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Table of Contents
Learning Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1
6.1.2
where are the Laguerre polynomials (Laguerre functions of first kind ) and are
Laguerre functions of second kind. Dividing by we get Laguerre’s differential
equation in Standard Form as
6.1.3
6.1.4
The functions and are analytic everywhere except at the point . The
singularity occurs in the Laguerre’s equation due to the sitting in the denominator of
these functions. Thus, we study the general solution on an interval which is the
range.
A Frobenius series method can be applied to achieve a solution to a second order
differential equation only for an ordinary point or a regular singular point. We see that
on comparing the two and we have
Since the conditions for regular singular point are satisfied at , we can have a power
series solution with as running index and as the index (to be obtained from indicial
equation), as
Collect the coefficients of (the lowest power of ) to get the recurrence relation
6.1.5
Since as we have our series solution starting , and also but an arbitrary
constant so
6.1.6
6.2.1
6.2.2
will yield the first solution for the first root taken as so that we have
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
Similarly repeating the steps in general when , we can write the coefficient
as
6.2.6
6.2.7
6.2.8
Figure 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre_polynomials#mediaviewer/File:Laguerre_poly.svg
6.3.1
By Leibnitz theorem we know that for two functions and the differential is expressed
as
6.3.2
where is differentiation performed times. We can also represent Leibnitz theorem for
two functions as
6.3.3
where the function represents th differential. We have determined the form of the
Laguerre’s polynomial above as
6.3.4
Let us assume that there exists a function given by such that and
. Using we get
6.3.5
6.3.6
and thus
6.3.7
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
Here one must note that in the variable has positive integral powers and in
we want to collect the powers of together. So while doing so we have to limit from
to otherwise we would get negative powers of . Also, if then the factorial
will be undefined for negative values of . So can be expressed as
6.4.7
6.4.8
The Laguerre polynomials do not themselves form an orthogonal set. However, we use
a related set of functions as and to form an
orthonormal set for the interval . We recall that we choose this interval because
referring back to the Laguerre equation we know that
will have the first solution given by the Laguerre polynomial for being positive
interger. Further when we compared to the standard form
we found that
And thus we concluded that the functions and were analytic everywhere except
at the point . The singularity occurs in the Laguerre equation due to the sitting in the
denominator. Thus, we choose the interval .
6.5.1a
6.5.1b
The two conditions can be combined and written equivalently in the form of a single
equation as:
6.5.2a
6.5.2b
6.5.4
6.5.5
is rewritten as
6.5.6
6.5.7
for
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.5.11
Thus,
6.5.12
6.6.1
6.6.2
We substitute for the generating function again in the form of the summation series on LHS
and cross multiply with
6.6.3
Appropriately collecting the coefficients of on both the sides of the above equation and
equating them we get
6.6.4
6.6.5
6.6.6
6.6.7
We substitute for the generating function again in the form of the summation series on LHS
and cross multiply by
6.6.8
6.6.9
6.6.10
E.1.1
E.1.2a
E.1.2b
E.1.3
E.1.4
E.1.5
6.7 Applications
radial part and as the angular part. Show that one of the
solutions to the following Schrodinger equation has the Laguerre
Differential Equation giving the solution to the radial part.
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
In terms of the new dependent variable (with certain amount of effort) the
Schrodinger equation reduces to
known as the Associated Laguerre Equation. The solution to this is known as the
Associated Laguerre Polynomial with the condition that
Summary
The Second Order Laguerre’s Differential Equation is
where are the Laguerre polynomials (Laguerre functions of first kind ) and are
Laguerre functions of second kind.
Since the conditions for regular singular point are satisfied at , we can have a
power series solution with as running index and as the index (to be obtained
from indicial equation), as
Since as we have our series solution starting , and also but an arbitrary
constant so the roots are thus . We have a case of repeated indices or Double
roots case.
Further, the recurrence relation (obtained above) will yield the first solution for the first
expansion of
The two conditions can be combined and written equivalently in the form of a single
equation as: