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Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Original article

Carboniferous and Permian biostratigraphy by foraminifers and calcareous

algae of Bir Mastoura (BMT-1) and related boreholes of southern Tunisia
Biostratigraphie, par algues calcaires et foraminifères, des séries carbonifères et permiennes de Bir
Mastoura (BMT-1) et d’autres sondages du Sud-tunisien
Wissal Ghazzay-Souli a,∗ , Daniel Vachard b,c , Saloua Razgallah a
a UR13/ES26, Campus Universitaire El Manar, Département de Géologie, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
b University of Lille – Sciences and Technologies, UMR CNRS 8198 Evo-Eco-Paléo, Cité Scientifique, SN5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex, France
c CIRCAS, 1, rue des Tilleuls, 59152 Gruson, France

Abstract
In South Tunisia, the Bir Mastoura (BMT-1) borehole provides Carboniferous, Permian, and early Triassic foraminifers and carbonate algae
which permit to establish a local biozonation which can be correlated with (1) the Capitanian (Late Middle Permian) outcrops of Jbel Tebaga; (2)
other Tunisian boreholes; and (3) several stratotypes and/or well-studied Tethyan outcrops. Microfacies, microfaunas and microfloras of BTM-
1 reveal subtropical, carbonate, inner platform deposits. As everywhere in the world, the Early Triassic is faunistically very poor. The Upper
Permian and Upper Middle Permian microfaunas and microfloras are traditional in Tunisia, but a little poorer than the Tebaga assemblages. The
fusulinids of the middle and lower Middle Permian strata are also less numerous than in other Tunisian boreholes. The late Pennsylvanian fusulinids
known in some of these boreholes, were not observed in BMT-1; however, these fusulinids are re-discussed here due to their biostratigraphic and
palaeobiogeographic importance; they are assigned to two substages, early Gzhelian with Darvasoschwagerina spp. and late Kasimovian with
Schwageriniformis petchoricus. Neither early-middle Kasimovian nor late Moscovian microfossils were found, and their absence is probably
regional in the whole North Africa. In contrast, the early Moscovian beds yield all the fusulinid biozones of the Urals (Russia) and display
diversified microfauna with Profusulinella aff. simplex, Ovatella ex gr. ovata; Depratina timanica, Aljutovella (Tikhonovichella) rhombiformis,
Hemifusulina spp., Eofusulina aff. tashlensis, Paraeofusulina trianguliformis, Moellerites cf. praecolaniae and Parabeedeina cf. pseudoelegans.
The middle-late Bashkirian seems to be only partially represented, whereas the early Bashkirian is similarly relatively complete, with Varvariella
ex gr. varvariensis, Plectostaffella cf. karsaklensis, P.? nauvalia, Semistaffella? sp. and common oolitic microfacies. The Serpukhovian and late
Visean appear more developed than in other boreholes. They yield Praedonezella, Eosigmoilina and Endostaffella. As across the North Africa,
no older Mississippian foraminifers are not known prior to the late Visean. The palaeogeography is discussed thanks to the regional new data;
especially the concept of a Saharan province, or its replacement by multiple aborted rifts during the late Visean-Serpukhovian. From the Bashkirian
to Early Permian, affinities with Croatia are frequent. Comparisons with other North African basins, northern Spain, Donets Basin, the Urals basins,
Moscow Basin, Taurus and Alborz are also presented.
© 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Foraminifers; Algae; Microfacies; Carboniferous; Permian; Tunisia

Résumé
L’analyse des algues et des foraminifères du Carbonifère et du Permo-Trias du forage Bir Mastoura (BMT-1) a permis d’établir une biostrati-
graphie locale, qui a été corrélée avec (1) le Capitanien de l’affleurement du Tebaga (Sud-Tunisien), (2) les autres sondages et (3) les stratotypes
ou les affleurements téthysiens contemporains. L’objet de ce travail consiste à définir des biozones locales et à réviser la systématique de certains
taxons, car de grands progrès taxonomiques ont été faits depuis leur découverte dans les années 1960. Trois associations de fusulines tardipenn-
sylvaniennes paraissent exister : l’une est du Gzhelien inférieur avec Darvasoschwagerina spp., l’autre d’un Gzhelien -Kasimovien indifférencié
avec Quasifusulina eleganta et la dernière du Kassimovien supérieur avec Schwageriniformis petchoricus. Dans BMT-1 et sans doute dans toute la

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wissalghazzay@yahoo.fr (W. Ghazzay-Souli).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2015.07.004
0035-1598/© 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
240 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

région, et cela à l’inverse de ce que soutenait la littérature, le Moscovien supérieur fait défaut. Par contre, le Moscovien inférieur est bien représenté
avec ses habituels grainstones à beresellales et ses fusulines marqueuses de zone : Profusulinella aff. simplex, Ovatella ex gr. ovata ; Depratina
timanica, Aljutovella (Tikhonovichella) rhombiformis, Hemifusulina spp., Eofusulina aff. tashlensis, Paraeofusulina trianguliformis, Moellerites cf.
praecolaniae et Parabeedeina cf. pseudoelegans. Le Bachkirien supérieur paraît manquer, alors que les niveaux inférieurs de cet étage, Bogdanovien
et Syuranskien, semblent continûment enregistrés avec des niveaux à Varvariella ex gr. varvariensis, Plectostaffella cf. karsaklensis, P.? nauvalia,
Semistaffella? sp. et de nombreux microfaciès oolithiques. Le Serpoukhovien est probablement aussi peu complet et n’est guère caractérisé que par
Praedonezella et Eosigmoilina. Cependant, Serpukhovien et Viséen supérieur sont mieux caractérisés dans BMT-1 que dans les autres sondages,
où les microfaunes représentées, n’étaient pas antérieures au Bachkirien inférieur. Cependant, et comme dans tout le Maghreb, aucune microfaune
de foraminifères n’est plus ancienne que le Brigantien (MFZ15) ou peut-être l’Asbien (MFZ14). La paléogéographie fait l’objet d’une nouvelle
discussion fondée sur les résultats biostratigraphiques et taxonomiques. Nous discutons surtout la notion de province Saharienne, qu’on pourrait
remplacer par de multiples rifts ouverts au Viséen supérieur-Serpoukhovien. Du Bachkirien au Permien inférieur, de nombreuses affinités de
peuplement avec la Croatie sont constatées. Des comparaisons sont également tentées avec les autres grands bassins d’Afrique du Nord, ceux des
Cordillères cantabriques dans le Nord de l’Espagne, le Bassin du Donetz, le Bassin de Moscou et ceux de l’Oural, enfin ceux du Proche- et du
Moyen-Orient.
© 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.

Mots clés : Foraminifères ; Algues ; Microfaciès ; Carbonifère ; Permien ; Tunisie

1. Introduction carbonate microfacies; (2) a more accurate biozonation during

The upper Middle Permian (Capitanian) succession of
Tebaga (South Tunisia) is now well known after almost a cen-
tury of investigation (Douvillé et al., 1933; Skinner and Wilde,
1967; Termier et al., 1977; Lys, 1988; Razgallah and Vachard,
1991; Angiolini et al., 2008; Kilani et al., 2014; Ghazzay et al.,
2015). In contrast, the Carboniferous of Tunisia remains less
studied. The principal reason is that this Carboniferous is only
known in boreholes drilled by the petroleum companies and
is generally not accessible for academic studies (Fig. 1). The
main contributions about the Carboniferous and Lower Permian
deposits (Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964; Baird, 1967; Lys,
1983, 1988; Hamaoui, 1984; Memmi et al., 1986; Benzarti,
1992; Kilani-Mazroui, 2000) are summarized here (Fig. 2). With
the kind permission of the SEREPT Company (Tunis, Tunisia),
we have consulted and re-studied one of these boreholes, the
BMT-1 borehole. Our future aim is to re-analyze other bore-
holes in the coming years. As the BMT-1 borehole has not been
revised since 1988, it was expected that many new data would
be recognized from this revision.
Being shallower in this borehole than in the Tebaga out-
crops (Fig. 3), the Capitanian deposits were palaeoecologically
interesting to study, especially in order to compare the Middle-
Late Permian of Tunisia with the classical, petroliferous Khuff
Formation. Moreover, the studied borehole seemed to expose a
continuous record at the PTB (Permian-Triassic Boundary); its
accurate characterization was another topic of our analysis but
is not described here.
Palaeobiogeographically, the data from this study should help
to provide answers to the following three questions: (a) what are
the characteristics of the Tunisian palaeogeography during the
Carboniferous to Early Triassic interval; (b) how were its rela-
tions with the other basins of the recently described ‘Saharan
Province’ (Somerville et al., 2013)?; (c) how were its rela-
tions with the different branches of the Tethys Ocean during
the Carboniferous? Hence, the goals of this study were: (1)
a characterization and environmental interpretation of all the
each stage or substage; (3) the possible explanations of the gaps
or absences of fossiliferous record; (4) the different possible
palaeobiogeographical and palaeogeographical implications.
2. Geological background
2.1. Palaeozoic-Triassic boreholes of Southern Tunisia
Several petroleum boreholes, drilled during the years of sixty,
perforated through the Permian and Carboniferous deposits
overlain by the Capitanian (Late Middle Permian) sequences of
the Jebel Tebaga outcrops. They included Kirchaou 1 (KR1),
Kirchaou 2 (KR2), Kasbah Leguine 1 (LG1), and Kasbah
Leguine 2 (LG2) (Fig. 1). These boreholes encountered first
the rest of the Middle Permian, as “Polydiexodina” and then
“Parafusulina” beds, which very likely correspond to the Wor-
dian with Eopolydiexodina and the Roadian with Skinnerella.
Then, occurred a long interval entirely dolomitized in coarse
dolosparite. Only some Eoverbeekina plakcensis Kochansky-
Devidé were mentioned at the top of this interval. This latter
species is considered as characteristic of the Artinskian or Kun-
gurian of Croatia (see Aljinović et al., 2008; Isozaki et al.,
2011). This dolomitized interval with Eoverbeekina contin-
uously succeeded a supposed Lower Permian interval with
Pseudoschwagerina and an Early Late Pennsylvanian inter-
val with “Triticites petchoricus” according to Lys, 1988; who
suggested also the presence in the underlying succession of a
complete Moscovian, Bashkirian and Upper Visean intervals.
2.2. Bir Mastoura BMT-1 borehole
The borehole Bir Mastoura BMT-1 is part of the Kirchaou
oil licence (Fig. 1). It was drilled by the SEREPT Company
in 1983; i.e., a long time after the classical boreholes of Kir-
chaou and Kasbah Leguine. Its main goal was the exploration
of a faulted Permian-Carboniferous and Cambrian-Ordovician
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 241

