Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Acción larga en pasado: Yesterday she was watching television all day
Dos acciones simultáneas en pasado: While she was parking the car, I
was talking to my father
Queja en pasado: She was always complaining about her rude
husband
La más larga de dos acciones en pasado: He was kissing Mary when
his girlfriend surprised him
Presente simple
Presente continuo
Be+going+to
Shall/will
Futuro de intención: She’s going to buy a new shelf for her books
Algo que ya casi está sucediendo: My sister is going to have a baby
En negativa, rechazo a algo sobre la marcha: I’m not going to stop
doing this (No pienso dejar de hacer esto)
Las formas shall/will son las que equivalen a nuestro futuro simple. La
forma shall (primera persona de singular y de plural) está casi en desuso. Lo más
normal es emplear will para todas las personas o incluso contraer el sujeto con ‘ll.
Debéis tener cuidado cuando utilicéis shall, pues ese error os descontaría puntos en
vuestra calificación.
Recordemos sus características generales, que los diferencia del resto de los
verbos:
01.05.01.- CAN/COULD
01.05.02.- MUST
Las formas de las que carece son sustituidas normalmente por have to. Sin embargo,
éstas prefieren la traducción de tener que. En el caso de ausencia de obligación la
traducción de ambas es diferente:
You mustn’t do that now (Te prohibo que hagas eso ahora)
You don’t have to do that now (No es necesario que hagas eso ahora)
01.05.03.- NEEDN’T
La forma negativa es la más frecuente. No tiene nada que ver con el verbo
necesitar. Se traduce por no tener motivo para.../no es necesario que...
You needn’t carry all those things now (no es necesario que lleves
todas esas cosas ahora)
01.05.04.- MAY/MIGHT
She is a very sweet girl now, but she might become a rude person .
01.05.05.- SHOULD/OUGHT TO
Tienen el mismo sentido que must, pero indican consejo. Casi siempre se traducen
por deberías. Se usan para:
It must have been love, but it’s over now (Debía de haber sido amor,
pero ya se acabó)
He had to sell his house. His financial situation can’t have been very
successful (seguro que su situación económica no era muy boyante)
Algo que hubiera sido posible, pero que no lo fue: He could have
stayed at home, but he moved to a hotel. (Podía haber...)
Conjeturas sobre el pasado: She could have lived very happily if she
had married John instead of Paul
Why did you break down and cry?. You should have behaved like a
grown-up. (Deberías haberte comportado como un adulto)
I don’t understand why you refused that offer. You should have signed
that contract. (Deberías haber firmado aquel contrato)
01.08.- PRACTICA
Fill in the blanks with the right tenses of the verbs in brackets:
1.- Helen (work)_______________ for this company for years and she is so happy
here that she (not want)_________ to change.
2.- Richard (move)__________ to his new house last week. When I (meet)______
him yesterday, he (wait)__________ for the carpenters. He (call)________ them
three hours before, but they (arrive)_______ yet.
3.- He’s tired of his house. He (live)_____________ there for six years, but he
(decide)___________ to buy a new one because he (spend)___________ two hours
going to work every day.
7.- She was making a cake. Someone (teach) _________ her how to do it.
8.- They (just/shut) ________ the shop when a customer rang the doorbell.
2.- Llevaban tres años solicitando aquel empleo cuando fueron llamados por
primera vez.
5.- No es necesario que Ana nos ayude a escribir el informe para el director.
7.- Deberías ser más amable con tus compañeros de clase si quieres tener algún
amigo.
9.- No necesitabas haberle ayudado, él sabe como defenderse. Lleva tres años
practicando el judo.
10.- No estoy de acuerdo con vosotros. Antonio no pudo haber hecho eso, estaba
en el parque cuando sucedió.
11.- Puede que el conductor hubiera estado bebido cuando iba conduciendo el
coche en el que murió Lady Di.
14.- Todavía hay hombres que piensan que las mujeres no deberían alistarse al
ejército.
15.- Debemos preparar una obra de teatro. Pudiera ser que el concierto fuese un
fracaso.
17.- No deberías hacer caso a las personas que dicen que el alcohol es inofensivo.
Los borrachos causan muchos problemas en esta sociedad.
02.01.- INTRODUCCION
En este tema vamos a revisar el significado, colocación y uso de las
preposiciones más comunes en inglés. Exceptuaremos los casos en el que las
preposiciones forman un verbo con partícula con cambio de significado; ya que este
tipo de verbos son objeto de otro tema. Sin embargo, veremos algunas preposiciones
unidas a verbos como formas frecuentes, sin cambio de significado. Igualmente se
incluirán expresiones idiomáticas que deben llevar una preposición concreta.
02.02.- AT
De modo general, at significa en. Se utiliza cuando el lugar donde nos
encontramos no nos rodea completamente, o es un punto concreto en el espacio:
CASOS GENERALES:
EXPRESIONES:
EXPRESIONES VERBALES:
02.03.- IN
LUGAR:
TIEMPO:
DESPUES DE SUPERLATIVO:
in the world (del mundo) the prettiest girl in town (de la ciudad)
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.04.- ON
CASOS GENERALES:
VERBOS:
02.05.- TO
Read me a poem
Read a poem to me
CASOS GENERALES:
VERBOS:
02.06.- BY
That film was directed by Steven Spielberg. (Esa película fue dirigida por...)
CASOS GENERALES:
02.07.- FOR
CASOS GENERALES:
EXPRESIONES:
for ever (para siempre) for the time being (por ahora)
ya que/ puesto que (He’ll surely play basketball for he is quite tall).
