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In the 1960s, Quebec experienced major social and economic changes. The birth rate declined due to more women working, increased use of birth control, and changing attitudes towards family size. Immigration became more diverse as policies opened doors to non-Western countries. Consumption increased as wages rose and consumer goods became more affordable and varied. The government invested heavily in infrastructure, stimulating the economy and modernizing the province. Urban sprawl developed as people moved to suburbs, influenced by American lifestyles. Traditional values were increasingly challenged as attitudes shifted and social movements like the hippies gained prominence advocating for peace, freedom and environmentalism.
In the 1960s, Quebec experienced major social and economic changes. The birth rate declined due to more women working, increased use of birth control, and changing attitudes towards family size. Immigration became more diverse as policies opened doors to non-Western countries. Consumption increased as wages rose and consumer goods became more affordable and varied. The government invested heavily in infrastructure, stimulating the economy and modernizing the province. Urban sprawl developed as people moved to suburbs, influenced by American lifestyles. Traditional values were increasingly challenged as attitudes shifted and social movements like the hippies gained prominence advocating for peace, freedom and environmentalism.
In the 1960s, Quebec experienced major social and economic changes. The birth rate declined due to more women working, increased use of birth control, and changing attitudes towards family size. Immigration became more diverse as policies opened doors to non-Western countries. Consumption increased as wages rose and consumer goods became more affordable and varied. The government invested heavily in infrastructure, stimulating the economy and modernizing the province. Urban sprawl developed as people moved to suburbs, influenced by American lifestyles. Traditional values were increasingly challenged as attitudes shifted and social movements like the hippies gained prominence advocating for peace, freedom and environmentalism.
oMajor drop in Quebec birth rate in the 1960s oThree reasons: Women were working more and so less time to raise big families Use of the birth control pill was rising Changes in attitude, lower importance on big families DIVERSE IMMIGRANTS AND COMMUNITIES oThe federal government changed its limited immigration policies, allowing more people from non-western countries oThey also need more professionals. They let immigrants in based on training and needs of the labour market. 25% of immigrants came from Italy/Greece Many from India, Pakistan, etc oQuebec, and Montreal specifically, were getting diverse EXPANSION OF THE CONSUMER SOCIETY oConsumption of goods = major part of Quebecers lives Wages increased in Quebec. People were buying more Many good were more affordable Growing variety of goods available Goods to occupy leisure time were created Fashion impacted purchasing. People wanted to wear the newest clothing, advertised on TV PERIOD OF ECONOMIC GROWTH – PUBLIC INVESTMENT oGovernment of Quebec invested A LOT of money into public infrastructure (buildings, schools, roads, bridges, the Montreal metro, etc) oThey wanted to stimulate economic activity by building AND modernize Quebec MANUFACTURING + HOUSING The increased purchasing power of Quebecers led to a demand for manufactured goods. Manufacturers modernized their equipment to meet demands. Because the population was growing, there was a greater demand for housing. People had more money and could buy houses INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE Production becomes automated (machines doing the work) Smaller companies couldn’t compete with increasing costs, they went bankrupt Companies closed old factories, opened new ones near highways Some businesses decided to move to Ontario, because Toronto beat out Montreal as the largest economy in Canada. URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS oDefinition: A large city and its suburbs oQuebecers were leaving the city and settling in Laval, Longueil. Happening because: ▪ American way of life influenced Quebec ▪ Development of highways allowed for this ▪ New factories in suburbs, people could work close to home ▪ Middle class families like suburb houses (backyards, calm neighbourhoods) oUrban sprawl (urban expansion of a city to its edges) CHANGING ATTITUDES – BABY BOOMERS oThe idea of openly challenging their parent’s values. Things like material success, wars going on overseas. The counterculture movement arose (movement against the current culture) CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL VALUES o Traditional values were being challenged by Quebecers as time went on oIn 1961, church attendance was at 61%, dropping to 30% in 1971. Less Quebecers were becoming priests, marrying less, and then were also divorcing more often THE HIPPIE MOVEMENT o The Hippie life was about peace and love. Renewable energy, living in the country, organic food, recycling. Oppressing consumer society. They wanted freedom.
o Their look: Flower
shirt, ponchos, baggy clothes, leather sandals, long hair WOODSTOCK o Music was central to the Hippie life. Woodstock, held in New York in 1969, was the center of this. 500,000 people attended. o The idea of counterculture having a home WOMEN’S RIGHTS o “Act Respecting the Legal Capacity of Married Women” was adopted in 1964, allowing women to sign legal documents, make financial transactions without the husband’s consent
o Then in 1969, abortion was allowed but
only if three doctors deemed a woman’s life was in danger DECRIMINALIZATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY o In 1969, the Trudeau government passed Bill C-150, which made it legal to be homosexual o Before this, people would go to jail for being homosexual o Despite this bill, they were still discriminated against. It was seen as a mental illness. People hid it. INDIGENOUS NATIONS o White paper (document with government proposals to promote public debate)
o The government brought up a white paper,
it proposed making Indigenous people normal citizens, without special rights, by taking away the Indian status, turning reserves into private property, making provinces in charge of their education INDIGENOUS NATIONS o Indigenous people saw this as harming their ancestral rights (a right given because of a tradition belonging to an indigenous culture). o They believed they had claim on these lands being affected, and they saw this white paper as a way to assimilate them. They opposed it and the government dropped the proposals