Fig. 1. A. Geological sketch map of southern Tunisia (according to Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964; slightly modified); with location of the boreholes of the Jeffara
area. B. Map of northern Africa showing the geographic position of Tunisia and the Maghreb.

anticline, oriented East-West. The second goal was to study
the “Middle Permian” (after the nomenclature of the epoch)
dolomitic limestone, the Lower Permian vuggy dolomites, and
the Lower Carboniferous limestone as possible oil reservoirs.
The BMT-1 borehole stopped at the depth of 4247 m, in the
Ordovician strata, and therefore, crossed through a series from
Holocene to Cambrian-Ordovician (Fig. 4). The interval, ana-
lyzed is this article, is located between –1960 m and –3900 m,
and represents the earliest Triassic to Lower Carboniferous suc-
cessions.
The SEREPT gave us authorization to revise the BMT-1
borehole. In this paper, we present our observations and some
deductions from the recent literature. This study is entirely based
on the microfacies of cuttings generally taken every 2 metres.
2.3. Foraminiferal biostratigraphic scales used in this study
2.3.1. Permian
The chronozonation of Jin et al. (1997), in which the Permian
deposits were compared between the three great subconti-
nents: Russia, USA and China, successively, are now adopted
(Henderson et al., 2012). The Tethyan chronostratigraphy based
on fusulinid evolution (e.g., Leven, 1992, 1998) is now aban-
doned, because (a) diachronous etaps in the evolution of several
fusulinid genera, e.g. Misellina, Cancellina, Neoschwagerina
and Yabeina were artificially superposed in a succession of
“stages” Bolorian, Kubergandian, Murgabian, and Midian; (b)
many fusulinids suggested as worldwide distributed markers are
rather endemic of small areas of the Tethys; these so-called
cosmopolitan genera are e.g., Brevaxina, Misellina, Shengella,
Cancellina, Maklaya, Yabeina and Lepidolina (Ueno, 1996;
Kobayashi, 2005; Kotlyar et al., 1999); (c) some genera are rel-
atively long-ranged; e.g., Neoschwagerina and Afghanella for
the Murgabian; (d) the stratotypes are tectonically complex to
analyze, and even selected in small modern countries (e.g., Tajik-
istan), they can correspond eventually to remote margins of the
Permian Tethys ocean (for example, the Bolorian, Kubergandian
and Murgabian stages of N Pamirs and SE Pamirs; Angiolini
et al., 2015); (e) stratotypes were not formally designated; for
example, the Midian “stratotype” encompasses all the outcrops
of Armenia (i.e., the former Soviet Transcaucasia) according to
Leven (1981, p. 104), while it corresponds to only one biozone,
that of Yabeina (Leven, 1998, p. 323).
2.3.2. Carboniferous
2.3.2.1. Upper Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian-Kasimovian) scales.
The biozonation is defined in the Moscow basin and the Urals,
Russia (Einor, 1996; Davydov, 2002; Makhlina et al., 2002;
Davydov and Leven, 2003; Legrand-Blain and Vachard, 2005;
Alekseev et al., 2009), and in some adjacent countries, Ukraine,
Turkey (Davydov and Khodjanyazova, 2009; Okuyucu, 2009;
Vachard and Moix, 2011). Recent investigations in Darvas
242 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Fig. 2. Historical background of the biostratigraphic subdivisions of Carboniferous and Permian deposits (Tunisia).

Fig. 3. Classical, reconstructed transect in the Jeffara area, including BMT-1 borehole
According to Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964; slightly modified.
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 243

Fig. 4. Litho- and chronostratigraphical data of the BMT-1 borehole.

244 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
(Uzbekistan) and Iran have provided many additional data
(Leven and Davydov, 2001; Leven, 2003; Leven and Taheri,
2003; Leven and Gorgij, 2006, 2011).
2.3.2.2. Middle to Early Pennsylvanian. The classical bio-
zonation of the type areas, Moscow Basin and the Urals
(Rauzer-Chernousova et al., 1951; Einor, 1996) are discussed
due to their numerous more or less short stratigraphic gaps;
and more complete biozonations by fusulinids were proposed
in Russia (Groves, 1988; Proust et al., 1996; Izart et al., 1996;
Makhlina et al., 1997; Kulagina et al., 2001, 2009a, b; Vilesov,
2002; Ivanova, 2002; Konovalova, 2002a, b, c; Davydov, 2009)
and adjacent countries (Brazhnikova et al., 1967; Vachard and
Maslo, 1996; Orlova and Bensh, 2004; Leven et al., 2006; Fohrer
et al., 2007; Dzhencuraeva and Okuyucu, 2007; Okuyucu, 2009;
Davydov et al., 2010; Atakul-Özdemir et al., 2011). The North
Spanish biozonation may be also used (van Ginkel, 1987; van
Ginkel and Villa, 1991, 1996; Villa and van Ginkel, 2000; Villa,
1995; Samankassou, 2001; Villa et al., 2003) and that of North-
ern Africa (van Ginkel, 1986, 1989, 1992). One of the best
Upper Tournaisian-Moscovian successions seems to be present
in Turkey. This succession is generally exposed in the Aladag
Nappe and has been mentioned in Altıner and Özgül (2001), but
it needs further detailed studies.
2.3.2.3. Mississippian (Serpukovian to late Visean). For the
Mississippian, we follow generally the classification of Poty
et al. (2006). Some authors (e.g., Pedro Cózar, pers. comm. June
2014) consider that this classification is mostly an update of
Conil et al. (1991) with little revision, especially in the Late
Visean. However, it is more precise for the Tournaisian and
early to middle Visean. This has been further refined by the
contributions of Hance et al. (2011), Okuyucu et al. (2013) and
Zandkarimi et al. (2014). On the other hand, the limits of the
biozones in Belgium correspond almost always to differences in
lithology; consequently, the classifications of Poty et al. (2006),
Conil et al. (1991) and Mamet and Skipp (1970, 1971) more or
less exactly correspond to the chrono/lithostratigraphic classi-
fications of Demanet (1958) and Conil and Lys (1964). Hence,
it could be suggested that the ancient divisions V1, V2, V3,
and their subdivisions in a, b, c, etc., equally might be pre-
ferred to the Cf zones of Conil et al. (1991) and/or the MFZ
zones of Poty et al. (2006). However, for the late Visean, the
work of Cózar and Somerville may be preferentially used (Cózar
and Somerville, 2004, 2013, 2014; Somerville and Cózar, 2005;
Somerville, 2008; Cózar et al., 2006, 2008a, b, 2010, 2014a, b,
c; Stephenson et al., 2010), even if the complete biostratigraph-
ical synthesis among these various data remains to be made. In
the Maghreb, the Visean-Serpukhovian boundary interval was
studied in areas with richer fauna (Mamet et al., 1966; Mamet,
1972; Vachard and Berkhli, 1992; Vachard et al., 1993a; Cózar
et al., 2014a, b, c).
For the Serpukhovian, the Belgian classification is deficient,
due to the stratigraphic gaps and the paucity of fauna and micro-
fauna; and the Russian and Ukrainian classifications are to be
preferred (Ivanova, 2009). The relatively old classification of
Brazhnikova et al. (1967) and Aizenverg et al. (1983) remain the
best, in spite of accurate analyses of the Russian stratotype and
parastratotype (Davydov, 2002; Kulagina and Gibshman, 2002;
Marfenkova, 2002; Ponomareva et al., 2002; Kulagina et al.,
2009b; Stepanova and Kucheva, 2009; Kabanov et al., 2014), as
well as some areas in SW Spain (Cózar and Rodríguez, 2004).
In North Africa, the best successions seem to be exposed in the
Béchar Basin, Algeria (Sebbar and Mamet, 1999; Sebbar, 2000);
N. Morocco (Adarouch) and S. Morocco (Tindouf) (Cózar et al.,
2011; 2014a, b, c).
2.4. Microfloral and microfaunal classifications
For the fossil calcareous algae, no recent classifications
have been published; hence, for the dasycladales, we have fol-
lowed the classification of Bassoullet et al. (1979), although we
consider now, as totally artificial, one of the bases of this clas-
sification: namely, the distinction of the euspondyl forms as a
suborder. For example, we speculate that, (a) euspondyl Mizzia
Schubert are directly phylogenetically related to aspondyl Gyro-
porella Gümbel, although both genera are assigned to two
different suborders in this classification, and (b) Mizzia has no
relationships with Nanopora Wood, although linked together in
the same suborder in this classification. For the incertae sedis
algae Algospongia, we follow the classification of Vachard and
Cózar (2010), except for Iberiaella Rácz considered here as a
genus distinct from Claracrusta Vachard.
For the foraminifers, we follow the classifications of Rauzer-
Chernousova et al. (1996) for the fusulinids; Vachard et al. (2010,
2013); and Hance et al. (2011), for the Palaeozoic foraminifers in
general; given that some modifications of Brenckle and Grelecki
(1993), Brenckle (2005), van Ginkel (2010) and Rigaud et al.
(2014) should be preferably used.
3. General results about BMT-1
The identified litho- and biostratigraphic units are succes-
sively (Figs. 4–7):
• the Early Triassic, previously named Scythian, and cur-
rently divided into two stages, Induan and Olenekian
(1960–2265 m);
• the Lopingian-Guadalupian (Late Middle Permian) more or
less complete but too poor in microfossils to be accurately
subdivided (2265–2820 m);
• between 2820 m and 3009 m, there is a bioclastic, dolomitic,
occasionally anhydritic limestone which is traditionally cor-
related with an undifferentiated Permian;
• the Pennsylvanian (3009–3514 m) yields two fossiliferous
intervals: (1) earliest to early Bashkirian (Bogdanovian, Syu-
ranian); (2) early Moscovian (Vereyan, Kashirian). One or
two Late Pennsylvanian levels which are fossiliferous in other
boreholes were not recorded in BMT-1, due to either weak
palaeobathymetry, or secondary dolomitization;
• the Mid-Carboniferous Boundary (Late Serpukhovian–Early
Bashkirian) is located in a transition interval between 3514 m
and 3641 m;
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 245

