144
Rearranging (l), and (2) we get
- Ujj)Zj
(1
@
k = 1, 2, , r. (4)
For convenience of representation in matrix
form, sampling (*) is shown after the trans-
mittance, although actually the productof the
variable at the previous node and the trans-
mittance (i.e., hik-xi or &t.y,,,) is sampled, and
this fact is automatically taken into account
in obtaining data from the matrix to apply the
general gain formula2 for the output.
Fig. 1 (a) and (b) represents, respectively,
(3) and (4). Rewriting (3) and (4),
C. is an (n+r)X(n+r) square matrix for an
r-sampler system with the variables, corre-
sponding to main diagonal elements - 1+ajj
and -l+dkk*,respectively, representing the
white and black nodes.
It can be easily Seen that the matrix in (7)
is generalized, as it includes the signal-flow
matrix forcontinuous systems'when the
black nodes (i.e., sampled variables) are a b
sent (Le., yr=O).
Path transmittances to a white node xi
from the other nodes are to be remembered
[Fig. l(a)] as u,j/(l-ujj)(i#j; i = l , 2, . . . ,
n) and hj/(l-ajj) ( k = 1, 2, . . . , r ) and the
transmittances to a black node yk from the
other nodes are to be remembered [Fig. I(b)]
as hsk*/(l-d'+&), ( i = l , 2, . . . , n) and
d,,,k*/I-d&*, ( m # k ;m = l , 2 , . , r)..
As in the case of signal-flow matrlx for
continuous systems,' signals leave a main
diagonal element (node x i or yk) along the
column vertically to the jth row element and
then jump horizontally to the main diagonal
element (node xj or yj).
Elementary type-1 and type-2 paths and
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, JANUARY 1972
signal-flow matrix, consider a system with
SX' equations:
21 = 1 +
2 2 = ~ 1 z . 2 1 b12.yl
y1 = hll*'21 +
h*1**22 (9)
C, = [.-; ,". -(][j
~ l z -1 b1z = output. (10)
From the matrix in (10) it is clear that XI, XZ,
represent white nodes and yl represents the
black node, with the self loops Qj and dkk*
absent.
To get the nonsampled output x2, writing
the elementary type-1 and type-2 paths and
loops, we get the following values.
Elementary paths and path transmittances:
Type-1 path: ( x l , xz); transmittance:
Pl(l) =all.
Type-2 paths: (xl,yl, xd; transmittance:
~ *x2,
~ ~ ( * ) = h ~(xl, . by ~l , ~x;3 ;transmittance:
PZ(~)=(~I~~ZI)*.~I~.
Elementary loops and loop transmittances:
Type-1 loops: nil.
Type-2 l o o p : (yl, X Z , y l ) ; L I ( ~ ) = ( ~ I Z ~ Z I ) . *
Hence A(1) = 1, A(*) = 1-LlC2), A(1) = 1, and
Ai(%)= 1 for the type-2 paths and It is A(') for
the type-1 path, as it is not connected with
type-2 loop. From the general gain formula
we get :
(b)
+
zz= 1/1 @ (Pl(1).A(r) + PI(') P*('))/A(')
Fig. 1.
= (112 + +
[hll*.bl* ( u I z ~ z ~ ) * * ~ ~ z ] /
[I - (blzhzd*I. (11)
loops2 can be systematically written from the
matrix in (7) for therequired nonsampled out- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
pht. In the course of type-2 paths and loops,
when an element with sampled transmittance The author wishes to thank Dr. V. V.
ha* or d d * is touched, the nonsampled trans- Chalam for his valuable discussions.
T.NAGARAJA
Dept. Elec. Eng.
Inst. Technol. B.H.U.
Varanasi, India
mittance obtained till the previous white node, Microstrip Dispersion
together with hi^ or d,e as a whole is to be Abstract-Microstrip transmission lines used
taken as sampled, which is quite obvious. It in microwave integrated circuits are dispersive.
will account for the simplification made in
The dispersion of the lines is fully characterized
writing the governing equation (2) for a black
by thefrequency-dependent normalized phase
node.
velocity Fp which is equal tothe ratio of guide
The nonsampled output C is obtained
wavelength h, to free-space wavelength )io. An
from the general gain formula:*
approximate equation is given forthenormal-
ized phasevelocity VP and forthefrequency-
dependent line impedance Z for standard mi-
crostrip
transmission
lines.
Comparison with
where Pi are elementary type-I or type-2 available experimental data and computed data
paths. shows that the error of the approximation is less
A(l) and A@) are, respectively, the first and than 3 percentformicrostriptransmissionlines
second determinants of the graph; A$') and commonlyused in engineering applications.
Ai(,) are the sub-determinants for a path seg-
The dispersion characteristics of shielded
ment;obtained, respectively, from A(l) and and open microstrip transmission lines have
A@), omitting the loops connected with the been investigated experimentally and theo-
corresponding path segment. retically by many authors (11-[19]. The results
The symbol @ represents multiplication obtained by both methods are as follows.
of each path segment uj in the numerator
and denominator of x ; P ; . A P ) / A ( 2 )by, the
corresponding A > ( l ) / A ( l ) . Manuscript received August 20, 1971; revised
To illustrate the use of the generalized September 10. 1971.
PROCEEDINGS LETIZRS 145