VERBOS:
02.08.- OF
Como norma general, casi siempre significa de.
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.09.- FROM
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.10.01.- SINCE
EXPRESIONES:
02.10.02.- UNTIL/TILL
02.10.03.- WITH
EXPRESIONES:
with it (al tanto/al corriente) with one blow (de un solo golpe).
with pleasure (encantado).
VERBOS:
fill with (llenar de) be good with (ser bueno con o para)
agree/disagree with provide with (proporcionar)
supply with (abastecer)
02.10.04.- OFF
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.10.05.- OUT
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.10.06.- UP
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.10.07.- DOWN
EXPRESIONES:
02.10.08.- BETWEEN/AMONG
02.10.09.- DURING
02.10.10.- OVER
EXPRESIONES:
por encima de (over the rainbow) over the phone (por teléfono)
it’s all over (¡se acabó!)
02.10.11.- AFTER
Tras/después de.
02.10.12.- AWAY
My father is away.
EXPRESIONES:
02.10.13.- ABOUT
EXPRESIONES:
VERBOS:
02.10.14.- UNDER
EXPRESIONES:
02.10.15.- ABOVE
EXPRESIONES:
behind (detrás de: behind the house) round (alrededor de: round the table)
through (a través de: we went through the tunnel)
round the corner (a la vuelta de la esquina) toward/towards (hacia)
past (por delante de: we walked past the castle/half past ten)
below (bajo: Twenty degrees below zero) against (contra)
opposite (enfrente de: There is a post office opposite the town hall)
02.11.- PRACTICA
Fill in the blanks with one of the following prepositions: at, to, in.
1.- __the beginning of an encyclopaedia there is a preface, ___ the end there is an
index.
2.- Who is the actress ___ the red dress, sitting ___ the corner of the table?.
3.- She is a very nervous person, she is always ____ a hurry and drives ___ a very
high speed.
4.- Our lessons start __ 8.30 every morning and finish ___ 2.10 ___ the afternoon.
5.- I’m not interested __ basketball, but my brother is very good __ it.
6.- Most Irishmen went ___ sea ___ 18, and spent most of their lives ___ sea.
7.- If you want __ get __ the airport, turn right __ the cross-roads and you’ll find it
__ front of you.
1.- When I was getting __ __ the car my new glasses fell __. Although we were __ a
hurry, I insisted __ looking for them.
2.- “Can I have Friday __?”, said the employee to his boss. I have __ go __ the
doctor.
3.- How do I get __ the Town Hall?. Go __ the end __ this avenue and turn left; turn
right __ the traffic lights and it is ____ the library and the police station.
8.- She’s very fond __ skiing. __ Winter she usually drives __ the mountains __
spend a few days practising her favourite sport.
14.- The judge said that ___ the circumstances the criminal should be put ___ arrest.
15.- It never occurred __ me __ ask my father __ money __ go __ the cinema.
16.- I’ve just been told that the museum is __ fire. We must send __ the Fire
Brigade.
17.- The temperature today is twenty degrees __zero. I’m sure I’ll have __ take __
my coat.
21.- You can’t rely __ my brother __ give you a lift. He’s a very careless driver.
27.- ___ the war, we could see thousands __ soldiers __ uniform marching __ the
streets.
35.- “Have you heard __ Ann __ her return?”. Yes, I had a postcard __ Thursday.
She’s thinking __ visiting us next week.
36.- You have __ be __ time __ the opera. Otherwise, they won’t let you __ __ the
end __ the first act.
42.- They had __ carry their suitcases __ themselves. Nobody helped them __ the
airport.
3.- I rely __ her __ remind me __ buy the stamps we need __ the envelope.
4.- Ever __ he was a kid, he was afraid __ flying.
5.- He advised __ me not __ spend so much money __ alcohol.
6.- I’m tired __ repeating __ you that you have __ turn __ the lights before you
leave __ home.
7.- I believed he would offer __ me the job, but surprisingly he offered it __ my best
friend.
8.- Pass __ her the orange juice and pass the wine __ me, please.
9.- __ my point of view, there’s nothing you can give __ him __ make him happy.
10.- This landscape reminds __ me __ my hometown.
11.- Most __ __ pupils refuse __ spend their spare time helping their parents.
12.- __ detective stories, girls are usually wicked __ policemen.
13.- When I was three years old, my mother used __ read __ me fairy tales before I
got __ sleep.
19.- I described the picture __ him and asked __ him if he could paint __ me one
like it.
20.- I’m afraid you’ll have __ sing __ the charity concert. Don’t worry!, I’ll
accompany __ you __ the piano.
21.- He thinks he is very intelligent, but I know that what he said __ us was a
quotation __ Shakespeare.
03.01.- INTRODUCCION
En este tema vamos a revisar una serie de expresiones y verbos que pueden
ir seguidos de infinitivo o gerundio según el contexto en el que se encuentren. De
igual modo, daremos cabida a las formas más habituales a las que recurre el inglés
para expresar tiempos verbales que en castellano equivalen a algún tiempo del modo
subjuntivo.
03.03.- WANT
Your hair wants cutting: Necesitas cortar el pelo. (Tu pelo requiere
ser cortado).
De las tres formas que lo emplean (used to, be used to y get used to), sólo la
primera difiere en uso de sus derivados. Used to (solía), obligatoriamente va seguida
de infinitivo:
I used to like Led Zeppelin when I was much younger: Sólía gustarme
Led Zeppelin cuando era mucho más joven.
En el caso de stop:
I don´t wish to stay here any longer (No deseo quedarme más aquí).
