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Ts
Summary of Heat Transfer Processes
References: www.nist.gov.
Touloukian YS 1970. Thermophysical Properties of Matter: Plenum.
Diller, K.R et al. 1999. Bioheat Transfer. Chapter in: Therrmal
Engineering Handbook. CRC Press.
Conduction, Convection & Radiation:
No theory to predict.
k Ck eT
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Temperature Dependence of K in Liquids
N 2/ 3
k 2.8 A
V k B v s
mol
dp 1/ 2
v s
(assume...Cp/Cv ~ 1)
dr
NA - Avogadros Number
Vmol - Molecular volume
kB - Boltzman’s const.
vs - velocty of sound
(Transport Phenomenon.
Bird et al. 1960 p. 260).
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Temperature Dependence of K in Gases
Kinetic Theory of Gases
k rCvv
v T
1/ r
k T
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Density and Specific Heat
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Differential Control Volume in
Cylindrical Coordinates.
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Differential Control Volume in
Spherical Coordinates
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Heat Flux (Isotropic Substance)
T T T
q '' kT ki j k
x y z
T 1 T T
q '' kT ki j k
r r z
T 1 T 1 T
q '' kT ki j k
r r r sin
Heat flux magnitude in a particular direction:
k T k T
Cylindrical:
q'' Spherical: q ''
r r sin
Heat Flux Non-Isotropic
k11 k12 k13 T /x1
q '' k T k21 k22 k23T /x 2
k31 k32 k33
T /x 3
1,2,3 = x,y,z for Cartesian
r,,z for Cylindrical
r, , for Spherical
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.
Energy Equation in 1-D Cartesian
E st E in E out E generated
dT dT
E st rc Adx E in qx Ax k Ax
dt dx
d qx Ax Egenerated qm Ax dx
E out qx Ax dx
dx
T T
rc k q m
t x x
Volumetric Approach
T
(1) Rate of Energy rC p dV
Storage V t
V
n
A
(3) Rate of Energy
Generation g(r,t)dV
V
Volumetric Approach Cont’d
Energy Balance: 1 = 2+ 3 or 1+2+3 = 0
T
0 [rC p q g(r,t)]dV
V t
For arbitrarily small element dV
T
rC p q g(r,t)
t
Applying Fourier’s law and
assuming k = const, and introducing a=k/rc
1 T g(r,t)
T(r,t)
2
a t k
Energy Equation
Cartesian
T T T T
rc p k k k qÝ
t x x y y z z
Cylindrical
T 1 T 1 T T
rc p kr 2 k k qÝ
t r r r r z z
Spherical
T 1 2 T 1 T 1 T
rc p 2 kr 2 2
k 2 2 k sin qÝ
t r r r r sin r sin
Incropera
and DeWitt.
3rd Edition,
1996.