‫מעבר חום בהנדסה אוירונאוטית‬

‫וחלל ‪086320‬‬

‫הרצאה מספר ‪1‬‬

‫דר' עמירם לייטנר‬

Heat Transfer by Conduction:
Molecular Interactions

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Heat Transfer by Conduction:
Molecular Interactions

Incropera and DeWitt. 3rd Edition, 1996.

 Conduction Heat Transfer
• Thermal energy transfer
L
at the molecular scale
T1 T(x) T2 from one molecule to
another or by electrons.
q
The macroscopic
dT T2  T1 manifestation involves
q x  kAx  kAx the relation between
dx L
energy flow and
k = Thermal conductivity (W/mK) temperature.
A = surface area (m2)
T = Temperature (°C or K)
q = Heat Transfer (W)
 Convection = Conduction+Advection
Boundary Layer Development over Flat Plate

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007

 Convection Heat Transfer
q=hA(Tw-Tf)
• Heat transfer at a
boundary to a fluid
Tf
which is in motion.
Tw d Consequently, the
energy is transferred in
Nu = Nusselt Number =CRemPrn part by conduction and
= hx/k (plates) or hD/k (tubes) in part by movement of
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) the fluid or advection
proportional ~ k/ d (thermal) (dm/dtCT)
k = fluid thermal conductivity (W/mK)
A = area (m2)
d = boundary layer thickness (99% of ∆ between wall and free stream)
there are both thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers.
Forced, Free, Boiling and Evaporative
Convective Processes

Incropera and DeWitt. 3rd Edition, 1996.

Incropera and DeWitt. 3rd Edition, 1996.
Radiative Exchange

Incropera and DeWitt. 3rd Edition, 1996.

 Radiation
T2 • Energy transferred between
surfaces or bodies by
T1
electromagnetic waves
through a transparent
q12=A1e1 (T 1- T 2 )
4 4
medium. All surfaces and
q12 heat transfer from 1->2 (W) bodies emit radiation
A1 = Area of surface 1 (m2) dependent on their
e1 = emissivity of surface 1 (unitless) temperatures and other
Emission from a given surface is
properties (emissivity etc.)
q1= A1e1T 1 4

The exchange equation is based on

The grey surface assumption.
Tsur Radiation

Ts
Summary of Heat Transfer Processes

Incropera and DeWitt. 3rd Edition, 1996.

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
 Continuum Approximation
Physical Interpretation: Macroscopic averages suffice over
microscopic behavior.

Mathematical Interpretation: All space and time derivatives

exist.

Knudsen # = L
c

Property is the mean free path

(prop to 1/r for gases).

Kn << 1 implies that

the continuum approx.
Distance Scale - Lc is valid.
 Thermal Property Measurements
General:
Gaurded hot plate
Thermistor probe techniques
Contact techniques
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Cp mostly, some k)
Liquid Crystals

Surfaces and Thin Films:

Laser reflectometry (spectral props vs. T) (Ju+Goodson 1998)
AFM of surface (topography vs. T) (Majumdar 1995)
Fluoresence thermography (Kolodner and Tyson 1982)
Electrical, optical Thermometry (resistance or optics vs. T)

References: www.nist.gov.
Touloukian YS 1970. Thermophysical Properties of Matter: Plenum.
Diller, K.R et al. 1999. Bioheat Transfer. Chapter in: Therrmal
Engineering Handbook. CRC Press.
Conduction, Convection & Radiation:

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.
Heat Transfer by Conduction:

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.

Heat Transfer by Conduction:

Incropera and DeWitt. 6th Edition, 2007.

Thermal Conductivity Overview

Incropera and DeWitt.

3rd Edition, 1996.
Temperature Dependence of K in Solids

No theory to predict.

K Metals > Non Metals

K Crystals > Non Crystals
K metals - with + T
K nonmetals + with + T

Pure metals - electrical and

Thermal conductance correlate.

k  Ck eT
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Temperature Dependence of K in Liquids

N 2/ 3
k  2.8 A 
V  k B v s
 mol 
dp 1/ 2
v s  
  (assume...Cp/Cv ~ 1)
dr 

NA - Avogadros Number
Vmol - Molecular volume
kB - Boltzman’s const.
vs - velocty of sound
(Transport Phenomenon.
Bird et al. 1960 p. 260).

Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Temperature Dependence of K in Gases
Kinetic Theory of Gases

k  rCvv
v T
 1/ r

k T
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
 Density and Specific Heat

Solids - r ~ constant, Cv= Cp= C increases with +T

(iron ex.)

Liquids - r decreases with + T, Cv= Cp= C increases with +T

(water ex.)

Gases - r decreases with + T, Cv< Cp both increases with +T

(air ex.) rC decreases with +T
 Differential Control Volume (Cartesian)

Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Differential Control Volume in
Cylindrical Coordinates.

Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Differential Control Volume in
Spherical Coordinates

Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
 Heat Flux (Isotropic Substance)
 T T T 
q '' kT  ki j  k 
 x y z 
 T 1 T T 
q '' kT  ki j  k 
 r r  z 

 T 1 T 1 T 
q '' kT  ki j k 
 r r  r sin   

Heat flux magnitude in a particular direction:
k T k T
Cylindrical: 
q''   Spherical: q '' 
 r  r sin 
 Heat Flux Non-Isotropic
k11 k12 k13 T /x1 
  
q '' k T  k21 k22 k23T /x 2 

k31 k32 k33

T /x 3 

1,2,3 = x,y,z for Cartesian
r,,z for Cylindrical
r, ,  for Spherical

q '' i q''1  jq''2 k q''3 

qi '' kij T /x i Where i and j can be 1, 2 or 3 (x,y or z etc.)

 Differential Control Volume (Cartesian)

Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
 Energy Equation in 1-D Cartesian

E st  E in  E out  E generated
dT dT
E st  rc Adx E in  qx Ax  k Ax
dt dx
d qx Ax  Egenerated  qm Ax dx
E out  qx Ax  dx
dx

T   T 
rc  k  q m
t x  x 
 Volumetric Approach
T
(1) Rate of Energy   rC p dV
Storage V t

(2) Rate of Heat Entering

q Through Boundary   q  ndA      qdV
Surface A of V A V

V
 n
A 
(3) Rate of Energy
Generation   g(r,t)dV
V

 Volumetric Approach Cont’d
Energy Balance: 1 = 2+ 3 or 1+2+3 = 0

T
0   [rC p    q  g(r,t)]dV
V t
For arbitrarily small element dV
T
rC p    q  g(r,t)
 t
Applying Fourier’s law and
assuming k = const, and introducing a=k/rc

1 T g(r,t)
   T(r,t) 
2

a t k
 Energy Equation
Cartesian
T   T    T    T 
rc p  k   k  k  qÝ
t x  x  y  y  z  z 

Cylindrical
T 1   T  1   T    T 
rc p  kr  2 k  k  qÝ
t r r  r  r     z  z 

Spherical

T 1   2 T  1   T  1   T 
rc p  2 kr  2 2 
k  2 2 k sin   qÝ
t r r  r  r sin      r sin     
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.