I wish (If only) I had your beautiful eyes (Ojalá tuviese tus hermosos
ojos).
I wish (If only) I had learnt Greek when I was at the Grammar school
(Ojalá hubiese aprendido griego en el instituto).
I’d rather not open the windows if it’s cold (preferiría no abrir las
ventanas si es que hace frío).
I’d rather spend the night here than go to a nice hotel (preferiría
pasar la noche aquí antes que ir a un hotel)
Had better (Sería mejor que) lleva detrás un infinitivo sin to y would
prefer (preferiría) infinitivo:
You’d better put on your boots before you catch a cold (Sería mejor
que te pusieses las botas para no resfriarte).
Would you prefer to have champagne with your oysters? (¿Preferirías
beber champán con las ostras?).
03.11.- PRACTICA
2.- He remembers (twist) __________ his ankle when he was at school. Not long
after that, he decided to stop (skate) ____________ for the rest of his life.
3.- Most children love (eat) __________ chocolate all the time, but they hate (eat)
_______ it when their parents tell them so.
4.- Don’t forget (post) ________ this letter tomorrow morning before you get to the
office. Local letter-boxes are usually cleared before noon.
5.- This red wine has a disgusting taste. Why don’t you try (add) _________ some
soda water instead of complaining?.
6.- I don’t mind watching that old-fashioned film on TV, but I’d rather (spend)
_______ the night listening to music by the fireplace.
7.- This room certainly wants (decorate) _____________. We’ve had the same
wallpaper for ages.
8.- Most governments in Europe spend heaps of money on warfare. I’d rather they
(spend) ________ it on education!.
9.- I wish you (arrive) __________ earlier this morning. Now it’s too late to
withdraw money from the banks.
10.- When we left Sheffield, we thought it was going to be very hard to get used to
(live) _________ in London. We used to (dread) _______ the idea of being so far
from all our friends and relatives, but after these four months we are absolutely used
to (be) _________ surrounded by the fog, the traffic jams and the noisy trucks.
11.- I was not paying attention at all, but when I heard that terrible noise, I turned
round and I saw our cat (jump) __________ over the scattered pieces of one of our
most expensive china vases.
12.- You’ve been working the whole morning. You should stop (rest) ______ for a
couple of hours before you carry on with what you’re doing.
1.- Susana siempre se está olvidando de enviar por correo las solicitudes que yo
cubro. Ojalá encontrase un trabajo pronto.
3.- Preferiría que no te acostases tan tarde. Por las mañanas, siempre estás muy
cansado.
4.- Sería mejor que escribieses esa carta a tinta. Si usas el lápiz, no creo que nadie
vaya a leerla.
6.- Deja de jugar con esa pelota y concéntrate en lo que estás haciendo. Siempre
estás intentado hacerme perder los nervios.
7.- Fué difícil vender nuestra vieja casa, pero ahora nos estamos acostumbrando a
vivir en este piso. Aunque antes solíamos tener más espacio, es mucho más
práctico vivir cerca del centro de la ciudad.
8.- Ojalá no hubiésemos visto aquella película de terror el mes pasado. Pasé varios
días despertándome en mitad de la noche.
9.- Le encanta sentarse en Trafalgar Square y darle de comer a las palomas, pero
odia hacerlo en verano cuando sólo hay turistas alrededor.
10.- Miguel quería que su hija llegase a ser periodista. Intentó convencerla, pero
ella siempre quiso ser actríz, como su madre.
12.- Les oímos caer escaleras abajo. Cuando llegamos, intentamos ayudarles tan
rápido como pudimos.
13.- Si quieres que tu padre pase las vacaciones de Navidad aquí, ¿por qué no le
llamas por teléfono?.
04.01.- INTRODUCCION
To imagine: I can’t imagine her doing that (No puedo imaginar a ella
haciendo eso)
To have: I won’t have him playing records all night long (No voy a
consentir que ponga discos toda la noche)
To prevent from: A-levels prevent some students from entering
University (La Selectividad evita que algunos alumnos entren en la
Universidad)
To mind: importar
To object to: estar en contra de, poner objeciones
It’s no use/it’s no good: no vale la pena
To insist on: insistir en
El verbo to like (gustar), también tiene una combinación con dos verbos:
04.08.- PRACTICA
1.- Admitió haber escogido los regalos de Navidad antes de saber lo que
queríamos.
2.- Estamos esperando con ansiedad que vengas a ver nuestro nuevo piso.
5.- Negó haber comprado ese cuadro para el museo después de su visita a
Amsterdam.
6.- No tiene sentido madrugar si puedes quedarte en la cama hasta las doce.
7.- A pesar de tener mucho éxito, Elvis era un actor bastante mediocre.
9.- Insisto en que la secretaria traduzca esa novela antes de que sea publicada.
10.- Me apetece darme un baño ahora. El agua está muy fría y hace bastante calor.
11.- Siempre me resultó fácil comprar buenos discos cuando tenía suficiente
dinero.
12.- La mayoría de nuestros políticos no pueden evitar hacer falsas promises antes
de las elecciones.
13.- Ella está esperando con ansiedad a que su hermano le compre una bicicletas
nueva.
15.- Me encantaba aquella canción que se titulaba: “No puedo evita enamorarme
de ti”.
TEMA 5. EL INFINITIVO
05.01.- INTRODUCCION
Al igual que en el tema anterior vimos una serie de formas y verbos que
preferían ir seguidas de –ing, aquí nos encargaremos de revisar aquellas donde se
prefiere el infinitivo, con la expcepción de las formas que expresan finalidad, de las
que nos ocuparemos en la próxima unidad.