r-----l

1
I
,
0,,
,; 2 4 6 8 1 0

FREOUENCY f GHz

00
w=O.I27crn
10
I
20
I I
30
1 Fig. 2. Normalized phase velocity s p plotted as a func-
tion of frequency for standard microstrip transmis-
sion line witharelativedielectricconstant of the
FREQUENCY f G H z substrate +=15.87. Experimental points by Den-
linger 131.
Fig. 1. Microstrip dispersion for standard microstrip transmission line in rectangular channel forw = h =0.127 cm.
5 p is plotted as a function of frequency for cI =2.65, 4.20, 8.875, and 20.0. Theoretical curves (dotted curves)
published by Mittra and Itoh [2].
Equations ( 1 x 5 ) are fulfilled by the ra-
tional function

- 1 E / s t t b P +6
Bp =
.\/€+eft fa* +1 (6)

where the normalized frequency f is defined

bY

with h as the substrate thickness. The cutoff

frequency fc of the TE1 surface wave is

where co= 3.10'0 cm/s is the velocity of light

0 2
I
FREQUENCY f
Fig. 3. Normalized phase velocity itp plotted as a function of frequency for standard microstrip transmission line
with a relative dielectric constant of the substrate eI = 104. Experimental points by Hartwig, W,and P u c e 1
[4]; static approximation based on work by Wheeler [22].
1) The normalized phase velocity Bp is a
monotonically decreasing function of the fre-
quency f.
2) The normalized phase velocity and its
first-order derivative at f = O are given by
(1)
acp
(2)
The effective dielectric constant is defined by
Gff = C/Co,where C is the static capacitance
per unit length of the microstrip transmission
linewith thedielectricand Cois the capacitance
per unit length without the dielectric.
3) The normalized phase velocity and its
in free space, and the effective dielectric con-
MEASURED (HARTWIG. MASSE a PUCEL*) stant t e f f is given by [21]
3 S 6
GHZ
4
4ff = -
2
+ __
€,+I €7-1 1
10h
(9)
where w is the width of the strip.
It should be noted that (6) is an engineer-
first-order derivative for f- are given by ing approximation because it satisfies only
1 (1~5).
(31 A plot of the normalized phase velocity
f*P .\/z versus frequency for various microstrip trans-
missionlines with different geometrical line
(4) parameters and different relative dielectric
constants is shown in Figs. 1-3. The solid
where E, is the relative dielectric constant of lines are computed from ( 6 ) ; the measured
the substrate. points and the dotted lines are based on ex-
4) The second-order derivative of Ep with perimental and computed data published by
respect to f is zero in the vicinity of the cutoff Mittra and Itoh [2], Denlinger [3], and Hart-
frequency of the lowest order transverse elec- wig, Masse, and Puce1 [4]. Comparison with
tric surface wave (TE1 surface wave [20]): these data shows that the error of the approx-
imation is less than 3 percent.
The wave impedance of dispersive lines is
defined as the ratio of the transverse electric
field to the transverse magnetic field at some
146
specified point of the transmission line. The
computation of the wave impedance of stan-
dard microstrip transmission lines is compli-
cated and thevalue of the impedance depends
upon the choice of the field point.
A different definition of the waveim-
pedance has been proposed by Denlinger [3].
The impedance is defined by Z = l/oC, where
D is the velocity of the propagating wave and
C is the static capacitance of the microstrip
transmission line per unit length. One obtains
for the ratio Z / Z o for f = 0
and for the wave impedance
where Zois the static characteristic impedance
of the microstrip transmission line with the
dielectric removed (e,= 1). Equation (11) can
be extended to f > O by using the frequency-
dependent ratio 5p = X,/Ao given by (6).Equa-
tion (11) has some similarities with the equa-
tionfor the TE-wave impedance of a rec-
tangular waveguide. This can be explained by
the fact that the first-order perturbation of
the hybrid microstrip mode can be described
by transverse electric currents on the strip,
that means transverse electric fields in the
cross-sectional plane of the microstrip. The