Fig. 5. Carbonate algae of the BMT-1 borehole.

246 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Fig. 6. Smaller foraminifers of the BMT-1 borehole.

 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 247

Fig. 7. Larger foraminifers of the BMT-1 borehole.

248 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
• the Mississippian Subsystem is represented by the Serpukho-
vian (3641–3762 m) and by the latest Visean (3762–3798 m);
• this whole sedimentary pile unconformably overlies a clayish,
fossiliferous, undated, lithological group (3798–3900 m).
3.1. Early Triassic (Scythian)
The interval (1960–2265 m) assigned to the Early Triassic
by previous authors encompasses three lithologic units: (a) red
to grey sandstones with intercalated brown clays (Fig. 8.1);
(b) sandy dolomicrosparite with red sandstones; (c) red, fine,
dolomitic sandstone with greyish to brownish clays. The bound-
ary between the Triassic and Permian was indicated at the level
2265 m in the unpublished reports of Lys (1983) and Benzarti
(1992). This location is conventionally admitted here (Fig. 4).
The microfacies, which are at the top calcareous sandstone with
angular to subangular quartz with overgrowth, to passes down
a biomicritic wackestone with miliolates. The Early Triassic of
BMT-1 display poor assemblages with the bivalve Claraia sp.
and the microconchid Microconchus? phlyctaena (Brönnimann
and Zaninetti) (Fig. 8.2) and a total disappearance of the Permian
microfaunas and microfloras. Such assemblages are well known
in various Laurentian, Cimmerian and Perigondwanan terranes
of the Tethys ocean (e.g., Brönnimann and Zaninetti, 1972;
Krainer and Vachard, 2011). First described as Spirorbis phlyc-
taena, i.e., an annelid, by Brönnimann and Zaninetti (1972), this
taxon is in reality a tentaculitid macroconchid (Taylor and Vinn,
2006; He et al., 2012; Zaton et al., 2013; Vachard et al., 2014),
probably narrowly related to the genus Microconchus (see Zaton
et al., 2013); hence the name used here.
In Libya, the lateral equivalent of the earliest Triassic series is
the Bir El Jaja Formation, which rests continuously upon the El
Uotia Formation (Adloff et al., 1986); this latter unit being most
probably the equivalent of the Middle Permian series of BMT-1.
The first foraminiferal zone identified in Tunisia and Libya is
the Meandrospira pusilla Zone (= late Scythian = Olenekian),
which is developed all around the Tethys. Coeval palynological
data have been indicated in southernmost Tunisia by Kilani-
Mazraoui et al. (1988). This earliest Triassic age in BMT-1 is
also mentioned in Kamoun et al. (1997), text – fig. 7 p. 712, but
not re-described. It is assigned to the early Scythian, whereas
the base of the overlying Bir El Jaja Formation in Libya, is
considered as latest Scythian.
3.2. Late Middle Permian (Lopingian-Guadalupian)
3.2.1. Lithology
This monotonous group of beds extends from 2265 m to
2820 m, and is 555 m-thick. From top to bottom, the lithologic
units are successively a grey to black dolomitized biomicrite
with algae, ostracods, and shell fragments, and a dark grey to
beige dolomicrosparite with abundant recrystallized shell frag-
ments. Some fractures or vugs are occasionally filled by calcite
or anhydrite.
From 2520 m downwards, the deposits are sandier, locally
gravelly, with more pellets, occasionally oolitic and with skeletal
fragments, and then, there are sandy and gravelly dolomicrite
with algae, ostracodes and gastropods; followed by white algal
biomicrites.
In the top of this group of beds (2265 m), the borehole
intersected the fault separating the sandy Early Triassic from
the underlying dolomitic Late Permian. This unit shows some
geodes filled by anhydrite and calcite, stylolites and bitumen-
injected cracks. Between 2754 and 2800 m, an oolitic and
gravelly biodolosparite may also be present. The oolites are
micritic and do not display the classical, concentric and radiate
structure. From 2800 m, sediments become enriched with quartz
in such a way that the sandy, limonitized dolomite with clay pel-
lets, rapidly passes to poorly sorted, middle- to coarse-grained
sandstone with dolomitic cement.
3.2.2. Micropalaeontology
3.2.2.1. Previous data. According to Lys (1983), the inter-
val 2265–2520 m is assigned to the Late Permian, because of
the following taxa: Mizzia velebitana Schubert (at 2278 m);
Atractyliopsis sp.; Permocalculus sp.; gymnocodiaceans; Tuber-
itina spinosa Lys; Lasiodiscus sp.; Globivalvulina graeca
Reichel; G. sp.; Paradagmarita? sp. (at 2275 m), Calcitornella
sp.; Glomospira sp.; Hemigordius spp.; Hemigordiopsis renzi
Reichel (from 2456 m); Ophthalmiididae; Nodosaria sosninae
[sic; this species name does not exist in the literature] and other
uniseriate foraminifers; gastropods, and ostracodes. Lys (1983)
interpreted the 2520–3009 m interval as undifferentiated Perm-
ian in age, because it contains Ortonella sp. (from 2646 m),
oncolites (between 2736 and 2754 m) and other algal crusts;
algae: Permocalculus sp., other gymnocodiaceans, Mizzia sp.;
Tuberitina spinosa; Globivalvulina graeca, G. sp.; Glomo-
spira sp.; Lasiodiscus sp. (from 2646 m); Hemigordius sp.;
Hemigordiopsis? sp.; uniseriate foraminifers; gastropod frag-
ments, echinoderms, ostracodes, and “radiolarians”.
Benzarti (1992) suggested that the deposits between
2265–2820 m belong to the “Late Permian (Late Murghabian-
Djulfian)” [sic for the spelling of both stage names], apparently
justified by the presence of Ortonella sp.; Permocalculus
plumosus Elliott; other gymnocodiaceans; Mizzia velebitana;
Atractyliopsis sp.; Tuberitina collosa var. spinosa; Calcitornella
sp.; Pseudovermiporella nipponica (Endo); Glomospira sp.;
Hemigordius spp.; and Nodosaria “cf. sosninae” [sic; see
above].
3.2.2.2. Our results. We identified, throughout this interval,
poor assemblages composed of many microbialite clotted tex-
tures (with rare identifiable trichomes of Mitcheldeania and
other cyanobacteria), undetermined codiaceans (or gymnocodi-
aceans?), and four dasycladaleans Epimastopora sp., Johnsonia
spinosa Kordé, Likanella spinosa Milanović, and Atractyliopsis
lastensis Accordi. Among the Fusulinata, Globivalvulina ex gr.
bulloides (Brady) and Sphaerulina sp. are rare; whereas the Mil-
iolata are relatively common and diversified with Calcivertella
spp., Hemigordiellina spp., Pseudoagathammina sp., Agatham-
mina sp., Hemigordius spp., Midiella spp., Glomomidiella sp.,
Glomomidiellopsis sp., Graecodiscus aff. kotlyarae Pronina-
Nestell, and Baisalina? sp. The Nodosariata are represented by
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 249