Al margen de los verbos que van seguidos de infinitivo hay una serie de
expresiones formadas a partir del verbo to be que llevan la misma construcción. Las
más frecuentes son:
Aunque la lista de ellos ería muy larga, repasaremos los de uso más
frecuente por medio de ejemplos:
To fail (fracasar, fallar): She failed to reach the high level required for
the job (No consiguió alcanzar el nivel requerido para el empleo)
To mean (tener intención de): I never meant to cause you any harm
(Nunca tuve intención de causarte ningún daño)
To plan (planear): They are planning to buy a new T.V. set (Están
planeando comprar un aparato de televisión nuevo)
To refuse (negarse a): Mr. Smith refused to employ a new secretary (El
señor Smith se negó a contratar a una nueva secretaria)
Would like (gustaría): We would like to hear what you’ve got to say
(Nos gustaría oir lo que tienes que decir)
It is very nice of you to be here with me (Es muy bonito por tu parte
estar aquí conmigo).
It was very wise of him to have become a lawyer (Fue muy inteligente
por su parte haberse convertido en abogado).
My brother is the kind of person that is too good to hurt anyone (Mi
hermano es la clase de persona que es demasiado buena para herir a
alguien).
Most of our students aren ´t tall enough to play basketball (La mayoría
de nuestros alumnos no son lo suficientemente altos para jugar al
baloncesto).
05.06.- PRACTICA
2.- Sabía que ella me dejaría. Era demasiado bonito para ser verdad.
3.- Fue estúpido por su parte no invitar a Elena a la fiesta. Lo habríamos pasado
bien.
5.- Casi todos los candidatos no eran lo suficientemente buenos para conseguir el
empleo.
6.- Parece que Antonio ha hecho un gran esfuerzo para aprender a tocar el violín.
7.- Quedamos en recaudar un fondo para ayudar a los niños del Tercer Mundo.
11.- Algunas personas tienen miedo a volar en avión ya que creen que es más
probable que tengan un accidente fatal.
12.- Quería que vieses esa película conmigo, pero te puedo asegurar que no tenía
intención de hacerte llorar.
13.- Mi madre me dijo que comprase algo de pan antes de las doce puesto que
teníamos invitados para comer.
15.- Nadie entendía por qué ella fingía estar tan contenta. Todos sabíamos que
estaba muy enamorada de Jorge.
TEMA 6. LA FINALIDAD
06.01.- INTRODUCCION
In order to + infinitivo
To + infinitivo
So as not + infinitivo
I’ll try not to play music so loudly so as not to wake you up.
(Intentaré no poner la música tan alta para no despertarte)
so that
in order that
prevent + pronombre complemento + (from) + gerundio
for + nombre/pronombre complemento + infinitivo con to
We have bought a new washing-machine in order that you (may) use it.
(Hemos comprado una lavadora nueva para que la uses).
That book is for you to read (Ese libro es para que tú lo leas)
She said that for you to know (Dijo eso para que tú lo supieras)
in case
06.05.- PRACTICA
1.- Ella dejó caer su pañuelo a propósito para que Jack lo recogiese.
3.- La cuñada de Maggie estudió Judo en Japón por si acaso alguien la atacaba.
6.- Estos apuntes fueron hechos para que los estudiáses cuidadosamente.
10.- Me traje toda la ropa conmigo para no causarte problemas durante nuestras
vacaciones.
11.- Si vamos a Nueva York, sería mejor que comprásemos una pistola. ¡Por si
acaso!.
13.- Gasté todos mis ahorros para poder comprarme un coche nuevo.
14.- Aprobaré todas las asignaturas en Junio para no quedarme en casa en verano.
15.- Escondieron todos los ladrillos para que no pudiésemos construir una casa tan
cerca de la playa.
16.- Ellos no van a tocar esa canción sólo para que tú la escuches.
07.01.- INTRODUCCION
07.02.- FORMACION
07.03.- TRADUCCION
A la hora de traducir estas formas, debemos tener en cuenta que en
castellano existen dos variantes diferentes (la segunda duplicando el verbo) que
tienen la misma forma en inglés:
07.04.- PRACTICA
1.- Sea como sea, el caso es que yo no quiero saber nada sobre ese asunto.
3.- Deberías haber llamado a casa, hubieses estado con quien hubieses estado.
6.- Escojas el color que escojas, intenta combinarlo con tus zapatos nuevos.
8.- El árbitro no debería haber parado el partido cualquiera que hubiese sido la razón.
9.- No haré negocios con esa compañía por muy importante que sea.
10.- Por muy difícil que parezca, hay gente que habla varios idiomas.
08.01.- INTRODUCCION
En este tema estudiaremos aquellos verbos que unidos a una partícula
(preposición o adverbio), modifican su significado y adquieren otro (u otros)
diferente. La relación figura por orden alfabético para una mayor comodidad en su
localización:
08.02.- BE
08.03.- BREAK
08.04.- CALL
TO CALL CALLED CALLED : LLAMAR.
