ultimate consequences which means it does not
only look at one failure but also the down line failure which was caused by the first failure. Customarily,
there will be three parties involve during a HAZOP analysis; the owner of the plant, the designer of the
process and an independent third party hired as the HAZOP chairman.
The last method that was discussed during the talk would be Hazard Identification (HAZID) analysis.
HAZID analysis is a similar risk assessment method to HAZOP, with the only difference is HAZID
analyses hazards beyond the process. For instance, drop objects, lighting, pigging or even noise
disturbance.
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
4. Establish the independent protection layers (IPLs) and approximate the probability of failure
on demand (PFD).
The protection layers can be established from safety protocols which consist of 3 criteria; effective,
independent of the initiating event or failures and auditable to ensure it is properly maintained.
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
This seminar explains about the Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) method used to evaluate risks in
an operation. Similar to other speakers, risk is defined as product of probability and consequences. QRA
can be classified into two forms, individual risk and societal risk. Assumptions were made for individual
risk where it assumes that the recipient is outside for 24 hours per day and no protective action is taken.
QRA also does not include the actual population present. Individual risk increases as the distance between
the individual and the source of hazard are closer. Contradictory, another form of the QRA which is societal
risk, take into account of the actual population present. This form of QRA also depicts the frequency of
accident involving number of fatalities. Usually, it can be represented as a single number; Average Rate of
Death (ROD) or Potential Loss of Life (PLL). The steps involved in conducting a QRA are as following:
1. Gathering related data and information
In prior to a QRA study, process and plant related data such as P&ID diagrams, Heat & Material
balances, Equipment listings, Plant layouts, ignition source details, onsite and offsite population and
PHA studies must be gathered.
2. Identifying hazard scenario
In a hazard identification process, these containment scenarios that occurred can be categorized as
generic and non-generic scenarios. Generic scenarios are typical failure of equipment and piping,
while, non-generic scenarios are more to unusual scenarios where it cannot be identified from
looking the P&ID. For generic scenarios, a specific section of the P&ID diagram would be chosen
and would be evaluated.
3. Frequency estimation
For generic scenarios, there are various documents that can be referred to identify the standard
approximated frequency of each of the event. However, for non-generic scenarios, a more detailed
analysis such as Fault tree analysis or LOPA can be used to estimate the frequency of event.
4. Modelling the consequence
The consequences involved in an event can be modelled base on the operating parameters at that
moment of time or even environmental conditions.
5. Calculating the risk of the consequences
6. Provide recommendations for risk reduction
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
Appendix
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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CHE61403 / CHE3723 – Safety in Process Plant Design
Safety Training Record & Summary
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