Fig. 8. Earliest Triassic and latest Permian microfacies of the BMT-1 borehole. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. 1. Early Triassic sandstone. Sample 2260 m. 2. Early Triassic
bioclastic wackestone with Claraia shells; in other parts of the thin section, Microconchus? phlyctaena (Brönnimann and Zaninetti) are conspicuous. Scythian.
Sample 2321 m. 3–5. Atractyliopsis lastensis Accordi. Changhsingian?. Sample 2286 m. 6. Radiosphaeracean (see also fig. 8.14). Changhsingian?. Sample 2300 m.
7. Undertermined attached miliolate. Changhsingian?. Sample 2286 m. 8. Unidentified volvocale?. Changhsingian?. Sample 2286 m. 9-10. Glomomidiellopsis cf.
uenoi Gaillot and Vachard. Changhsingian?. Sample 2290 m. 11. Agathammina? sp. Changhsingian?. Sample 2300 m. 12. Postcladella? sp. Changhsingian?. Sample
2300 m. 13. Glomomidiellopsis cf. tieni Gaillot and Vachard. Undifferentiated Lopingian. Sample 2456 m. 14. Microbialite with radiosphaeraceans (see also fig.
8.6) and Agathammina? sp. (see also fig. 8.11). Changhsingian?. Sample 2300 m.
250 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Fig. 9. Late-Middle Permian and Moscovian microfacies Scale bars = 0.100 mm. 1. Undetermined skeletons and/or recrystallizations. Undifferentiated Lopingian.
Sample 2586 m. 2. Gymnocodiacean fragments. Undifferentiated Lopingian. Sample 2586 m. 3–4. Glomomidiella sp. Undifferentiated Lopingian. Sample 2586 m.
5. Nodosaria sp. Sample 2696 m. 6. Globivalvulina sp. Sample 2696 m. 7. Undetermined Nodosariata. Sample 2696 m. 8. Beresella sp. Early Moscovian. Sample
3020 m. 9. Graecodiscus aff. kotlyarae Pronina-Nestell. Undifferentiated Lopingian. Sample 2495 m. 10. Beresella sp. Moscovian cutting. Sample 2586 m. 11.
Moellerites sp. Moscovian cutting. Sample 2586 m.
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 251