08.05.- CLEAR
TO CLEAR CLEARED CLEARED: ACLARAR/VACIAR
08.06.- COME
08.07.- CUT
08.08.- DO
08.09.- FALL
TO FALL FELL FALLEN: CAER(SE)
08.10.- GET
away from: librarse de (alguien) away with: salir sin castigo/escapar con
back: regresar/recuperar algo down to: ponerse a (hacer algo)
perdido u olvidado in: entrar (vehículo misma altura)
off: bajar (vehículo distinta altura) on: subir (vehículo distinta altura)
on with: llevarse (alguien) out: salir (vehículo misma altura)
darse( trabajo/habilidad) out of: salir de/librarse de
over: recuperarse de/ through: superar/comunicar (teléfono)
deshacerse de una tarea up: levantarse
08.11.- GIVE
08.12.- GO
TO GO WENT GONE: IR
08.13.- HAND
08.14.- HOLD
08.15.- KEEP
08.16.- LET
TO LET LET LET: DEJAR/PERMITIR/ALQUILAR
08.17.- LOOK
08.18.- MAKE
08.19.- PUT
TO PUT PUT PUT: PONER/COLOCAR
08.20.- RUN
TO RUN RAN RUN: CORRER
08.21.- SEE
08.22.- SET
08.23.- STAND
TO STAND STOOD STOOD: ESTAR (DE PIE)
08.24.-TAKE
08.25.- TURN
08.26.- WORK
08.27.- PRACTICA
1.- You must underline these sentences so that they can stand __ when you look __
them.
2.- I’m afraid there’s no wine left in the fridge. Unfortunately, we must do ___ it.
3.- As the German troops were moving forward, our allied army had to fall __
4.- The train was held __ by the fog and it didn’t reach the station till 9.30.
5.- He employed an efficient secretary to take __ his public speeches.
6.- Of course I didn’t believe you! What kind of fool do you take me __?
7.- When her father died, Susan had to take __ the family business.
8.- Tonight we are going to the airport to see you __.
9.- They are going to put __ an equestrian statue to the memory of an important
jockey.
10.- It is a very important duty to look __ a baby when their parents are __.
11.- It is a well-known fact that children under fourteen look __ __ their parents.
12.- From the top of the hill we could see thousands of tourists making __ the coast.
13.- In Spain young men are called __ at the age of eighteen.
14.- Susan suddenly turned __ when everyone else was already at the party.
15.- The business meeting had to be called __ because the general manager had a
terrible headache.
16.- Most of the trees that were cut __ in the forest remained piled up for months.
20.- When their marriage broke __, he went to live to a remote island in the Pacific
Ocean.
34.- Most popular proverbs have been handed __ from generation to generation.
35.- As we had lost the hammer, we had to fall __ __ a stapler to dig a nail.
36.- She became a widow when she was only twenty-one. Being out of job, it is not
hard to imagine the hardships she had to go __.
37.- French perfumes are reputed to give __ sweet and lasting smells.
38.- I understand now why she’s lost all her friends. I’ve been told that she looks __
__ people who are poorer than her.
39.- The news of his marriage went __ very well. Everyone in his family was
looking ___ __ it.
40.- My mother is a very talkative person. When you have something else to do it is
difficult to get __ __ her.
65.- The handle of the suitcase came __ as I was entering the hotel.
66.- You should take __ your boots. It’s too hot in here!
67.- There was a member of Greenpeace giving __ leaflets in the street.
68.- I certainly take __ my mother. We are both blonde and have blue eyes too.
69.- On Sundays he never gets __ before 12.30. He’s such a lazy man!
70.- He took __ wind-surfing to enjoy his Summer holidays.
71.- If you lose anything you can always get it __ from the Lost Property Office.
72.- I know this pencil is not yours. You must give it __ at once.
73.- My sister is remarkably pretty. She went __ __ a beauty contest and won the
first prize.
74.- The school library requests students to hand its books __ before the end of the
term.
75.- I hope the rain holds __ a bit longer. This pair of trousers is almost dry.
76.- It’s hard to work that problem __. Most experts refuse to find a solution.
77.- He was driving at such a tremendous speed that when his car collided it turned
__.
78.- You must rely on John. He’ll never let you __.
79.- I refuse to believe her story. I’m sure she made it __.
80.- Smoking is not allowed in this area. Put __ your cigarette at once!.
81.- Mrs. Stone puts __ guests in Summer to make some extra money.
82.- My hobbies are getting too expensive. I’ll have to give them __.
83.- The mystery of the Rosetta stone has never been cleared __.
84.- They won’t let you __ unless you wear the proper clothes.
85.- The police put __ the rebellion with considerable severity.
86.- My girlfriend and I arranged to meet at the park, but in the end she didn’t turn
__.
87.- This lawnmower won’t start. I think the battery has run __.
88.- The audience looked __ while the magician performed his latest trick.
89.- They look __ her as a member of their family.
90.- When Summer is __, I’m going to have my car repaired.
91.- He came __ to my point of view after a long discussion.
92.- He is a very nice chap. He gets __ well with everyone in the factory.
93.- Shall we go to the cinema tonight?. -Well, it’s __ __ you. I’ve told you a
thousand times I was dying to watch that film.
94.- She’s not so sad. I believe she’s just putting it __.
95.- Are you __ the idea of allowing foreign people to work in your country?.
96.- We are looking ___ __ meeting your new girlfriend.
97.- I can’t stand “reality shows”. Whenever I’m watching TV they put me __.
98.- You’re all looking rather run __.I think it’s time for a break!.
99.- The exhibition was called __ due to the lack of interest.
100.- Our van unexpectedly skidded and ran __ a lamppost.
101.- He’s so tall that people often take him __ a professional basketball player.
102.- She surprised us all when she went __ the thief and knocked him out.
103.- He looked me __ and __ before he agreed to shake my hand.
104.- My brother steals things from shops and usually gets __ __ it. Whenever I do
that, I get caught.
105.- It took her a long time to come __ after having fainted.
109.- After several attempts, he gave __ trying to pass his final exams.
110.- The expedition set __ at nine o’clock and reached their destination before it
got late.
