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Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Height 25 31 34 36 40 41 47 55
Age 1 2 3 4 5
of car
▪ If there seems to be no
pattern, and the points
looked scattered, then
it is no correlation.
TV Homework 240
30 min. 180 min. 210
45 min. 150 min. 180
Homework
Time on 150
120 min. 90 min.
120
240 min. 30 min.
90
90 min. 120 min. 60
150 min. 120 min. 30
180 min. 90 min.
30 90 150 210
60 120 180 240
Time Watching TV
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
Describe the relationship between time spent on
homework and time spent watching TV.
Trend appears linear. 240
210
Trend is decreasing.
180
Homework
Time on 150
120
90
60
30
30 90 150 210
Negative correlation. 60 120 180 240
Time Watching TV
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
Scatter Diagram Method
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2012 © 2012 UPES
A perfect positive
correlation
Weight
Weigh
t
of B
Weigh A linear
relationship
t
of A
Height
Heigh Heigh
t t
of A of B
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2012 © 2012 UPES
Karl Pearson's Coefficient
of
Correlation
Pearson’s ‘r’ is the most common correlation
coefficient.
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation denoted by- ‘r’
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2012 © 2012 UPES
-1 ≤ r ≥ +1
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2012 © 2012 UPES
When deviation taken from actual mean:
r(x, y)= Σxy /√ Σx² Σy²
√N Σdx²-(Σdx)² √N Σdy²-(Σdy)²
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2012 © 2012 UPES
Procedure for computing the
correlation coefficient
▪ Calculate the mean of the two series ‘x’ &’y’
▪ Calculate the deviations ‘x’ &’y’ in two series from their
respective mean.
▪ Square each deviation of ‘x’ &’y’ then obtain the sum
of the squared deviation i.e.∑x2 & .∑y2
▪ Multiply each deviation under x with each deviation
under y & obtain the product of ‘xy’.Then obtain the
sum of the product of x , y i.e. ∑xy
▪ Substitute the value in the formula.
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2012 © 2012 UPES
Interpretation of Correlation
Coefficient (r)
▪ The value of correlation coefficient ‘r’ ranges from -1 to +1
▪ If r = +1, then the correlation between the two variables is said to be
perfect and positive
▪ If r = -1, then the correlation between the two variables is said to be
perfect and negative
▪ If r = 0, then there exists no correlation between the variables
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2012 © 2012 UPES
High Degree of positive
correlation
▪ Positive relationship
r = +.80
Weight
Heigh
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2012
t © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation
r=+
Sho 0.4
e
Size
Weigh
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2012
t © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation
r = -1.0
TV
watching
per
week
Exam
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2012
score © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation
r = -.80
TV
watching
per
week
Exam
Jul
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2012
score © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation
Shoe
Size r=-
0.2
Weigh
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2012
t © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation
▪ No Correlation (horizontal line)
r=
IQ 0.0
Heigh
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2012
t © 2012 UPES
Degree of correlation (r)
r = +.80 r = +.60
r = +.40 r = +.20
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2) Direction of the Relationship
▪ Positive relationship – Variables change in the same direction.
– As X is increasing, Y is increasing
– As X is decreasing, Y is decreasing Indicated by
► E.g., As height increases, so doessign; (+) or (-).
weight.
▪ Negative relationship – Variables change in opposite directions.
– As X is increasing, Y is decreasing
– As X is decreasing, Y is increasing
► E.g., As TV time increases, grades decrease
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2012 © 2012 UPES
Advantages of Scatter Diagram
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Disadvantage of scatter diagram
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The Simple Linear Regression Line
Example
► A car dealer wants to find
the relationship between
the odometer reading and
the selling price of used
cars.
► A random sample of 100
cars is selected, and the
data recorded in a file
called odometer Independent Dependent
variable x variable y
► Find the regression line.
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2012 © 2012 UPES
Q3 Scatter Diagrams
The table shows The ages and arm spans of
seven students
Agein(years)
a school. 16 13 13 10 18 10 15 The table shows the ages and second-hand
values
Age of car (years) 2 1 4 7 10 9 8
Arm Span (inches) 62 57 59 57 64 55 61
of seven cars.
Value of car (£) 4200 4700 2800 1900 400 1100 2100
a. Draw a scatter graph of the results a. Draw a scatter graph of the results
b. Describe the type and strength of b. Describe the type and strength of
correlation correlation
c. Write a sentence
Jul 2012
explaining the c. Write a sentence explaining the © 2012 UPES
relationship relationship
Worksheet
Scatter Diagrams
Q5 The table shows the daily rainfall and the number
Of sunbeds sold at a resort on the south coast
Q3 Scatter Diagrams
Q4
6 X
8 X
4000
6
6 X
6 X 3000
Value of car
X X
4
Arm Span
6 X X
2000
(inches)
2 X
(£)
X X
6
0 X X
1000
5 X
8
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 Age of Car (years)
5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4 18 Age
(Years)
5
2
5
0
35 X
X 900
0
Number of sun beds
30
Calorie
800 X
0 X
X
s
25
0 700
sold
20 X
0 X
X 600 X
15 X
0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 500 X
10 11 Amount of rainfall X
0 (mm)
400
50
300 10 20 30 40
50 Fat
0 (g)
200