Fig. 10. Capitanian microfacies with Likanella spinosa. Scale bars = 0.100 mm. 1–4. Baisalina? sp. Sample 2730 m. 5. Johnsonia spinosa Kordé. Sample 2754 m.
6, 9. Likanella spinosa Milanović. Sample 2805 m. 7. Pseudoagathammina sp. Sample 2750 m. 8. Sphaerulina sp. Sample 2740 m.
252 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
very rare Nodosaria sp., Geinitzina sp. and Rectoglandulina sp.
(Figs. 8–10).
The deposit is typically located in the intertidal zone and/or at
the limit of intertidal and subtidal zones. Various cements char-
acterize an early diagenesis in supratidal conditions (isopachous,
meniscus, drusy cements; collapse breccias, bird eyes). Fluid
escape figures are common in the cyanobacterials mats. Due
to its facies, microfacies, and probable age, this series appears
as a lateral equivalent of the classical Khuff Formation of the
Middle-East (Alsharhan and Nairn, 1994; Vaslet et al., 2005;
Vachard et al., 2005; Gaillot and Vachard, 2007; Koehrer et al.,
2012; Forke et al., 2012).
3.2.2.3. Biostratigraphic discussion. Except for the taxa
Glomomidiellopsis Gaillot and Vachard (Fig. 8.9–10, 13), Grae-
codiscus aff. kotlyarae (Fig. 9.9), and perhaps Baisalina? sp.
(Fig. 10.1–4), the numerous present miliolates are poorly stud-
ied and cannot be currently used for a local biozonation (e.g.,
Fig. 9.3–4, 7). Paradagmarita? sp. (at 2275 m) of Lys is in
our opinion one of these undetermined hemigordiid miliolates.
Hemigordiopsis renzi Reichel (from 2456 m) of the same author
belong in reality to Glomomidiellopsis.
Sphaerulina sp. has a long Guadalupian-Lopingian range and
consequently cannot be used for local subdivisions.
The dasyclade Likanella spinosa (Fig. 10.6, 9) indicates a
Guadalupian age for the level 2805 m; as in Croatia, Hydra Island
(Greece), Oman, Thailand, Afghanistan?, Zagros (Iran), south-
ern Turkey (Hazro) (Vachard, 1985; Granier and Grgasović,
2000; Sremac, 2007; Gaillot and Vachard, 2007). A recent revi-
sion of this species by Okan and Hoşgör (2009) is noteworthy;
the material illustrated by these authors corresponds nonethe-
less to another dasycladalean. Likanella is well characterized
by its thallus composed of a cylindrical central cavity bearing
regularly-spaced prominent verticils, composed of metaspondyl
laterals arranged in three different orientations: (1) perpendic-
ularly, (2) 45◦ upwards, and (3) 45◦ downwards. Each lateral
as well as the central cavity possesses its own calcification.
The acrophore laterals are relatively wide, but stretch at the
distal extremity (hence, the name of the type species is L.
spinosa).
Johnsonia spinosa (Fig. 10.5) is rarely identified in the
micropalaeontological literature. It was mentioned in Armenia
(Kordé, 1965) and refound in NW Iran (Ebrahim-Nezhad et al.,
2015). It is first described in Tunisia (however, the “Dasycladale
indéterminée” of Vachard (1985, pl. 3, fig. 2) might belong
to this genus). In Armenia, the type material was described in
the Guadalupian Gnishik Formation. Probably due to the same
name of their type species (i.e., spinosa), Johnsonia was erro-
neously synonymized with Likanella by Granier and Grgasović
(2000). Moreover, as proved by their reciprocal reconstructions
(Kordé, 1965 and Milanović, 1966, respectively), both gen-
era are quite different. In the present assessment, Johnsonia
is a possible palaeogeographical biomarker of the westernmost
Perigondwanan margin of the Tethys.
The other interesting dasycladale, Atractyliopsis lastensis
(Fig. 8.3–5) might be Changhsingian in age, because in many
western and central European sequences, it is mentioned very
close to the PTB (Permian-Triassic Boundary) (Accordi, 1956;
Noé, 1987; Sartorio and Venturini, 1988; including the so-called
Djulfian = Wuchiapingian of Greece of Vachard et al., 1993b,
2003 which in reality is a Changhsingian deposit with Shindella
Chediya).
Some observed incertae sedis taxa (calcisphaeraceans,
radiosphaeraceans, and unidentified volvocales?) cannot be cur-
rently biostratigraphically used.
We conclude that the interval is Late Permian or Late
Middle Permian (Lopingian-Guadalupian) in age. It displays
too unfavourable lithologies for microfaunas and/or carbonate
microfloras to be more accurately zoned for the moment.
3.3. The Wordian-Asselian Permian
3.3.1. Lithology
From 2820–3009 m, the succession (189 m-thick) is com-
posed of unsorted, middle- to coarse-grained sandstone with
dolomitic cement, and of quartzitic sandstone with limoni-
tized and pyritized cement. Between 2915 m and 3009 m, the
borehole intersected a massive series of dolosparite. Some inter-
stitial clays and sporadic pyrite, some recrystallized skeletal
fragments, and fissures filled with sparitic calcite have been
observed.
3.3.2. Biostratigraphy
Several petroleum boreholes have intersected the Perm-
ian interval below the Guadalupian outcrops of the Jebel
Tebaga. This interval is generally dolomitized in a coarse
dolosparite. The Early Permian is conventionally repre-
sented by unfossiliferous dolomites. It continuously succeeds
a Late Pennsylvanian interval with “Triticites” petchoricus,
Quasifusulina, and “Pseudoschwagerina” sp. (Lys, 1988),
and is overlain by series with Wordian (= Murgabian)
fusulinids (e.g., Eopolydiexodina). Neither Late Roadian
(= Early Murgabian = Neoschwagerina simplex Zone) nor Early
Roadian (= Late Kubergandian = Cancellina Zone) are cha-
racterized (Vachard and Bouyx, 2002; Ghazzay et al.,
2015).
Some levels, without characteristic microfauna and contain-
ing only rare staffellids, were dated as Early Permian sensu
lato (Lys, 1988). We confirm this age because this dolomitic
unit is preceded by Gzhelian levels (see below) and overlain
by Roadian? strata. Similarly, the levels located between the
Artinskian and the Guadalupian-Wuchiapingian are poorly cha-
racterized in the Carnic Alps (Flügel et al., 1978) and Croatia
(Kochansky-Devidé and Ramovs, 1955; Aljinović et al., 2008;
Isozaki et al., 2011). In northern Italy, the gap extends to the
Wuchiapingian or even the Changhsingian (Noé, 1988; Cirilli
et al., 1998). In Sicily, the same gap might exist between the
Artinskian (Vachard et al., 2001; Carcione et al., 2004) and
the early Capitanian (Skinner and Wilde, 1966; Ghazzay et al.,
2015).
We have found a microflora and microfauna including Per-
mocalculus sp., Hemigordiellina spp., Globivalvulina sp., and
Rectoglandulina sp., which are not age-diagnostic.
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
3.4. Carboniferous
3.4.1. Late Pennsylvanian
For the first time, we demonstrate here that a Gzhelian
transgression occurred in Tunisia. It is characterized by 3
assemblages, which correspond probably to the Early Gzhelian,
eventually increased with Late Kasimovian levels at its base. In
BMT-1, the presence of a Late Pennsylvanian interval is con-
firmed with beresellales Trinodella sp. (Fig. 11.1, 2) and the
fusulinid Schubertella transitional to Biwaella. As is the case
for the Permian assemblages, these Gzhelian assemblages are
unique in Africa. In Europe, these early Gzhelian assemblages
sporadically exist in Croatia (e.g., Sremac, 2007, text – fig.
1 p. 14), the Carnic Alps (Vachard and Krainer, 2001; Forke,
2002; Schönlaub and Forke, 2007), Chios Island and Cantabrian
Mountains (Villa and Wahlman, 2007), but nowhere achieve
the biodiversity of the stratotype sections in the Moscow Basin
(Russia). Gzhelian to Sakmarian foraminiferal assemblages in
Iran are generally poorer in diversity (e.g., Yarahmadzahi and
Vachard, 2013).
3.4.1.1. Assemblage with Darvasoschwagerina cf. donbassica
and D. cf. satoi. Darvasoschwagerina cf. donbassica (= Pseu-
doschwagerina sp. of Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 23,
fig. 1; and of Lys, 1988, pl. 4, figs. 7–8), is typical of the early
Gzhelian. It should not be confused with Pseudoschwagerina
Dunbar and Skinner, Paraschwagerina Dunbar and Skinner, or
some Likharevites Davydov, like L. ingloria (Bensh). This latter
taxon might be a secondary marker of the base of the Permian (in
absence of the principal marker Sphaeroschwagerina Miklukho-
Maklay) according to Krainer and Davydov (1998) and Davydov
and Leven (2003). Pseudoschwagerina is a genus widespread
in the Early Permian of the Urals (Russia), Tethys and North
America. All these lineages of inflated pseudoschwagerinids
with fusiform ancestors are poorly known and often confused.
The second taxon Darvasoschwagerina cf. satoi (found in the
Kirchaou 1 borehole) is difficult to determine (it was named
Paraschwagerina? sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl.
33, fig. 2; and Pseudofusulina cf. firma Shamov by Lys, 1988,
pl. 4, figs. 3–4); it resembles also some Daixina? sp. and Schwa-
gerina? sp. As this taxon is totally different from Schwagerina
firma (Shamov), the “(Middle)-Upper Asselian” age suggested
by Lys (1988) is erroneous. Although no Asselian fusulinids
were described in the Tunisian literature; their presence, due
to similarities with the Croatia assemblages, is possible. The
third taxon of the assemblages seems to be an evolved species
of the group Schubertella kingi Dunbar and Skinner, perhaps
transitional to Dutkevitchites Davydov, due to the enlargement
of the test and the beginning of septal folding, but the name
Biwaella sp. 1 given by Lys (1988), pl. 4, figs. 5–6, is misinter-
preted.
The Trinodella sp. (illustrated by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté,
1964, pl. 29, figs. 1–2, pl. 30, figs. 1–2) might be the last forms of
the beresellaceans, as in the Carnic Alps (Vachard and Krainer,
2001). We have observed these Trinodella in cuttings at 2596 m
(Fig. 11.1–2).
253
3.4.1.2. Assemblages with Quasifusulina eleganta and Con-
nexia slovenica. Quasifusulina eleganta Schlykova (designated
under this name by Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36; or as Quasi-
fusulina cayeuxi caspiensis Shcherbovich by Lys, 1988, pl. 4,
figs. 1–2; and initially as Quasifusulina sp., by Glintzboeckel
and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 31, figs. 1–2) and Connexia slovenica
Kochansky-Devidé are difficult to date precisely (not mentioned
in the legend of Lys, 1988, pl. 4, fig. 1, the specimen of Connexia
was first identified by Vachard in Vachard et al., 1997, p. 758).
As currently known, Quasifusulina eleganta is Late
Pennsylvanian in age, but is recorded throughout all the
Kasimovian-Gzhelian interval (Rozovskaya, 1958; Villa and van
Ginkel, 2000). Connexia first appears during the Early Kasimo-
vian (Vachard and Moix, 2011), even if it is more commmon in
the Early Permian (Kochansky-Devidé, 1979; Flügel and Flügel-
Kahler, 1980; Vachard, 1989; Vachard et al., 1997; Granier and
Grgasović, 2000); but not in the Moscovian as mentioned by
Kochansky-Devidé (1970), Milanović (1982), Mamet (1991)
and Sremac (2007), because in general the so-called Kashirian
of Kochansky-Devidé (1955, 1970) was erroneously interpreted
and corresponds most probably to Late Pennsylvanian levels
with Protriticites as indicated by Vachard and Moix (2011). See
also the presence of Fusulinella in the Kasimovian suggested
by Ramovs et al. (1989, p. 281), while this genus is most prob-
ably Kashirian-Podolskian in age. There is probably a mixture
of olistoliths of both ages.
3.4.1.3. Assemblages with Schwageriniformis petschoricus
and Darvasoschwagerina? sp.. Schwageriniformis petschori-
cus (Rauzer-Chernousova and Belyaev) (= Triticites sp. of
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 28, fig. 2; = Triticites aff.
irregularis annulifera of Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36; = T. cf.
petschoricus Rauzer-Chernousova and Belyaev of Lys, 1988,
pl. 3, fig. 7) and Darvasoschwagerina? sp. (= Triticites sp. of
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 28, fig. 1; and Triticites cf.
plummeri Dunbar and Condra of Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36, and
T. aff. plummeri of Lys, 1988, pl. 3, fig. 8).
Schwageriniformis petschoricus is generally considered as
middle Kasimovian-early Gzhelian in age (e.g., Rozovskaya,
1958; Grozdilova and Lebedeva, 1960; Muraviev and
Grigorieva, 1986; Remizova, 1995; Chernykh et al., 2006).
Contrary to the species of the typical assemblage with Dar-
vasoschwagerina; i.e., D. cf. donbassica and D. cf. satoi,
this Darvasoschwagerina? sp. is also very similar to Car-
bonoschwagerina Ozawa, Watanabe and Kobayashi of Tunisia,
from which Darvasoschwagerina differs uniquely in “inten-
sively fluted septa in all volutions and less developed chomata”,
and, precisely D.? sp. is less folded (hence, it was confused with
Triticites), and has developed chomata (hence, it was confused
with Triticites plummeri). Consequently, the division between
Darvasoschwagerina and Carbonoschwagerina appears rel-
atively conventional and/or arbitrary, but it is provisionally
admitted here. A vicariance might be possible, because even if
Carbonoschwagerina has normally accomplished its entire phy-
logeny in Japan (Ozawa et al., 1992), the species Schellwienia
satoi Ozawa is attributed, at the same time, to Carbonoschwa-
gerina by Ozawa et al. (1992), and to Darvasoschwagerina by
254 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Fig. 11. Moscovian and Bashkirian microfacies. Scale bars = 0.100 mm. 1–2. Trinodella sp. Late Pennsylvanian. Sample 2596 m. 3–4. Grainstone with Profusulinella
sp. Sample 2594 m. 5. Grainstone with Kamaena sp. Sample 2596 m. 6. Packstone with Profusulinella sp. and Iberiaella sp. Early Moscovian. Photo BMT3300FUSU.
7. Climacammina sp. Early Moscovian. Sample D273470. 8. Bioclastic grainstone with Pokorninella sp. Early Bashkirian. Sample D4BTM13466. 9. Bioclastic and
intraclastic packstone. Early Bashkirian. Sample D1BMT13466. 10. Oolitic grainstone. Early Bashkirian. Sample D3BMT23466. 11. Detail of fig. 11.10 showing
an Endothyra sp. as nucleus, and classical oolites.