111.- Lucy looked __ to see who was following her.
112.- You’ll never be able to face the future if you always look __ to what you’ve
done.
113.- I asked my daughter to put __ the lights if she was the last person to go to bed.
114.- I dislike living in small villages because I feel cut __.
115.- Good friends don’t hesitate to stand __ whenever we need them.
116.- He realised the police had taken __ his licence number and stopped his car to
make things easier.
09.01.- INTRODUCCION
Ejemplo:
Defining
Non-defining
Ejemplo: Stella is the name of the nurse who lives next door.
Ejemplo:
09.02.01.- who
Ejemplos:
09.02.02.- that
Ejemplos:
The film that I’d love to watch is the one you told me about.
The drinks that are being served have no alcohol.
The songs that the band performed are quite old-fashioned.
09.02.03.- which
Ejemplos:
The place which we would like to visit is near the city centre.
The book which was so interesting was published by Penguin.
The games which our children enjoy are rather expensive.
09.02.04.- whose
09.02.05.- whom
Ejemplos:
09.02.06.- what
Ejemplos:
09.02.07.- where
09.02.08.- when
Ejemplo:
The weeks when I was in Greece were really pleasant. (También se podría
usar in which).
09.02.09.- why
Ejemplo:
The reason (why) he did that was basically that he was feeling uneasy.
Ejemplos:
09.05.- PRACTICA
Join the following sentences using relative clauses (more than one
possibility):
1.- Richard went to Oxford University. He remained there for five years.
2.- I saw you last night singing with some blonde girls. They were from Finland.
4.- Mr. Idle isn’t going to travel abroad in May.. His brother married my sister.
5.- She couldn’t read the note you left. The reason was that she had lost her glasses.
6.- Michael ’s sister got divorced in May. That upset him terribly.
8.- My best friend was in London for a few days. They were really interesting.
9.- The headmaster will surely settle the argument. We rely on him.
10.- The new shopping centre is giving toys away. Most of them are black.
11.- Tony looked for his wallet in Mary’s bag. He finally found it inside there.
12.- You were speaking to a charming nurse at the bar. She happens to be my wife.
14.- German has a very complicated grammar. Not many people speak this
language.
15.- Miss Black is a promising actress. She has performed in may places in Europe.
17.- Stephen hasn’t bought anything this afternoon. He needs something to repair
his washing-machine.
10.01.- INTRODUCCION
Nexo: If
Condicionante (If-clause): you buy that house
Condicionado (Main clause): you’ll have a bigger living-room
10.02.- NEXOS
Los más usuales que nos aparecerán en los textos con los que os tenéis que
enfrentar son:
If (Si...)
Whether (Si...)
Unless (A menos que...)
Provided that (Con tal de que...)
On condition that (Con tal de que...)
As long as (Con tal de que...)
Shall/Will: Unless you study harder, you won’t pass your exams
Be going to: If our baby is a girl, we’re going to call her Susan
Auxiliar-modal: If you want, you can sleep here
Imperativo: If you haven’t got the key, don’t try to open the safe
Presente simple: If you don’t want it, why don’t you say so?
Condicional simple: If I were you, I wouldn’t speak to her like that (Si
yo fuese tu, no le hablaría a ella así)
Pasado simple: If you knew that why did you trust him? (Si sabías eso,
¿por qué confiaste en él?)
Existe una variante formal, poco frecuente, pero que es bueno que sepáis de
su existencia. Es una alternativa al pasado simple en la if-clause, y se forma
invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y del primer tiempo verbal (que en este caso es
should + infinitivo), y eliminando if.
10.06.- PRACTICA
2.- He must have loved his grandmother very much because he stayed by her side
until she died. If he (love) ________ her that much he (not stay) _________ for so
long.
3.- They showed Eric Clapton’s latest concert on television a few hours ago. Oh
dear! If I (know) __________ that I (not go) ____________ to the swimming pool
with my sister.
4.- If you (like) my car, why (you not buy) ____________ a similar one?
5.- Kevin Costner said that he refused the part in Spielberg’s film because he didn’t
like the actress in the leading role, but that this had nothing to do with the salary. He
(refuse) ________________ even if Steven (offer) __________ him twice as much.
6.- I (not sing) __________ that song unless you (accompany) ________ me on the
piano.
7.- I don’t understand why you wear suede shoes in winter. If you (wear) ________
knee-high boots like mine, you (not always be) ____________ so cold.
8.- English is essential to get a good job. Most successful downshifters are fluent in
it. If they (not speak) ____________ it, I’m sure they (not be paid) __________ so
handsomely.
9.- Damn! My car has been stolen. It doesn’t surprise me, if you (park) _______ it
in the garage, nobody (steal) ____________ it.
10.- Most of my classmates are constantly advising me to leave Susan. I know they
are only jealous. If they (have) ___________ such a beautiful girlfriend, they (not
be) _____________ teasing me all the time.
1.- Si hubiese sabido que estabas en casa, te habría llevado en coche a la playa.
2.- Llegué tarde a casa porque mis amigos celebraron una fiesta. Si no hubiese ido a
la fiesta, habría estado en mi habitación antes de que mi padre se fuese a la cama; y
si hubiese estado en la habitación antes de que mi padre mirase, no me habrían
castigado.
4.- No habría tantas peleas si los violentos no fuesen a los estadios de fútbol.
7.- Si sabías que ella solía conducir tan rápido, ¿por qué fuiste a la tienda de tu
hermano en su coche?.
9.- Si el gobierno encuentra una solución al paro, la mayoría de las parejas jóvenes
podrán marcharse de la casa de sus padres.