wave impedance of a rectangular waveguide
with dimensions a and b for the fundamental
TElo modeis defined by
Since a = 26 for most waveguide sizes used in
engineering applications, one obtains
where d&= 1% ohm is the intrinsic
impedance of free space.
MARTINV. SCHNEIDER
Crawford Hill Lab.
Bell Telephone Labs., Inc.
Holmdel, N.J. 07733
REFERENCES
[l] 1. Zysman and D. Varon, “Wave propagation in
microstrip tines,” in I%9 G - M l T Int. Microwave
Symp.Dig. (Dallas, Tex.. May 1969). pp.
3-9
(IEEE Cat. 69c6).
(21 R. Wttra and T. Itoh, “A new technique for the
analysis of the dispersion characteristic of micro-
strip lina,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
vol. MTT-19, pp. 47-54 Jan. 1971.
[3] E. J. Denlinger, “A frequency dependent solution
for microstrip transmission lines,” IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MlT-19, pp. 30-39,
Jan. 1971.
[4]C. P. Hartwig, D. M a d , and R. A. Pucel, “Fre-
quency dependent behavior of microstrip.” in I968
G - M l T I n t . Microwace Syrnp. Dig. (Detroit, Mich.,
May 1968). pp. 110-116 (IEEE Cat. 68C38).
[S] P. Daly, “Hybrid-mode analysis of microstrip by
finite-element methods,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech., vol.MTT-19.pp. 19-25. Jan. 1971.
[q P. Troughton, “Measurement techniques in micro-
strip,’’ Elecfron. Left., vol. 5 , pp. 25-26, Jan. 23,
1969.
[7] R. E. Cooke. “Dispersion characteristics of micro-
strip transmission lines,” in Proc. I969 European
Microwave Conf. (London, England, Sept. 1969).
p. 2 (Inst. Elec. Eng. Conf. Publ. 58).
[8] J. S. H o m b y and A. Gopinath, “Fourier analysk
of a dielectric-loaded waveguide with a microstrip
line.” Electron. L e f r . , vol. 5. pp. 265-267, June 12,
1969.
(91 -, “Numerical analysis of a dielectric-loaded
waveguide with a microstrip line-Finite-difference
methods,” IEEE Trans. Microwace Theory Tech.,
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[IO] -, “Numerical solutions of inhomogeneously
filled guides with symmetrical microstrip line,” in
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England, Sept. 1969). pp. 114-117 (Inst. Elec. Eng.
Conf. Publ. 58).
[I 11 G. Kowalewski and R. Regla, “Dispersion charac-
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ness,” Arch. Elek. Vberfragung., vol. 25, pp. 193-
196, Apr. 1971.
[12] J. C. Minorand D. M. Bolle, “Modes in the
shielded microstrip on a ferritesubstrate trans-
versely magnetized in the plane of the substrate,”
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-
19, pp. 570-577, July 1971.
[I31 S. Arnold, “Dispersive effects in microstrip on
alumina substrates,” Electron. Lett., vol. 5, pp.
673-674. k. 27, 1969.
[I41 P. Troughton. “The evaluation of alumina sub-
strates foruse in microwave integrated arcuits.” in
Proc. I969 European Microwace Con5 (London,
England, Sept. 1969).pp.49-52 (Inst. Elec. Eng.
Conf. Publ. 58).
[I51 W.J. Chudobiak. 0.P. Jain, and V. Makios, “Dis-
persion in microstrip,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech. (Corresp.), vol. MTT-19. pp.783-
784, Sept. 1971.
[la] 0.P. Jain, V. Makios, and W. J. Chudobiak, “The
dispersive behavior of microstrip transmission
lines.” in Proc. I971 European Microwaoe Conf.
(Stockholm, Sweden, Aug.1971).pp. C3/5:1-
c3/5:4.
[I71 A. Laloux and A. Vander Vorst. “The dispersive
character of microstrip lines,” in Proc. I971 Euro.
peon Microwace Conf. (Stockholm. Sweden,Aug.
1971). pp. C3/6: I-C3/6:3.
[18] G. Gruneberger and H. H. Meinke. “A theory of
the mrcrostrip line including longitudinal wmpo-
nents,” in Proc. I971 European Microwace Conf.
(Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 1971). pp. C4/2:1-
C4/2 :4.
1191T. Itoh and R. Mittra, “Dispersion characterintics
of microstrip lines,” in Proc. I971 European Micro-
wace Conf. (Stockholm, Sweden,Aug.1971),p.
c4/3.
[zo] R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Warns. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1960, pp. 470-477.
[ZI] M. V. Schadder, “Microstrip lines for microwave
integrated arcuits,” &I1 Sysr. Tech. 1.. vol. 48,