Leven and Davydov (2001), and found in the Donets, Darvas and
Japan. Another phylogeny is possible in Tethys, passing by some
inflated triticitid taxa, like Tumefactus expressus (Anosova) and
Triticites gissaricus Bensh, as ancestors (e.g., Bensh, 1972;
Villa et al., 2003). Another possible vicariance was observed
in the USA, where Vachard, Krainer and Lucas (unpublished
data) have observed a lineage which begins with Triticites plum-
meri and gave rise to the American Pseudoschwagerina Dunbar
and Skinner and/or Paraschwagerina Dunbar and Skinner, via
Pseudoschwagerina morsei Needham and Paraschwagerina
kansasensis (Beede and Skinner), respectively.
3.4.2. Early Moscovian assemblages
The Moscovian of BMT-1 is incomplete, and its zones
of fusulinids, as well as typical foraminifers, beresellaceans
and donezellaceans, only indicate the Early Moscovian
(Vereian-Kashirian). Not any Late Moscovian (Podolskian-
Myachkovian) taxa were discovered in Tunisia (compare with
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e.g., Fohrer et al., 2007; Khodjanyazova and Davydov, 2013),
because the so-called Fusulinella are in reality Moellerites, and
the Fusulina distenta (Roth and Skinner) is a Parabeedeina
cf. pseudoelegans (Chernova) n. comb. known since the latest
Kashirian.
3.4.2.1. Late Kashirian. Our new identifications indicate that
this substage encompasses the following fusulinids in Tunisia:
Parabeedeina cf. pseudoelegans (Chernova) (previously illus-
trated as Fusulina cf. distenta by Lys, 1988, pl. 3, figs. 5–6 and
Fusulina sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 6, fig. 1);
Moellerites cf. paracolaniae (Safonova) (previously illustrated
as Fusulinella gr. F. booki [sic for ex gr. bocki] by Glintzboeckel
and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 6, fig. 2, pl. 13, fig. 2, and Fusulinella cf.
delepinei van Ginkel by Hamaoui, 1984, pl. 2, fig. 7 and Lys,
1988, pl. 2, figs. 7–8, pl. 11, fig. 8); Neostaffella cf. umbili-
cata (Putrya and Leontovich) (published as Pseudostaffella sp.
by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 15, fig. 1a; as Pseu-
dostaffella cf. proozawai Kireeva by Lys, 1988, pl. 1, fig. 5 or
without name by Lys, 1988, pl. 2, fig. 2). The assemblage is
dated following the indications of Einor (1996), Ivanova (2002),
Fohrer et al. (2007), Leven and Gorgij (2008, 2011). It corre-
sponds to the late Kashirian; i.e., the Smedva and Lopasnya “sub-
formations”, of the Russian Platform (Makhlina et al., 1997).
3.4.2.2. Early-middle Kashirian. The Hemifusulina species of
Lys (1988) are relatively questionable: H. pseudoböcki [sic]
(Putrya and Leontovich) (same name in Hamaoui, 1984, pl. 1,
fig. 3; and Lys, 1988, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 1, fig. 10); H. kashir-
ica Rauzer-Chernousova (mentioned as Profusulinella sp. by
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 14, fig. 1a–b, and under
this name by Hamaoui, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 4; Memmi et al., 1986,
p. 36; and Lys, 1988, pl. 3, figs. 1–3, pl. 11, figs. 9, 11); H. gr.
[sic for ex gr.] moelleri Rauzer-Chernousova (= Lys, 1988, pl. 3,
fig. 3; whereas Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36 indicated the biname
H. bocki for this photo); H. elliptica (Lee) (see Hamaoui, 1984,
pl. 1, fig. 5; Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36; Lys, 1988, pl. 3, fig.
4). H. cf. pulchella Rauzer-Chernousova was cited but not illus-
trated by Memmi et al. (1986), p. 36; its corresponds perhaps
to H. pseudobocki sensu Hamaoui and Lys, not mentioned by
these authors. Moreover, the first species differs from H. pseu-
dobocki, by its weaker septal folding, lesser axial filling, and its
smaller dimensions; it is more similar to Hemifusulina levipli-
cata Bogush and H. elliptica is more probably a nepiont of H.
consobrina Rauzer-Chernousova.
Ozawainella cf. crassiformis Putrya (published as Oza-
wainella sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 14, fig. 2)
belong probably also to this assemblage.
The age is middle Kashirian, in comparison with Fohrer et al.
(2007); i.e., equivalent of the Nara “subformation” of the Rus-
sian Platform (Makhlina et al., 1997).
The early Kashirian (Tsna “subformation”; occasionally
considered as a Tsninian stage) or Aljutovella (Priscoidella)
priscoidea Zone does not seem to be fossiliferous in Tunisia.
3.4.2.3. Late Vereian. Profusulinella cf. simplex Safonova
(Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 9, fig. 1, pl. 10, fig. 1)
255
perhaps was also found in this zone. The assemblage is dated
as late Vereian following the data of Vilesov (2002), Ivanova
(2002), Fohrer et al. (2007), Leven and Gorgij (2008, 2011),
Davydov (2009); i.e., equivalent of the Ordynka “subformation”
of the Russian Platform (Makhlina et al., 1997).
3.4.2.4. Early Vereian. This assembage is composed of the
following species: Aljutovella (Tikhinovichella) rhombiformis
n. comb. (previously illustrated as Profusulinella sp. by
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 18, fig. 1, and Aljutovella
postaljutovica by Lys, 1988, pl. 2, fig. 1 (see also Memmi
et al., 1986, p. 36), as well illustrated as Profusulinella rhomb-
iformis nibelensis Rauzer-Chernousova by Lys, 1988, pl. 1, fig.
15 (see also Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36); Depratina timanica
(Kireeva) previously illustrated as Profusulinella prisca timan-
ica Kireeva by Lys (1988), pl. 1, fig. 14 and Profusulinella sp.
by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté (1964), pl. 18, fig. 2); Ovatella
sp. (Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 10, fig. 2); and Pro-
fusulinella cf. convoluta Safonova (Lys, 1988, pl. 1, fig. 13;
as Profusulinella cf. prisca (Deprat)); Eofusulina cf. tashlen-
sis Malakhova (previously illustrated as Akyioshella sp. by
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 21, fig. 1; as Eofusulina
binominata by Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36 and as Eofusulina cf.
binominata by Hamaoui, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 1 and by Lys, 1988,
pl. 2, fig. 5); Paraeofusulina trianguliformis (Putrya) (previously
illustrated as Akyioshella sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964,
pl. 21, fig. 2, pl. 22, fig. 1, and as Eofusulina triangula (Putrya)
by Memmi et al., 1986, p. 36; and by Lys, 1988, pl. 2, figs. 3–4,
pl. 11, fig. 12). The assemblage is dated as Early Vereian fol-
lowing the data of Vilesov (2002), Ivanova (2002), Fohrer et al.
(2007), Leven and Gorgij (2008, 2011); i.e., as an equivalent
of the Alyutovo and Shat “subformations” of Russian Platform
(Makhlina et al., 1997).
3.4.2.5. Early Moscovian smaller foraminifers and algae.
Bradyina magna Roth and Skinner (see Glintzboeckel and
Rabaté, 1964, pl. 8, fig. 1, and Lys, 1988, pl. 1, fig. 8) and
associated with B. sphaerica Putrya, B. sphaeroidea Putrya, B.
pseudonautiliformis Reitlinger, Endothyra sp., Globivalvulina
minima Reitlinger, Ammovertella sp., Tuberitina bulbacea Gal-
loway and Harlton, Climacammina sp., and Deckerella sp.
A very nice and potentially new species of dasycladalean epi-
mastoporeans Paraepimastopora n. sp. (see Glintzboeckel and
Rabaté, 1964, pl. 12, fig. 2, pl. 26, figs. 1–2), and many beresel-
laceans (Beresella, Dvinella, Uraloporella) (see Glintzboeckel
and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 13, fig. 1, pl. 18, fig. 1, pl. 19, fig. 2, pl.
20, fig. 2, pl. 23, fig. 2, pl. 25, figs. 1–2), Donezella lutugini
Maslov (see Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 2), and
Iberiaella sp. (see Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 8, fig. 1,
pl. 25, fig. 1).
3.4.3. Early Bashkirian
Plectostaffella cf. karsaklensis Kulagina (previously illus-
trated as Millerella sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl.
1, fig. 1b), Varvariella nauvalia (Rumyantseva) (previously
illustrated as Millerella sp. by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964,
pl. 1, fig. 2), Varvariella ex gr. varvariensis (Brazhnikova
256 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265

