Water

Facts to know Functions Sources

½ our body wt Regulate body temp food (25%)

Osmosis- moving through membrane, Involved in several chemical reactions beverages

low to high concentrations

Osmolarity- concentration of specific Acts as a lubricant, can protect metabolic reactions

solute or liquid, how much matter is in
that liquid

Hyponatremia- diluted plasma from too Maintain blood volume

much water
● Flushes out electrolytes

Hypernatremia- loss of water without Act in acid/base balance AI

solutes
Adult women: 2.7 L (almost
● Sodium, Cl, and K stay in your 2.85 quarts)
system
Adult men: 3.7 L (almost 1
gallon)
Equation: –[___lb/2.2]= body
wt in kg x 37mL =___/1000L

Creates environment for exchange of

nutrients, to and from plasma cells

Sodium- most abundant in ECF

Renin-Angiotensin- Absorption Functions Transport

Aldosterone System +
Sodium Balance

RAAS system enhances Small intestine and Maintain osmotic

Freely in blood
reabsorption of Na and Cl proximal colon pressure
Serum Na concentration (135-
145mEq/L)

Aldosterone promote Na/glucose cotransporter Nerve transmission/ DV = 2,400mg

reabsorption of Na and the impulse conduction AI = 1,500mg/day
excretion of K

Low blood pressure and Electroneutral Na+ and The more calcium Assessed- 24-hour urinary
plasma fluid cause renin to Cl− cotransport exchange intake, the more sodium excretion level
be released transporter urinary calcium
● Hydrolyze excretion
 angiotensinogen
● Angiotensinogen II
increases blood
pressure

Muscle contraction

Potassium- major intracellular cation

Absorption Function Sources Deficiency

85% is absorbed Ratio between intercellular Fruits and

Hypokalemia- loss of
and extracellular is vegetables
fluids and electrolytes,
needed
low K

Occurs in small intestine Aids in water and Legumes, nuts, nut

acid/bases balance butter, and seeds

Passive diffusion or by Needed for cellular Milk and yogurt

K+/H+ ATPase metabolism

Insulin helps it be Interactions- decreases AI = 4,700mg/day

absorbed the excretion of calcium

Chloride- most abundant anion in ECF

Absorption Functions AI = 2,300mg/day

It always follows Na absorption Component in gastric hydrochloric

acid

Na+/glucose cotransport system: White blood cells release Cl to Assessment- serum

chloride follows actively absorbed destroy foreign substances concentrations
Na+

Electroneutral Na+/Cl- cotransport Chloride shift- anion exchange for Excreted through GI tract,
absorption: chloride absorbed in HCO3- in red blood cells skin, and kidneys
exchange for bicarbonate as
sodium is absorbed in exchange
for H+

Electrogenic Na+ absorption:

chloride follows the absorbed
sodium passively

Ratio of cations and anion in the ICF and

ECF Chloride Absorption

Sodium Absorption

Iron

Facts to know Fe in the body Digestion Interactions

ferrous= Fe2+ 65% in hemoglobin- Heme Negative:
ferric= Fe3+ carries iron and oxygen ● Hydrolyzed in stomach and ● Polyphenols
every where in the small intestine by enzyme ● Oxalic acid
body except for the ● A bsorbed by heme carrier ● Phytic acid
muscles protein hcp1 ● Divalent cations (Mg, Zn,
● Hydrolyzed to inorganic Cu)
ferrous (Fe2+) by oxygenase ●
● Mixes with amino acids and
other enzymes

Heme (absorb 25- 10% myoglobin- carries Nonheme Positive

35%) iron and oxygen to ● Hydrolyzed in GI tract ● Vit c
Meat, fish, poultry muscles ● Fe3+ -> Fe2+ (reductase), ● Gastric acid
Easier to aborb then passes into small ● Meat, fish and poultry
intestine, becomes more
alkaline (less available for
absorption)
● Main transporter for Fe2+ is
DMT1 (allows entry into the
cell)

Nonheme (2-20% 1-5% in enzymatic Ferroportin (IREG1) allows Cellular Uptake

absorbed) reactions iron to enter the blood, highly ● Iron and transferrin go
Most consumed regulated together a they approach
Plant sources: dark the cell
leafy greens, whole ● Receptors recognize them,
grains, nuts lock and key enzyme ->
enter through endocytosis
(goes into the vacuole of the
cell)

Rest is stored as ferritin Both heme and nonheme are Hepcidin

and hemosiderin stored as ferritin ● If we have high stores of
iron, the hormone hepcidin
blocks the macrophage from
letting the iron out
Transferrin binds/transports ○ Macrophage collects the iron
iron to tissues from dying RBCs, recycles
the iron
● Also blocks the iron from
leaving the enterocyte, iron
is not need in the blood is
there is enough

Storage: liver, bone Deficiency: Function: RDA

marrow, spleen ● Levels as low as ● Oxygen delivery- ● Men: 8mg
Ferritin and
hemosiderin 7g/100mL of blood hemoglobin and myoglobin ● Women:
● Usually due to lack of ● Involved in electron ○ Premenopausal: 18 mg
iron in diet or loss of transport chain (TCA) ○ Postmenopausal: 8 mg
iron through excretion ● Amino acid metabolism ○ Pregnancy: 27 mg
● Can cause brain ● Carnitine synthesis ○ Lactation: 9 mg
development issues, ● Procollagen synthesis
behavior problems,
fatigue, increased risk
for infection, irregular
body temp
● Treat: increase iron in
diet

Fe absorption in the liver

Fe absorption in the enterocyte

Hepcidin and Fe releases

Iron Paper
● Iron deficiencies in the ages of late prenatal and neonatal period, between 6-24 months,
and adolescents (females beginning menstrual cycle) that neurological damage can be
done if left untreated.
● Growth failure and gastrointestinal issues can occur.
● Athletes and children with malaria have an increased risk of iron deficiency because of
the upregulated of the C-reactive protein and hepcidin
○ Not allowing iron to be released into the blood
● Help increase iron in newborns
○ Breastfeeding- gains nutrients from mom, more natural (not synthetic)
○ Delaying umbilical cord clamping- helps increase Hgb concentration
○ Milking the umbilical cord- pushing the fluid into the baby
● Talked about supplementation in class: would not supplement unless mother is at risk or
currently iron deficient
○ Don’t want toxicity- very harmful effects to the baby