10.- ¿Por qué ves los documentales sobre platillos volantes si no te gustan los
programas sobre ciencia-ficción?.
11.- Habría aceptado la oferta si hubiese sabido que iba a trabajar contigo.
12.- Una carrera universitaria en algo realmente útil. Si tuviese una carrera
universitaria, conseguiría un empleo mejor.
14.- ¿Crees que habría menos delitos si todas las drogas fuesen legalizadas?.
16.- No pudimos ir al concierto ya que todas las entradas habían sido vendidas. Si
hubiésemos llegado antes, supongo que podríamos haber conseguido dos.
17.- Si los tiburones siguen asustando a los turistas, nadie alquilará casa aquí en
verano.
La voz pasiva es mucho más común en inglés que en español. Hay varias
razones para ello:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
The hen has laid an egg An egg has been laid by the hen
SIMPLE PAST Was/were+past part.
The hen was laying an egg An egg was being laid by the hen
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Had+been+past part.
The hen had laid an egg An egg had been laid by the hen
FUTURE SIMPLE Will+be+past part.
The hen will lay an egg An egg will be laid by the hen
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Will+have+been+past part.
The hen will have laid an egg An egg will have been laid by the hen
BE GOING TO Be going to+be+past part.
The hen is going to lay an egg An egg is going to be laid by the hen
MODALS Modal+be+past part.
Activa: They say she was a liar. Pasiva: She is said to have been a liar.
11.05.- PRACTICA
1.- European people say that Spanish people move their hands a lot when they are
speaking.
4.- Nobody has told her that they are going to give her a better job in the company.
5.- Women clean the windows in the evening after all the customers have left. They
sweep the floor immediately after that.
11.- Nobody informed the police that there had been a murder.
16.- They didn’t pay him for the work; they expected him to paint the walls for
nothing.
23.- People say that Ronaldo has signed a contract with an Italian team.
24.- They are going to invite Helen to her father’s second wedding.
26.- You shouldn’t play the guitar when our baby is in bed.
29.- My parents are going to get somebody to help them with the family business.
31.- We all know that politicians promise things they cannot carry out.
32.- They are going to get somebody to drive you to the station.
33.- When I returned home last night I found that burglars had stolen my CD player.
I asked the police why they had done this and they told me that it was because I
hadn’t locked the front door.
35.- Most modern companies use Internet to offer their wide ranges of products.
36.- They threw him out of the disco because he was drunk.
37.- Her whole family will see her off at the bus station.
39.- It is generally believed that white sharks attack human beings when they are
hungry.
40.- It is your duty to change the following sentences into the passive voice.
12.01.- INTRODUCCION
TIEMPOS VERBALES:
INTRODUCTORES GENERALES:
PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS
I he/she me him/her
You sin cambio/I/we you s.c./me/us
he/she/it s.c./somebody else him/her/it s.c./s.b.e.
we they us them
they s.c./ some other people them s.c./ s. o. p.
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
myself himself/herself
yourself sin cambio/myself/ourselves
himself/herself/itself sin cambio
ourselves themselves
themselves sin cambio.
“You can phone from the hospital, Susan”, the doctor said.
The doctor said that Susan could phone from the hospital.
Vicente López. Gramática para la Selectividad. Inglés 2º Bacharelato. 2009/10.
86
OTROS CAMBIOS
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
tomorrow the following day/the day after
yesterday the previous day/the day before
next week the following week.(month,…)
last night the previous night/the night before.(month…)
a year ago the year before (month, century…)
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow two days after
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Al hacer este tipo de preguntas hay que realizar los siguientes cambios:
David asked Peter, “Did you know that women lived longer than men?”.
David asked Peter if/whether he knew that women lived longer than men.
La partícula se mantiene.
El orden de las palabras no cambia
El resto de los cambios siguen las transformaciones generales
VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
Asked :preguntó
Enquired: interrogó
wanted to know: quería saber
wondered: se preguntó a sí mismo
would like to know: gustaría saber
12.04.- ORDENES
En estilo directo, las órdenes se suelen dar en imperativo (sin sujeto); i.e.
“Open the window”. Para transformarlas a estilo indirecto debemos seguir los
siguientes pasos:
VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
12.05.- PETICIONES
En inglés hay dos maneras de expresar peticiones: con una oración
interrogativa o usando un imperativo.
ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
Desaparece el modal
Ponemos el complemento de persona a la que le hacemos la petición.
El verbo pasa a infinitivo con to.
Desaparece Please (si aparece en el texto de estilo directo).
Desaparecen las comillas y el signo de interrogación.
El resto de las transformaciones siguen las reglas habituales.
IMPERATIVOS
VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
Asked: pidió
Begged: suplicó
Requested: solicitó
Invited: invitó
Asked…for: pidió (una cosa)
CASOS ESPECIALES:
b) Could you con peticiones emplea normalmente ask + infinitivo con to.
Sin embargo, cuando could you introduce una pregunta normal, permanece
sin cambio:
d) Want y would like son posibles cuando se trata de una petición a una
tercera persona hecha a través de una segunda:
David (on the phone to Susan): “Could you get me a ticket for the bus?”
Susan (contándoselo a otra persona): David wanted/would like me to get
him a ticket for the bus.
También es posible David said that I was to get…pero es más autoritario.