Fig. 12. Serpukhovian-Late Visean specimens. Scale bars = 0.100 mm. 1. Endothyra bowmani Phillips sensu Brady emend. CINZ. Sample 3772 m. 2. Koninckopora
inflata (de Koninck). Sample 3772 m. 3. Fourstonella irregularis Mamet et Roux. Sample 3774 m. 4. Nodosarchaediscus demaneti (Conil and Lys). Sample 3772 m.
5. Kasachstanodiscus sp. Sample 3772 m. 6. Paraarchaediscus ex gr. stilus (Grozdilova and Lebedeva). Sample 3774 m. 7. “Quasiarchaediscus aff. pamirensis”
sensu Cózar and Somerville (2013). Sample 3774 m. 8. Endostaffella delicata Rozovskaya. Sample 3780 m. 9. Paraarchaediscus ex gr. convexus (Grozdilova
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265 257

and Potievska) (previously illustrated as Millerella sp. by
Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 2, fig. 1), and millerellin
indet. (previously illustrated as Endothyra sp. by Glintzboeckel
and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 2, fig. 2). Lys (1988) has not re-illustrated
these eostaffellid fusulinids from the Kirchaou1 borehole,
whose age is unquestionably Bogdanovian; i.e., earliest
Bashkirian. Only some smaller foraminifers from the Kirchaou
1 borehole were re-interpreted by this author. The species
names are correctly indicated by Lys (1988, pl. 1, figs. 1–2,
4): Archaediscus cf. convexus Grozdilova and Lebedeva;
Asteroarchaediscus gregorii (Dain); and Archaediscus donet-
zianus Sosnina, but some misinterpretations are here corrected:
(1) the genus names are most probably: Paraarchaediscus,
Planospirodiscus and Tubispirodiscus?, respectively; (2) the age
of latest Visean V3c for fig. 1, is probaly erroneous, because (a)
Paraarchaediscus convexus in known up to the Bashkirian (b)
in the pl. 3, fig. 2, this specimen appears in an oolitic grainstone
which is regionally a Bashkirian lithology. In Glintzboeckel
and Rabaté (1964), other microfacies of oolitic grainstones
show also Reitlingerina sp.; “Tolypammina” fortis Reitlinger
(in reality, an attached miliolate similar to Palaeonubecularia);
“Globivalvulina” moderata Reitlinger (Glintzboeckel and
Rabaté, 1964, pl. 4, fig. 1); Pokorninella, Reitlingerina, and
Stacheoides (Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 5, fig. 2).
All these taxa are probably also Bogdanovian in age, because
they are associated with Globivalvulina scaphoidea Reitlinger
and Asteroarchaediscus ex gr. baschkiricus (Krestovnikov and
Teodorovich) (see Glintzboeckel and Rabaté, 1964, pl. 5, fig. 1).
Finally, a schubertelloid was published as Eoschubertella sp.
by Glintzboeckel and Rabaté (1964), pl. 1, fig. 1a, and by Lys
(1988), pl. 3, fig. 8. It was found in the Kirchaou 1, and its
age is possibly early Bashkirian (Syuranian). In our opinion,
it is transitional between Semistaffella Reitlinger and Schu-
bertina Marshall, a name which might replace Eoschubertella
Thompson after the emendation of Davydov (2011); even if
Schubertina was preferentially synonymized with Semistaffella
by van Ginkel (1986).
3.4.4. Mississippian (Serpukhovian-late Visean)
As in the whole of northern Africa, a large majority (if
not all) of the foraminifers and algae appear with a transgres-
sion which is everywhere of late Visean age MFZ13-MFZ14
(Vachard et al., 1993a); even if Tournaisian and early/middle
Visean shallow deposits are known in many places but devoid
of foraminifers (Morocco, Algeria, Libya: Vachard et al.,
1993a; Fröhlich et al., 2010). Two regions differ with assem-
blages older than MFZ10-MFZ11, NW Morocco and Sinai
but they are directly connected with the Atlantic Province
and the Mediterranean Province of Somerville et al., 2013,
respectively and not with the Saharan Province of these
authors.
The oldest Mississippian algal and foraminiferal assemblage
from Tunisia, in BMT-1, is characterized by Kamaenella den-
bighi Mamet & Roux, and consequently cannot be older than
MFZ13 (based on the oldest appearance (FAD) of this incertae
sedis alga according to Mamet, 1991) and Scalebrina sp. This
first assemblage is succeeded by two assemblages, which are
respectively:
• the second foraminiferal and algal assemblages are also late
Visean-early Serpukhovian in age with Koninckopora, Wind-
soporella and large Eostaffella (Fig. 12);
• the last assemblage of this group is early-middle Serpukho-
vian in age, with Eosigmoilina?, Praedonezella and small
Eostaffella (Fig. 12). Moreover, the first Praedonezella appear
as early as the late Visean (Vachard et al., 2004), and our
Eosigmoilina? is similar to Quasiarchaediscus? aff. pamiren-
sis Miklukho-Maklay described in the Archerbeck borehole
(Cózar and Somerville, 2013, fig. 11r) from the “unnamed
Limestone X” correlated by these authors with the middle part
of the late Brigantian (i.e., terminal part of MFZ15 zone).
3.5. Biostratigraphical summary
Our results are summarized in Fig. 13. The basement,
Ordovician in age, is overlain by a pre-late Visean sequence,
the top of which is characterized by Kamaenella denbighi
and Scalebrina sp., the minimal age of which is MFZ13,
and by two assemblages, the first one with Koninckopora;
Windsoporella and large Eostaffella and the second one with
Eosigmoilina?, Praedonezella and small Eostaffella, whose
precise age is difficult to define, either late Visean (MFZ14-15)
or yet early-middle Serpukhovian.
The earliest Bashkirian (Bogdanovian) assemblages are
characterized by eostaffellids Plectostaffella cf. karsaklensis,
Varvariella nauvalia, V. ex gr. varvariensis; staffelloids
Reitlingerina sp.; archaediscids Paraarchaediscus cf. con-
vexus, Tubispirodiscus? donetzianus, Asteroarchaediscus ex
gr. baschkiricus, Planospirodiscus gregorii; globivalvulin-
ids Globivalvulina moderata, G. scaphoidea; miliolates