pp. 1421-1444, M a y - J u ~1969.
[U] H. A. Wheeler, “Transmission-line propenieaof
parallel strips separated by a didearic sheet,”
IEEE Trans. MicrowaveTheory Tech., vol. MTT-13.
pp. 172-185. Mar. 1965.
El€ects of FFT .Coefficient Quantiza-
tionon Bin Frequency Response
Abstract-Amethod i s presented for anal-
yzing the effcts of quantization of coefficients on
thefrequencyresponseof any frequency bin of
the fast Fouriertransform IFFTI algorithm. Al-
thoughmore detail is easily obtained, we con-
centrateonpredictingthelocations and sizes
of all spurioussidelobes in thefrequency re-
sponse which are above any specified level.
Certain sidelobes are presentduetothe par-
ticular window or weighting function that .is
being used.Spurioussidelobes or artifacts are
extra ridelobes which are introduced if the FFT
Coefficients are quantized.
Manuscript received September 14, 1971.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BEE, JANUARY 1972
I N T R O D U ~ OAND
N ASSUMPTIONS
The effects of coefficient quantization on
the frequency response of a fast Fourier trans-
form (FFT) frequency bin have not been well
characterized. This is in contrast to the effects
of quantization of the inputdata elements and
rounding or truncation of the results of multi-
ples and additions, which have been treated
11 I-WI.
Our analysis is based on the assumption
that, even though the FFT coefficients are
quantized, the arithmetic of the FFTaIgorithm
is carried out exactly. In addition to making
the results of our analysis exact, this assump
tion is motivated as follows:
1) The case of exact arithmetic provides a
useful performance bound.
2) Our method of analyzing the effects of
quantization of FFT coefficients can be used
to reduce the number of bits per coefficient
(or, perhaps better, the coefficient complexity
[5]) to the minimum possible amount for a
given level of performance. Hence it is feasi-
ble and probably efficient to utilize “double-
precision” accumulation [ 6 ]to realize the pre-
dicted performance exactly.
3) We wish to focus our attention on the
part of the FFT design procedure which is
presently in worst shape. The effects of input
quantization and arithmetic roundoff can be
treated separately.
By performance we mean the level of spuri-
ous sidelobes in the frequency response. of the
FFT frequency bins. Spurious sidelobes are
those due to coefficient quantization, not
those sidelobes due to the particular window
or weighting function being used.
STEPS OF THE ANALYSIS
If the arithmetic is carried out exactly
with the quantized coefficients, then each FFT
bin output is a linear functional of its N input
data elements. And, therefore, we can represent
the output of any FFT bin as an inner product
of two wctors-the data Dector anda reference
Dector [7].
The value of the reference vector is that
one can use it to convert the FFT problem to
an equivalent narrow-band digital filtering
roblem which has already been investigated
P51. Specifically, if the complex-valued refer-
ence vector (ro, rl . .. T N - ~ ) of the nth FFT
bin is used as the reference sequence for a
cross-correlation narrow-band digital filter
[SI, then the digital filter (again using exact
arithmetic) would produce the same complex-
valued outputs as the nth bin of the FFT prcr
cessor. Hence the frequency response of the
digital filter can be determined by the meth-
ods of [ 5 ] for example, and this frequency
response is the frequency response of the nth
FFT bin.
CALCULATION OF THE REFERENCE VECrOR
The above method for determining the fre-
quency response of the nth FlT bin requires
that we have the reference vector of that bin.
We find the reference vector by simply finding
how each input data element separately influ-
e n c e the complex output of the nth FFT bin.
Using the desired version of the FFT algo-
rithm on a general purpose digital computer,
with the coeficients quantized in themanner of
interest (and making sure thatthe word
lengths are such that exact arithmetic is car-