Physics 2102

Jonathan Dowling

Physics 2102
Lecture 18
Ch30:
Inductors & Inductance II

Nikolai Tesla
 Faraday’s Law
• A time varying magnetic
FLUX creates an induced n B
EMF
• Definition of magnetic flux
is similar to definition of
dA
electric flux
r r
! B = # B " dA
S • Take note of the MINUS sign!!
• The induced EMF acts in such a
d! B way that it OPPOSES the
EMF = " change in magnetic flux
dt (“Lenz’s Law”).
 Another formulation of
Faraday’s Law
• We saw that a time varying
magnetic FLUX creates an n B
induced EMF in a wire,
exhibited as a current.
• Recall that a current flows in a
conductor because of the
forces on charges produced by dA
an electric field.
• Hence, a time varying r r d! B
magnetic flux must induce an
ELECTRIC FIELD! $ E # ds = "
• But the electric field line C
dt
would be closed!!?? What
about electric potential Another of Maxwell’s equations!
difference ΔV=∫E•ds? To decide SIGN of flux, use right hand
rule: curl fingers around loop C, thumb
indicates direction for dA.
 r r d! B
$C E # ds = " dt Example
A long solenoid has a circular cross-section of radius R. R
The current through the solenoid is increasing at a steady
rate di/dt. Compute the electric field as a function of the
distance r from the axis of the solenoid.

The electric current produces a magnetic field B=µ0ni, which changes with time, and
produces an electric field.The magnetic flux through circular disks Φ=∫BdA is
related to the circulation of the electric field on the circumference ∫Eds.

First, let’s look at r < R:

Next, let’s look at r > R: magnetic field lines
2 dB
E (2! r ) = (! r ) dB 2
dt E (2!r ) = (!R )
2 di dt
= (! r ) µ0 n
dt
2
µ0 n di µ0 n di R
E= r E=
2 dt 2 dt r electric field lines
Example (continued)

µ0 n di µ0 n di R 2
E= r E=
2 dt 2 dt r

E(r)
magnetic field lines

r
r=R

electric field lines

 Summary
Two versions of Faradays’ law:
– A varying magnetic flux produces an EMF:
d! B
EMF = "
dt
– A varying magnetic flux produces an electric
field:
r r d! B
$C E # ds = " dt
 Inductors: Solenoids
Inductors are with respect to the magnetic field what
capacitors are with respect to the electric field. They
“pack a lot of field in a small region”. Also, the
higher the current, the higher the magnetic field they
produce.
Capacitance → how much potential for a given charge: Q=CV

Inductance → how much magnetic flux for a given current: Φ=Li

di
Using Faraday’s law: EMF = ! L
dt
Tesla " m 2 Joseph Henry
Units : [ L] = ! H (Henry) (1799-1878)
Ampere
 “Self”-Inductance of a solenoid
• Solenoid of cross-sectional
area A, length l, total number
of turns N, turns per unit i
length n
• Field inside solenoid = µ0 n i
• Field outside ~ 0

! B = NAB = NAµ 0 ni = Li

2
N
L = “inductance” = µ 0 NAn = µ 0 A
l
 di
EMF = ! L
dt Example
i
• The current in a 10 H inductor is
decreasing at a steady rate of 5 A/s.
• If the current is as shown at some
instant in time, what is the
magnitude and direction of the
induced EMF?

• Magnitude = (10 H)(5 A/s) = 50 V

• Current is decreasing
(a) 50 V • Induced emf must be in a direction
that OPPOSES this change.
(b) 50 V • So, induced emf must be in same
direction as current