and Lebedeva). Sample 3780 m. 10. Mediocris breviscula (Ganelina). Sample 3807 m. 11. Windsoporella cf. pareyni (Mamet et Roux). Sample 3780 m. 12.
Earlandia minor (Rauzer-Chernousova). Sample 3780 m. 13. Praedonezella cespeformis Kulik. Sample 3807 m. 14. Pseudokamaena sp. Sample 3780 m. 15.
Issinella sp. Sample 3780 m. 16. Stacheoides polytrematoides (Brady). Sample 3780 m. 17. Paraarchaediscus cf. koktjubensis (Rauzer-Chernousova). Sample
3807 m. 18. Earlandia vulgaris (Rauzer-Chernousova and Reitlinger). Sample 3810 m. 19. Koninckopora tenuiramosa Wood. Sample 3810 m. 20. Pokorninella
sp. Sample 3807 m. 21. Paraarchaediscus ex gr. moelleri (Rauzer-Chernousova). Sample 3807 m. 22. Haplophragmina sp. Sample 3807 m. 23. Archaediscus sp.
Sample 3807 m. 24. Nodosarchaediscus cf. demaneti (Conil and Lys). Sample 3830 m. 25. Palaeotextularia or nepiont of Climacammina sp. Sample 3830 m.
26. “Warnantella” sp. Sample 3830 m. 27. Kamaenella denbighi Mamet et Roux. Sample 3830 m. 28. Endothyranopsis? sp. Sample 3807 m. 29. Endothyra ex gr.
prisca Rauzer-Chernousova and Reitlinger. Sample 3790 m. 30. Eotuberitina reitlingerae Miklukho-Maklay. Sample 3807 m. 31. Endostaffella delicata Rozovskaya.
Sample 3810 m. 32. Kamaenella sp. Sample 3807 m. 33. Stacheoides polytrematoides (Brady). Sample 3810 m. 34. Endothyra ex gr. similis Rauzer-Chernousova and
Reitlinger. Sample 3800 m. 35. Consobrinellopsis consobrina (Lipina). Sample 3790 m. 36. Eostaffella sp. Sample 3790 m. 37. Koninckopora tenuiramosa Wood.
Sample 3810 m. 38. Endostaffella delicata Rozovskaya. Sample 3810 m. 39. Endothyra sp. 1. Sample 3810 m. 40. Paraarchaediscus moelleri (Rauzer-Chernousova).
Sample 3807 m.
258 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
Fig. 13. Correlation table of different Tunisian boreholes traversing the Triassic, Permian, and Carboniferous.
“Tolypammina” fortis; and incertae sedis algae Pokorninella
and Stacheoides.
Only one undetermined taxon, transitional between
Semistaffella and Schubertina is possibly early Bashkirian
(Syuranian) in age. No late early and late Bashkirian taxa were
identified. Similarly, as the early Moscovian is almost complete,
the late Moscovian is entirely absent.
The early Moscovian successions correspond exactly to
the Russian stratotypes with the early Vereian (Sknigovskaya-
Al’yutovskaya), late Vereian (Ordynskaya), middle Kashirian
(Narskaya) and late Kashirian (Smedvinskaya-Lopaninskaya);
only the early Kashirian was not recognized. The Early
Moscovian microfloras and microfaunas include among the
algae a potentially new species of dasycladalean Paraepi-
mastopora, many beresellaceans (Beresella, Dvinella, Uralo-
porella), Donezella lutugini, and Iberiaella sp.; among the
smaller foraminifers Bradyina magna, B. sphaerica Putrya,
B. sphaeroidea Putrya, B. pseudonautiliformis Reitlinger,
Endothyra sp., Globivalvulina minima Reitlinger, Ammovertella
sp., Tuberitina bulbacea Galloway and Harlton, Climacammina
sp., and Deckerella sp.; and among the fusulinids Ozawainella
cf. crassiformis, Neostaffella cf. umbilicata, Aljutovella (Tikhi-
novichella) rhombiformis, A. (A.) postaljutovica, Depratina
timanica, Ovatella sp., Profusulinella cf. convoluta, P. cf. sim-
plex, Eofusulina cf. tashlensis, Paraeofusulina trianguliformis,
Hemifusulina kashirica, H. ex gr. moelleri, H. leviplicata, H.
consobrina, Moellerites cf. paracolaniae and Parabeedeina cf.
pseudoelegans.
The Late Pennsylvanian exhibits three assemblages which
are late Kasimovian and Gzhelian in age, (1) Assemblage
with Schwageriniformis petschoricus and Darvasoschwage-
rina? sp.; (2) Assemblage with Quasifusulina eleganta and
Connexia slovenica; (3) Assemblage with Darvasoschwagerina
spp., Schubertella transitional to Dutkevitchites, and algae Trin-
odella sp.
The Permian, pre-Capitanian succession is poorly charac-
terized by oncolites, Permocalculus sp., Hemigordiellina spp.,
Globivalvulina sp., and Rectoglandulina sp.; similarly, the
Capitanian-Lopingian interval displays poor assemblages com-
posed of (a) microbialites (clotted textures and rare identifiable
trichomes of Mitcheldeania), codiaceans or gymnocodiaceans?,
and four dasycladaleans Epimastopora sp., Johnsonia spinosa,
Likanella spinosa, and Atractyliopsis lastensis; (b) smaller
foraminifers, Globivalvulina ex gr. bulloides (Brady), Cal-
civertella spp., Hemigordiellina spp., Pseudoagathammina
sp., Agathammina sp., Hemigordius spp., Midiella spp.,
 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
Fig. 14. Palaeogeographic map.
Glomomidiella sp., Glomomidiellopsis sp., Graecodiscus
aff. kotlyarae, Baisalina? sp., Nodosaria sp., Geinitzina sp.,
Rectoglandulina sp.; and (c) as a unique encountered fusulinid,
Sphaerulina sp.
The Early Triassic of BMT-1 contains poor assemblages with
Claraia sp. and Microconchus? phlyctaena, and displays a total
disappearance of the Permian microfaunas and microfloras.
4. Palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications
Due to the geographic simplicity of the Pangaea super-
continent, the palaeogeographic of the Early-Middle Permian
period are generally few discussed since long time (compare, for
instance, Argyriadis et al., 1980; Metcalfe, 2002; Colpaert et al.,
2015); the same would not apply for Carboniferous palaeomaps
(Stampfli and Borel, 2002; Villa et al., 2002; Kalvoda, 2002;
Vai, 2003; Villa and Wahlman, 2007; Blakey, 2008; Groves and
Wang, 2009; Somerville et al., 2013; Aretz et al., 2014).
If we admit the existence of a Saharan province (Somerville
et al., 2013), they are at least three possibilities to interpret the
palaeogeography of this province: (1) it is the classical gulf com-
ing from the current Mediterranean border and extending more
or less largely to the south (Ziegler et al., 1979; Scotese and
McKerrow, 1990; Cózar and Vachard, 2001; Scotese, 2002);
(2) they are different aulacogenes oriented N-S. which corre-
spond to the Béchar Basin, Reggane Basin, and Illiz Basin in
Algeria and to the Libyan Gulf (Massa and Vachard, 1979;
Vachard and Cózar, 2005). Each of these basins communi-
cates separately with the Tethys; than could explain the relative
endemism of these basins from each other mentioned by dif-
ferent authors (e.g., Cózar et al., 2014a, b); (3) in spite of
these S-N oriented digitations, the general structure encom-
passing them is E-W or W-E; i.e., this complicated system can
have an unique communication with the Carboniferous oceans;
either, the Tindouf basins, with the Rheic, or the Tunisian basin
with the Tethys. In fact, the history of the Libyan gulf demon-
strates than the imput in sea-waters may be modified during the
259
times, with confinement (evaporites) and/or subaerial exposure
(Fig. 14).
The interior seas of Australia recently studied by Vachard
et al. (2014), seem to indicate that these aulocogens or rifts func-
tioning as long and narrow interior seas might be a characteristic
but neglected element permitting to explain some uncommon
palaeotopographies, environments, and assemblages of the Mis-
sissippian seas.
The other younger basins observed in the Maghreb including
the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) were connected earlier because they
present microfaunas of the MFZ12 (and eventually MFZ11B)
biozones (Vieslet, 1983); either with the Rheic ocean (NW
Morocco), or directly with the Tethys (Sinai) where the first
microfaunas are MFZ11 (and eventually MFZ10?; Vachard and
Moix, in press).
5. Conclusions
From bottom to top, the BMT-1 borehole reveals:
• the oldest foraminiferal and algal assemblages are late Visean
in age with Kamaenella, Koninckopora and large Eostaffella;
• the early Serpukhovian is present with Eosigmoilina?, Prae-
donezella, and small Eostaffella;
• the Bashkirian and Moscovian are incomplete with all their
zones of fusulinids, as well as typical foraminifers, beresel-
laleans and donezellaceans of the Bogdanovian, Syuranian
for the Bashkirian, and the Vereian, Kashirian for the Mosco-
vian. Many genera never, or very rarely, cited in Western
Europe and North Africa are present: Varvarella, Depratina,
Ovatella, Tikhonovichella, Paraeofusulina, Moellerites and
Parabeedeina;
• the Late Pennsylvanian is confirmed with beresellales and
Schubertella spp. (according to the literature, some late
Kasimovian-early Gzhelian fusulinids Schwageriniformis,
Quasifusulina, and Darvasoschwagerina are present in other
boreholes);
260 W. Ghazzay-Souli et al. / Revue de micropaléontologie 58 (2015) 239–265
• the Early Permian is conventionally represented by unfossil-
iferous dolomites. They are also unfossiliferous in BMT-1;
• the Late Middle Permian and Late Permian represent an
unfavourable facies for foraminifers. Moreover, Likanella at
the base and Atractyliopsis at its top permits to suggest that the
succession of stages is probably complete. The facies of this
part of the sequence is very similar to the Khuff Formation of
Saudi Arabia and Middle-East;
• the Early Triassic is represented mostly by sandstone. Rarely,
limestones contain Claraia and Microconchus? phlyctaena;
• the Carboniferous-Triassic interval of Tunisia which was
supposed relatively continuously deposited and registered is
in fact punctuated with several depositional episodes, the
principal of which are the late Visean; earliest Bashkirian;
early Moscovian; early Gzhelian; an undetermined Permian;
Capitanian-Lopingian; and Early Triassic.
Disclosure of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
concerning this article.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Prof. Ian Somerville (Dublin) and
Prof. Demir Altıner (Ankara) for reviewing the manuscript and
for their helpful and valuable comments. We are also grateful to
Prof. Taniel Danelian for his editorial expertise. Thanks to Mrs.
Benzarti Rakia director of exploration service (from SEREPT)
for his helpful and thanks to SEREPT for its authorization to
publish this paper.
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