12.06.- SUGERENCIAS
Suggested: sugirió
LET
He suggested going
He suggested that they should go
He urged/advised them to go
12.07.- CONSEJOS
Normalmente los verbos introductores son:
Advised: aconsejó
Warned: advirtió
Reminded: recordó
12.08.- OFRECIMIENTOS
Offered: ofreciö
12.09.- NEXOS
Puede suceder que lo que contemos en estilo indirecto sea más de una
oración, puede llegar a ser un párrafo, varias oraciones, etc…En estos casos
debemos igualmente unir las oraciones en estilo indirecto utilizando nexos.
Normalmente se tiende a emplear and y unir así varias oraciones, pero esta
técnica resulta muy pobre y reiterativa. Debemos combinar nexos del tipo:
12.10.- PRACTICA
1.- “My sister wants to become a lawyer”, said Richard. “I don’t seem to understand
why. None of my family has ever been a lawyer.”
2.- “You’d better take another pill if your headache returns”, the doctor told me.
3.- “Do you want to see my new collection of stamps?,” said my sister to me.
4.- “Shall we go to the disco when the film is over?”, said my wife. “Yes, let’s,”
said I. “What about going with Frank and Susan?”.
5.- John said to me, “Remember to buy a new tyre for the BMW tomorrow and
don’t spend too much money on it.”
6.- Fax (from the general manager to Tracy): “Please, get me a complete Microsoft
guide for the computer.”
Tracy (telling her sister about it): The general manager……..
8.- The judge said to the convict, “If what you say is true, then you are not guilty
and must be set free.”
9.- “I needn’t tell anybody how interested in the new project I feel”, said the new
coach.
10.- She said, “I had to lock the dog in the barn because he wanted to bite
everyone.”
11.- “Let the children watch television if they want to”, said Michelle to her
husband. “There is an interesting film on and I’m pretty sure they are going to enjoy
it.”
12.- “Shall I get you a drink first or would you like me to wait till you have finished
your phone call?”, the barman told his customer.”
13.- “How did you manage to build that castle with so little sand?”, Paul asked his
young daughter.
14.- “Passengers with no identity cards please go to gate number four”. “Remember
to carry all your documents to show your nationality”, the stewardess said to the
tourists.
15.- “If you hear the burglar alarm it is because somebody has entered the hotel
without my permission”, said Mr.Fawlty to his guests.
16.- “Will you help me to do the washing up?”, said my friend to me.
17.- “Why don’t you get yourself a new pair of boots?”, said Mary to her sister.
“The ones you are wearing are rather old-fashioned.”
18.- “Would you mind repeating your last question?”, said Paul to the Maths
teacher. “I’m a bit deaf and I can’t hear you properly.”
19.- “How long have you been living in London?”, my landlord said.
20.- I said, “Shall I tell my aunt about the accident?”. “If I were you, I would tell her
at once”, said Anthony.
21.- “We hate going shopping with granny”, said the children. “It is not so”, said
their mother.” “Granny always buys you sweets and takes you to the zoo.”
22.- “If you want to hang that picture you’ll have to use a hammer”, said Maureen.
“You can’t dig a nail with a brick!.”
24.- Daryl said, “Don’t wipe your tears with my handkerchief.” “If you didn’t make
me cry, I wouldn’t have to do it”, answered her lover.
25.- “We’d better hurry if we want to catch the train!,” said our father. “There’s
plenty of time!”, said our mother.
26.- “Would you mind filling in this form?”, the clerk said to me. “I need a pen to
do it”, I replied.
27.- I should say nothing about the robbery if I were you”, said the secretary. “We’ll
get into trouble if we don’t”, said the assistant.
29.- “Can you hear that music?” Sharon said. “What do you think it is?.” “I believe
it’s Elton John’s latest CD”, I said. “I think it’s our neighbour playing the piano”,
she said. “We’d better go and see”.
30.- “I know people gossip a lot about you”, said Richard. “Well, let them!” said I.
31.- “By this time next week, we will have finished painting the front wall”, said the
employee. “It is going to take you much longer”, replied his boss.
32.- “What are you going to do when you run out of money?”, asked Jill. “I don’t
know”, snorted her son. “I’ll tell you when it happens.”
33.- “I simply can’t believe that most of the athletes have been taking drugs”, said
one of the journalists. “This will deprive them of their medals”, agreed the other
one.
34.- “Putting sentences into reported speech is a delicate matter”, said the teacher.
35.- “I dislike driving on dark nights”, said the chauffeur. “It is very dangerous”,
replied his client, “but we’ll soon get to Plymouth.
36.- “Can you tell me why Mrs.Black got divorced in May?”, Katherine asked her
neighbour.
37.- “Have you ever seen a flying saucer in the sky?”, Michael asked his younger
brother. “No, I haven’t, but I would certainly like to do it”, he replied.
38.- Could I have cornflakes for breakfast?”, said Barbara. “Yes, you can”, said her
mother.
39.- “Could I see your passport?”, said the customs officer. “I have nothing to
declare”, replied the foreign lady
40.- “Don’t go to bed till you have finished your dinner”, said Mrs Smith in a very
loud voice. “I have already finished it,” said her little daughter .
41.- “It’s your turn to cook tonight,” they told Ann. “It can’t be”, said Ann
excitedly. “I cooked last week! And the week before!”. “Could you do it just
today?”, they said. “We won’t ask you again next week.”
42.- “This is the best hotel I have ever seen!”, said Liz. “The trouble is that it’s too
expensive.” “Why did you take me here then?”, said her husband. “Don’t get angry,
darling, we have saved enough money this year and we can afford it!”, she replied.
44.- “All members of this club are requested to pay an entrance fee in advance”,
said the owner.”
45.- “Please, don’t do anything I wouldn’t do”, said John to his sister.